Elevated temperature inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in respiratory epithelium independently of IFN-mediated innate immune defenses

The pandemic spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), represents an ongoing international health crisis. A key symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the onset of fever, with a hyperthermic temperature range of 38 to 41°C. Fever is an evolutionarily conserved host response to microbial infection that can influence the outcome of viral pathogenicity and regulation of host innate and adaptive immune responses. However, it remains to be determined what effect elevated temperature has on SARS-CoV-2 replication. Utilizing a three-dimensional (3D) air–liquid interface (ALI) model that closely mimics the natural tissue physiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the respiratory airway, we identify tissue temperature to play an important role in the regulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Respiratory tissue incubated at 40°C remained permissive to SARS-CoV-2 entry but refractory to viral transcription, leading to significantly reduced levels of viral RNA replication and apical shedding of infectious virus. We identify tissue temperature to play an important role in the differential regulation of epithelial host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection that impact upon multiple pathways, including intracellular immune regulation, without disruption to general transcription or epithelium integrity. We present the first evidence that febrile temperatures associated with COVID-19 inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in respiratory epithelia. Our data identify an important role for tissue temperature in the epithelial restriction of SARS-CoV-2 independently of canonical interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral immune defenses.

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES FOR DETERMINING INDEX ASSESSMENT OF THE DESTRUCTION OF DENTAL HARD TISSUES

The aim of the study was to compare the obtained data of hard dental tissues destruction indices with the corresponding indications for the choice of the method of treatment by means of mathematical analysis. Materials & methods. 120 patients aged 20 to 55 were examined and 358 teeth hard tissue defects were identified in them. The data of indices was obtained and compared with the indications for orthopedic treatment according two indices in the same clinical situation. Results. The study showed that the indices had different meanings and different indications for treatment in the same situations. Such discrepancies in indications for treatment indicate the subjective data of one of the indices, which does not take into account the depth of destruction and the volume of the remaining natural tissue of the teeth. Comparison of these indices showed different figures in the same clinical situation, identifying corresponding incorrect indications for the choice of the design of the first investigated index, as well as more accurate data of the proposed index. Conclusion. The index assessment of hard dental tissues destruction serves as the main guideline for the dentist when choosing a method for tooth restoration, and can be calculated using photographs, scans and computer software.

A Review on Development of Bio-Inspired Implants Using 3D Printing

Biomimetics is an emerging field of science that adapts the working principles from nature to fine-tune the engineering design aspects to mimic biological structure and functions. The application mainly focuses on the development of medical implants for hard and soft tissue replacements. Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is an established processing norm with a superior resolution and control over process parameters than conventional methods and has allowed the incessant amalgamation of biomimetics into material manufacturing, thereby improving the adaptation of biomaterials and implants into the human body. The conventional manufacturing practices had design restrictions that prevented mimicking the natural architecture of human tissues into material manufacturing. However, with additive manufacturing, the material construction happens layer-by-layer over multiple axes simultaneously, thus enabling finer control over material placement, thereby overcoming the design challenge that prevented developing complex human architectures. This review substantiates the dexterity of additive manufacturing in utilizing biomimetics to 3D print ceramic, polymer, and metal implants with excellent resemblance to natural tissue. It also cites some clinical references of experimental and commercial approaches employing biomimetic 3D printing of implants.

Implications of photodynamic cancer therapy: an overview of PDT mechanisms basically and practically

Background Tumor eradication is one of the most important challengeable categories in oncological studies. In this account, besides the molecular genetics methods including cell therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and general cancer therapy procedures like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, photodynamic adjuvant therapy is of great importance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a relatively noninvasive therapeutic method utilizes the irradiation of an appropriate wavelength which is absorbed by a photosensitizing agent in the presence of oxygen. Main body of the abstract In this procedure, a series of events lead to the direct death of malignant cells such as damage to the microvasculature and also the induction of a local inflammatory function. PDT has participated with other treatment modalities especially in the early stage of malignant tumors and has resulted in decreasing morbidity besides improving survival rate and quality of life. High spatial resolution of PDT has attracted considerable attention in the field of image-guided photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy of multidrug resistance cancers. Although PDT outcomes vary across the different tumor types, minimal natural tissue toxicity, minor systemic effects, significant reduction in long-term disease, lack of innate or acquired resistance mechanisms, and excellent cosmetic effects, as well as limb function, make it a valuable treatment option for combination therapies. Short conclusion In this review article, we tried to discuss the potential of PDT in the treatment of some dermatologic and solid tumors, particularly all its important mechanisms.

