Flame Retardancy and Thermal Behavior of Wool Fabric Treated with a Phosphorus-Containing Polycarboxylic Acid

The compound 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA) is an eco-friendly water treatment agent possessing flame-retardant phosphorus element and multi-carboxylic acid groups in its molecular structure. In the present work, PBTCA is employed as a finishing agent to improve the flame retardancy of the wool fabrics by the pad-dry-cure technique. The treated wool (10.2% weight gain) by 100 g/L of PBTCA showed an increased flame retardancy with a limiting oxygen index value (LOI) of 44% with a minimum char length of 40 mm. Importantly, the treated wool can self-extinguish after 30 washing cycles. The PBTCA-treated wool exhibited better stability with obviously increased char residue of 39.7% and 28.7% at 600 °C, while only 25.9% and 13.2% were measured for the control wool in nitrogen and air atmosphere, respectively. In addition, the high thermal stability of the treated wool with astonishing char-forming ability is confirmed by the SEM images of the wool after the isothermal heating treatment at different temperatures. Finally, a two-stage flame-retarding mechanism of enhanced crosslinking and char formability of PBTCA-treated wool is proposed and analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and thermal (DSC and TGA) results of the pyrolytic volatiles of the treated wool.

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Study on flame retardancy of TGDDM epoxy resin blended with inherent flame-retardant epoxy ether

High Performance Polymers ◽

10.1177/0954008317694077 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 318-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mengjiao Wang ◽

Shijiang Fang ◽

Heng Zhang

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Decomposition Temperature ◽

Resin Matrix ◽

Thermal Stabilities ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Diaminodiphenyl Sulfone ◽

Air Atmosphere ◽

Index Value

In this article, inherent flame-retardant epoxy ether, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-[1,1-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)ethyl]-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DPBAEP), with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide moieties was synthesized via an economical method and was used to improve the flame retardancy of 4,4′-tetradiglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM). A series of epoxy resins were prepared and cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone. The glass transition temperatures ( Tg) of resin composites were above 243°C and decreased only slightly after DPBAEP was added. The thermal stabilities under the nitrogen (N2) and air atmosphere were also measured using thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicated that DPBAEP had a high decomposition temperature and affected the thermal degradation and promoted the charring of resins. When only over 5 wt% of DPBAEP was introduced, the thermosets obtained a high limiting oxygen index value of around 33.0%, achieved vertical burning V-0 rating and presented fast-swelling char barriers. In order to better understand the flame-retardant mechanisms, the residual char was investigated by scanning electron microscopy observation and Fourier transform infrared spectra. We inferred that the phosphorus (P) moieties reacted with the resin matrix, which played a significant role in promoting the formation of char with special structure, as well as making it rich and tough enough. This kind of char barrier could protect the underlying resin matrix against oxygen and heat transfer and inhibited volatile combustible from diffusing to the flame. Hence, thanks to the synergistic effect of P–N and the excellent compatibility, DPBAEP could impart excellent flame retardancy to TGDDM epoxy resin.

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Flammability and thermal properties of cotton fabrics modified with a novel flame retardant containing triazine and phosphorus components

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/0040517516652349 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 87 (11) ◽

pp. 1367-1376 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Chaohong Dong ◽

Zhou Lu ◽

Peng Wang ◽

Ping Zhu ◽

Xuechao Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Cotton Fabric ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Decomposition Temperature ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Untreated Cotton ◽

Index Value

A novel formaldehyde-free flame retardant containing phosphorus and dichlorotriazine components (CTAP) for cotton fabrics was synthesized. As an active group, the dichlorotriazine could react with cotton fabric via covalent reaction. The addition of 20.7 wt% CTAP into the cotton fabric obtained a high limiting oxygen index value of 31.5%, which was 13.5% higher than the pure cotton fabric. The results of heat release rate, total heat release and effective heat combustion indicated that CTAP effectively imparted flame retardancy to cotton fabric by the cone calorimetry test. With respect to the untreated cotton fabrics, the treated cotton fabrics degraded at lower decomposition temperature and form a consistent and compact char layer, which could be observed by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the untreated cotton fabrics, CTAP performed an effective role in flame retardancy for treated cotton fabrics. Meanwhile, it stimulated the formation of char and promoted the thermal stability of treated cotton fabrics during combustion.