Sustainability as a Function of an Area: Application of Multi-Criteria Evaluation in Assessing the Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions

One of the essential factors influencing the overall urban experience is the presence of biologically active surfaces. Despite widespread awareness of the beneficial effects of such spaces, the natural tissue in cities is still being significantly limited by the priority given to functionality and the economy. The aim of this article is to assess the potential of using a hybrid infrastructure in the grey–green–blue system (GGB) on a public site. In order to assess the efficiency of the implemented solutions, a multi-criteria method was developed, thereby recognising this research aspect as necessary in the process of designing urban built-up spaces. The assessment compared indicators of biological activity in the area using the biotope area factor and green space factor scales. The rainwater retention potential was estimated using a quantitative method. The change in the site’s thermal conditions was analysed by conducting numerous experiments with the use of micrometeorogical computational fluid dynamics models ENVI-met. The demonstrated improvement in the proportion of the biologically active area, water retention, and thermal conditions, ranging from a few to a dozen percent compared to the initial state, confirms the legitimacy of using grey–green–blue infrastructure systems as a method of shaping a sustainable and climate-responsive urban design.

Towards Biomanufacturing of Cell-Derived Matrices

Cell-derived matrices (CDM) are the decellularised extracellular matrices (ECM) of tissues obtained by the laboratory culture process. CDM is developed to mimic, to a certain extent, the properties of the needed natural tissue and thus to obviate the use of animals. The composition of CDM can be tailored for intended applications by carefully optimising the cell sources, culturing conditions and decellularising methods. This unique advantage has inspired the increasing use of CDM for biomedical research, ranging from stem cell niches to disease modelling and regenerative medicine. However, while much effort is spent on extracting different types of CDM and exploring their utilisation, little is spent on the scale-up aspect of CDM production. The ability to scale up CDM production is essential, as the materials are due for clinical trials and regulatory approval, and in fact, this ability to scale up should be an important factor from the early stages. In this review, we first introduce the current CDM production and characterisation methods. We then describe the existing scale-up technologies for cell culture and highlight the key considerations in scaling-up CDM manufacturing. Finally, we discuss the considerations and challenges faced while converting a laboratory protocol into a full industrial process. Scaling-up CDM manufacturing is a challenging task since it may be hindered by technologies that are not yet available. The early identification of these gaps will not only quicken CDM based product development but also help drive the advancement in scale-up cell culture and ECM extraction.

GAMBARAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN IBU NIFAS TENTANG PENCEGAHAN INFEKSI LUKA PERINEUM DI KLINIK KRISTINA SIDIKALANG TAHUN 2021

Background:Rupture is an injury to the perineum caused by natural tissue damage due to pressure on the fetal head or shoulders during delivery. Postpartum infection (puerpuralis) is an infection of the genitalia after childbirth, which is characterized by an increase in temperature to 38ºC or more for 2 days in the first 10 days after delivery, excluding the first 24 hours. Postpartum infection includes all inflammation caused by entry of germs. or bacteria into the genital tract at the time of delivery and postpartum. Objective:The specific purpose of this study was to describe the level of knowledge of the mother about the prevention of perineal wound infection at the Kristina Clinic in 2021. This study used Non Probability Technique Sampling which is the total sampling method. The samples in this study were all postpartum mothers, both those who experienced rupture and those who did not at Kristina Clinic 2021, as many as 20 people. The research was conducted by distributing questionnaires to all postpartum mothers. The results: obtained based on the knowledge of postpartum mothers about the prevention of perineal wound infection based on education, it can be seen from the majority of respondents having good knowledge with 11 people (55.0%) and the minority having knowledge less with the number of 7 people (35.0%). Conclusion: It is hoped that midwives will be able to conduct postnatal visits for 6 weeks in order to monitor the healing process of perineal wounds in patients to avoid infection of perineal wounds and provide education on how to prevent perineal wound infections and the signs and dangers of perineal wounds.