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Study on the Properties of Melamine Cyanurate Modified Polyamide 6 Nanocomposites with Different Dimensional Siliciferous Particles

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.169 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 789 ◽

pp. 169-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Li Li Li ◽

Zhi Hao Wu ◽

Shuai Shuai Jiang ◽

Tian Ze Wu ◽

Shou Yang Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardancy ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Polyamide 6 ◽

Halloysite Nanotubes ◽

Sem Images ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Melamine Cyanurate ◽

Universal Testing Machine ◽

Universal Testing ◽

Negative Effect

Different dimensional siliciferous particles including silica (0D), halloysite nanotubes (HNTs,1D) and montmorillonite (MMT,2D) were melt blending with certain amount of melamine cyanurate and polyamide 6(PA6) by a twin-screw extruder. Characterization of the PA6 composites has been investigated using scan electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA), universal testing machine and limiting oxygen index instrument. SEM images indicate that the nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the PA6 but there was some aggregation of MCA in the composites. The incorporation of silica exerted a negative effect on the flame retardancy of PA6/MCA composite, whereas adding HNTs and MMT lead to the improvements of LOI value of 30.4 and 30.9 respectively. TGA results show that PA6/MCA/silica, PA6/MCA/HNTs and PA6/MCA/OMMT exhibit two degradation stages. Higher Tmax1 and Tmax2 appeared comparing with PA6/MCA. Char residue of PA6/MCA/OMMT at 600°C were elevated most. HNTs and OMMT can increase the tensile strength and elongation of PA6/MCA by universal testing machine results, even higher than pure PA6, showing enhanced effects of these 1D and 2D fillers. These could enhance strength of the char and finally increase the flame retardancy of PA6.

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Enhancement of Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid with a Biodegradable Fire-Retardant Filler System Based on Bamboo Charcoal

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13132167 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 2167

Author(s):

Wenzhu Li ◽

Liang Zhang ◽

Weisheng Chai ◽

Ningning Yin ◽

Kate Semple ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Chemical Elements ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Bamboo Charcoal ◽

Adhesion Promoter ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Air Atmosphere

A cooperative flame-retardant system based on natural intumescent-grafted bamboo charcoal (BC) and chitosan (CS) was developed for polylactic acid (PLA) with improved flame retardancy and minimal decline in strength properties. Chitosan (CS) as an adhesion promoter improved the interfacial compatibility between graft-modified bamboo charcoal (BC-m) and PLA leading to enhanced tensile properties by 11.11% and 8.42%, respectively for tensile strength and modulus. At 3 wt.% CS and 30 wt.% BC-m, the crystallinity of the composite increased to 38.92%, or 43 times that of pure PLA (0.9%). CS promotes the reorganization of the internal crystal structure. Thermogravimetric analysis showed significantly improved material retention of PLA composites in nitrogen and air atmosphere. Residue rate for 5 wt.% CS and 30 wt.% BC-m was 29.42% which is 55.1% higher than the theoretical value of 18.97%. Flammability tests (limiting oxygen index-LOI and UL-94) indicated significantly improved flame retardancy and evidence of cooperation between CS and BC-m, with calculated cooperative effectiveness index(Ce) >1. From CONE tests, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) were reduced by 26.9% and 30.5%, respectively, for 3% CS + 20% BC-m in PLA compared with adding 20% BC-m alone. Analysis of carbon residue morphology, chemical elements and structure suggest CS and BC-m form a more stable char containing pyrophosphate. This char provides heat insulation to inhibit complete polymer pyrolysis, resulting in improved flame retardancy of PLA composites. Optimal mix may be recommended at 20% BC-m + 3% CS to balance compatibility, composite strength properties and flame retardance.

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Electrospun polyimide/organic montmorillonite composite nanofibrous membranes with enhanced mechanical properties and flame retardancy

Journal of Industrial Textiles ◽

10.1177/1528083718801360 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (7) ◽

pp. 875-888

Author(s):

Liang Wang ◽

Lingyan Cui ◽

Jie Fan ◽

Yong Liu

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Decomposition Temperature ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Organic Montmorillonite ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Nanofibrous Membranes ◽

Clay Layers ◽

Index Value

Polyimide/organic montmorillonite nanofibrous membranes were fabricated through electrospinning of polyamic acid/organic montmorillonite precursors followed by a thermal imidization process. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed small amounts of organic montmorillonite addition (<3%) and increase in the diameter of polyimide nanofibers. However, higher organic montmorillonite fraction generated microspheres due to the aggregation of clay nanoplatelets. Transmission electron microscopy images indicated that both exfoliated and intercalated organic montmorillonites existed in polyimide nanofibers when low quantity of clay was loaded (<3%). As the clay amount increased, exfoliated structure disappeared and stacked clay layers were observed. The optimum concentration of organic montmorillonite is 3%. By incorporating 3% clay, the tensile strength and modulus of membrane increased by 92.1 and 48.6%, respectively. Moreover, the limiting oxygen index value arose from 29.2 to 30.4%. Higher thermal stability was also achieved because of the heat barrier effect of clay layers. The onset decomposition temperature increased by 17℃ by adding 5% clay. These results demonstrate that tiny organic montmorillonite incorporation is relatively effective for improving the mechanical properties as well as flame retardancy of polyimide nanofibrous membrane.

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Mechanical Properties and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin/Nanoclay/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2019/3105205 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tuan Anh Nguyen ◽

Quang Tung Nguyen ◽

Trong Phuc Bach

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Carbon Nanotube ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube ◽

Multiwalled Carbon ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Mechanical Stirring ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Index Value

This paper reports the improvement of the mechanical properties and flame retardant properties of epoxy Epikote 240/nanoclay I.30E/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite prepared by mechanical stirring method combined with ultrasonic vibration, nanoclay I.30E content (1; 2; 3 wt.%) and content of MWNT (0.01; 0.02; 0.03 wt.%). When burned, MWCNT reduces degradation speed of epoxy Epikote 240 resin and increases the char yield, and nanoclay acts as an energy storage medium to hinder the heat transfer in epoxy resin. The limiting oxygen index value and UL94 test indicated improvement of flame retardancy of the nanocomposites. The results exhibit the potentiality of these based epoxy Epikote 240 resin/nanoclay I.30E/MWCNTs nanocomposites for multifaceted advanced applications. These fillers can produce environmental friendly products with high thermal and mechanical properties.

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Flame Retardancy Modification of Wool Fabrics Using a Vinyl Phosphorus Monomer

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.952 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 557-559 ◽

pp. 952-956

Author(s):

Fang Jun Zhang ◽

Jin Ping Guan ◽

Guo Qiang Chen

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Graft Copolymerization ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Ph Value ◽

Technological Condition ◽

Wool Fabric ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Wool Fabrics ◽

Water Media

In this paper, a flame retardant dimethyl-2-(methacryloyloxyethyl) phosphate (DMMEP) was applied onto wool fabrics by graft copolymerization technique in water media. The paper discussed the technological conditions of the formation of wool-g-DMMEP such as the pH value of reaction, reaction temperature and time etc. The weight gain of wool fabrics was chosen to be the indicator of optimized technological condition. The results showed that DMMEP treated wool fabrics have high limiting oxygen index(LOI). Wool fabric with weight gain 4.27% has high LOI 34.6%, which is hard ignited in air. Char residues of DMMEP treated wool fabrics are more rigid and solid.