An Environmental Friendly Tapioca Starch-Alginate Cultured Scaffold as Biomimetic Muscle Tissue

Natural porous scaffolds have been studied and developed for decades in biomedical science in order to support cells with a simulated extracellular matrix in natural tissue as an ideal environment. Such three-dimensional scaffolds provide many degrees of freedom to modulate cell activity, such as porosity, pore size, mechanical strength, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. In this study, a porous, three-dimensional material of alginate incorporating tapioca starch was fabricated. A particular freeze-gelation method was applied to homogenously mix starch in the alginate, and the concentration was controllable. This pure natural composite porous scaffold was characterized physically and biologically. The synergistic functions, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, cell adhesion, and cell proliferation, were also investigated. A myogenic differentiation model further verified that the composite porous scaffold provided a suitable environment, supporting the differentiation effect in the myogenic process. The positive results demonstrated that this novel material has the potential to serve as a biomedical or clean meat appliance.

Fabrication, Characterization and Degradation of Electrospun Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Infused with Selenium Nanoparticles

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is widely used in the fabrication of nanofibers through electrospinning technique. PCL is a biodegradable material that is economical, simple and can be scaled up for industrial production. In this study, PCL was infused with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) via electrospinning to fabricate PCL-SeNPs nanofiber. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of the samples revealed ‘aligned fibers’ was successfully fabricated with a diameter size of less than 350 nm and an average diameter of 185 nm. The presence of Se in the nanofiber was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and Raman spectra. Based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, the structure of PCL did not change and remains in the PCL-SeNPs nanofibers. The functional groups of PCL, as indicated by infrared (IR) spectra remained the same after SeNPs infusion. These results demonstrated that the physical and chemical properties of PCL nanofibers were not affected by the infusion of SeNPs. In addition, the hydrophobicity of the PCL decreased slightly in the presence of SeNPs. The first month after degradation, disorganized and fibrous fibers of PCL-SeNPs nanofiber were observed followed by the formation of large fiber clumps as degradation time increased. An agglomerated SeNPs made PCL-SeNPs nanofiber pores looser and easier to be hydrolyzed after 4 months of degradation. The sticky surface of PCL-SeNPs nanofiber shows acceleration in the hydrolysis process after 24th weeks of degradation. The presence of SeNPs enhanced the degradation behavior as well as reducing the degradation time to break into pieces, starting after 6 months of degradation. The ‘aligned’ PCL-SeNPs nanofiber, which can mimic the natural tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) morphology, can potentially be used in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, wound dressing, biomedicine, sensor and filtration application.

137 Giant Lipomas of The Hand; A Case Series and Review of a Rare Tumour

Introduction Whilst lipomas are the most common tumour of the human body, it is rare in the hand. Less than 50-cases are reported in the literature. We present six-cases from a specialist hand unit, UK, presenting over a 10-year period. All patients had a distinct swelling within the affected hand which was growing in size. Method Patients were investigated with MRI and given the benign appearance; no pre-excision biopsies were performed. All excised tissue was sent for histology. Only one patient reported altered neurology of the hand, describing altered sensation within the ulnar nerve distribution of the index finger. Results In all cases, the lipoma originated in the deep palmar space from adipose tissue surrounding the deep palmar arch. They all extended distally, along natural tissue planes, encasing neurovascular and tendinous structures. In two cases the lipoma extended into the dorsum of the hand, following the perforating artery between the index and middle metacarpal heads. The lipomas all spread radialwards, penetrating the thenar muscles. The largest was 13x12x4cm in size. Conclusions Giant lipoma is a rare cause of symptomatic swelling of the hand. Compression of structures is extremely rare, but careful excision is critical as neurovascular bodies are classically enveloped within the growing lipoma.