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Imparting high flame retardancy to epoxy resin with ultra-low loading of 5,10-dihydro-phenophosphazine-10-oxide functioned triazine

High Performance Polymers ◽

10.1177/0954008317723083 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 742-751

Author(s):

Xiaoli Wu ◽

Chunlei Dong ◽

Alvianto Wirasaputra ◽

Haohao Huang ◽

Shumei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epoxy Resin ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Phosphorus Content ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Diglycidyl Ether ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Link Density ◽

Cross Link Density ◽

Index Value

High mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy are important for its applications. A novel star-shaped flame-retardant 5,10-dihydro-phenohphosphazine-10-oxide functioned triazine (TRIDPPA) with high efficiency is synthesized, and its structure is characterized. TRIDPPA is used as the co-curing agent for diglycidyl ether of the bisphenol A/4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane system. The introduction of TRIDPPA greatly improves the flame retardancy of the cured epoxy resins. The epoxy resin (ER)/TRIDDPA1.0 resin acquires a limiting oxygen index value of 30.7% and UL-94 V-0 rating when the mass fraction of TRIDDPA is 1.0 wt% with only 0.086 wt% of phosphorus content. The cross-link density of ER/TRIDDPA1.0 is increased, and the glass transition temperature is improved by 5°C. Besides, tensile strength and toughness of ER/TRIDDPA1.0 are also enhanced.

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The effect of lanthanum trimethacrylate on the mechanical properties and flame retardancy of dynamically vulcanized PP/EPDM thermoplastic vulcanizates

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics ◽

10.1177/0095244317729553 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 339-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Quan Zhou ◽

Lu Yan ◽

Xuejun Lai ◽

Hongqiang Li ◽

Xingrong Zeng

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Thermoplastic Elastomer ◽

Cross Link ◽

Dynamic Vulcanization ◽

Sem Images ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Reinforcing Agent ◽

Link Density ◽

Cross Link Density

A new kind of polypropylene/ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (PP/EPDM) thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) with good mechanical properties and flame retardancy was prepared via in situ peroxide-induced dynamic vulcanization using lanthanum trimethacrylate (LaTMA) as a reinforcing agent. The morphology, structure, and mechanical properties and reinforcement mechanism of PP/EPDM/LaTMA TPE were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, rubber process analyzer, cross-link density test, and so on. The flame retardancy was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. The results showed that when the amount of lanthanum oxide was 4.96 phr and methyl methacrylate was 7.85 phr, the compatibility between EPDM and PP was greatly improved. Besides, the tensile strength, tear strength, elongation at break, and hardness (shore A) of PP/EPDM/LaTMA TPE were increased from 6.2 MPa, 41.7 kN m−1, 148%, and 81 up to 11.1 MPa, 77.3 kN m−1, 365%, and 89, respectively. And the LOI of PP/EPDM/LaTMA TPE was increased to 19.0%. The SEM images, the higher G′, and the ionic cross-link suggested that a strong filler–filler network was formed by the polymerization and the grafted of LaTMA in the PP and EPDM phase which enhanced the compatibility between PP and EPDM. The DSC and FTIR results further proved that during the processing.

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A transparent and intumescent phosphaphenanthrene/phenylpyrazole-containing epoxy resin system and its flame retardancy

High Performance Polymers ◽

10.1177/0954008321992412 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095400832199241

Author(s):

Zijin Luo ◽

Zhe Chen ◽

Jun Wei ◽

Dongchao Wang ◽

Han Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Control Group ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Cone Calorimeter Test ◽

Epoxy Resin System ◽

Index Value

A novel intumescent flame retardant, PPMD, was designed from phosphaphenanthrene and nitrogen heterocycles through the two-step gut reactions of 1,4-phthalaldehyde and 3-methyl-1-phe-nylpyrazol-5-ylamine. After determination of its structure by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared analyses, PPMD was added to an epoxy resin (EP) to facilitate a curing process. Thus, EP/PPMD samples with excellent transparency and flame retardancy were acquired. For example, the EP sample satisfied the UL-94 V-0 standard and achieved a limiting oxygen index value of 30.5% because of the incorporation of 5 wt% PPMD. The cone calorimeter test of the EP/5% PPMD sample revealed that its total smoke production (TSP) and total heat release (THR) values of EP/5% PPMD was only 22.5% and 56.4% of the control group, respectively. Moreover, the average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) value of EP/5% PPMD was reduced by 34.1%, indicating that PPMD possessed high flame-inhibition activity and smoke suppression efficiency. The flame-retardant mechanisms of PPMD were also investigated in gas phase by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and in condensed phase by XPS and IR.

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