scholarly journals Adsorption as a Process for Produced Water Treatment: A Review

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1657
Author(s):  
Roghayeh Yousef ◽  
Hazim Qiblawey ◽  
Muftah H. El-Naas
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The Third ◽  
Natural Adsorbents ◽  
Oil And Gas Operations ◽  
Expected Increase ◽  
Shed Light

Produced water (PW) is a by-product of oil and gas operations, and its production is foreseen to increase in the upcoming years. Such an increase is justified by various entities through their projection of the expected increase in the demand of oil and gas. The treatment of produced water is a significantly growing challenge for the oil and gas industry that requires serious attention. The first part of this review will present the underlying issue of produced water and relevant practices. With adsorption being defined as the least expensive treatment method, the second part will introduce general adsorption principals. The third part will describe the recent applications of adsorption for the treatment of PW with more focus of categorizing the adsorbents as natural and non-natural adsorbents. The main aim of this review is to shed light on the recent research related to PW treatment using adsorption. This is performed to highlight the shortcomings in PW adsorption research and recommend research pathways that can help in developing the field further.

Reuse of Produced Water Grows in the Oil and Gas Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 60-61
Author(s):  
Judy Feder
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
External Stakeholders ◽  
Oil And Gas Operations

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 199498, “Reuse of Produced Water in the Oil and Gas Industry,” by Madeleine Gray, International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association, prepared for the 2020 SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability, originally scheduled to be held in Bogota, Colombia, 28-30 July. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The onshore oil and gas industry investigates new and improved ways to manage the supply and disposal of produced water continually. Within oil and gas operations, produced water increasingly is being recycled and reused for enhanced oil recovery, drilling, and well stimulation. The growing global demand for water resources also is creating interest in reusing produced water outside oil and gas operations. The complete paper focuses on sources of produced water from conventional and unconventional onshore oil and gas operations and addresses the challenges and opportunities associated with reusing the produced water. Introduction Produced water is water that is brought to surface during oil and natural-gas production. It includes formation, flowback, and condensation water. Produced water varies in composition and volume from one formation to another and is often managed as a waste material requiring disposal. In recent years, increased demand for, and regional variability of, available water resources, along with sustainable water-supply planning, have driven interest in reusing produced water with or without treatment to meet requirements within the industry or by external users. Reuse of produced water can provide important economic, social, and environmental benefits, particularly in water-scarce regions. It can be used for hydraulic fracturing, waterflooding, and enhanced oil recovery, decreasing the demand for other sources of water. However, reuse for offsite, non-oilfield applications such as crop irrigation, wildlife and livestock consumption, industrial processes, and power generation, is subject to a variety of constraints and risks. Practical considerations for offsite reuse include supply and demand and regulatory, infrastructural, economic, legal, social, and environmental factors. Sources, Chemical Properties, and Management of Produced Water The information contained in the paper is based on an internal survey conducted by the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) of 14 of its member companies, interviews with selected external stakeholders covering a range of sectors and geographic regions, and a literature review of readily available information. The external stakeholders were identified from the membership survey as well as from IPIECA and consultant experience. Sources and Volumes. Onshore oil and gas operations generate millions of barrels of produced water each day world-wide. The composition and flow of produced water can differ dramatically from one source to another.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Galdieria sulphuraria and Chlorella vulgaris for the Bioremediation of Produced Water

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1183
Author(s):  
Ashiqur Rahman ◽  
Shanglei Pan ◽  
Cymone Houston ◽  
Thinesh Selvaratnam
Keyword(s):  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Galdieria Sulphuraria ◽  
Biomass Density ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Chemical Contaminants

Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream generated by the oil and gas industry. Traditional treatment of PW burdens the industry with significant expenses and environmental issues. Alternatively, microalgal-based bioremediation of PW is often viewed as an ecologically safe and sustainable platform for treating PW. Moreover, the nutrients in PW could support algal growth. However, significant dilution of PW is often required in algal-based systems due to the presence of complex chemical contaminants. In light of these facts, the current work has investigated the potential of cultivating Galdieria sulphuraria and Chlorella vulgaris in PW using multiple dilutions; 0% PW, 5% PW, 10% PW, 20% PW, 50% PW and 100% PW. While both algal strains can grow in PW, the current results indicated that G. sulphuraria has a higher potential of growth in up to 50% PW (total dissolved solids of up to 55 g L−1) with a growth rate of 0.72 ± 0.05 g L−1 d−1 and can achieve a final biomass density of 4.28 ± 0.16 g L−1 in seven days without the need for additional micronutrients. Additionally, the algae showed the potential of removing 99.6 ± 0.2% nitrogen and 74.2 ± 8.5% phosphorus from the PW.

scholarly journals Optimization of Silver Nanoparticle Separation Method from Drilling Waste Matrices

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1950
Author(s):  
Monika Gajec ◽  
Ewa Kukulska-Zając ◽  
Anna Król
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Drilling Waste ◽  
Wastewater Samples

Significant amounts of produced water, spent drilling fluid, and drill cuttings, which differ in composition and characteristics in each drilling operation, are generated in the oil and gas industry. Moreover, the oil and gas industry faces many technological development challenges to guarantee a safe and clean environment and to meet strict environmental standards in the field of processing and disposal of drilling waste. Due to increasing application of nanomaterials in the oil and gas industry, drilling wastes may also contain nanometer-scale materials. It is therefore necessary to characterize drilling waste in terms of nanomaterial content and to optimize effective methods for their determination, including a key separation step. The purpose of this study is to select the appropriate method of separation and pre-concentration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from drilling wastewater samples and to determine their size distribution along with the state of aggregation using single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). Two AgNP separation methods were compared: centrifugation and cloud point extraction. The first known use of spICP-MS for drilling waste matrices following mentioned separation methods is presented.

scholarly journals Iran’s Oil and Gas Legal Framework: from Exploration to Revolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Fard Kardel
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Petroleum Oil

The main purpose of this article is to examine Iran’s legal and contractual framework for their petroleum, oil and gas industry. Basically, the legal and contractual framework of the Iranian oil and gas industry has been classified into three periods. The first period is from the exploration and discovery of oil in Iran to nationalisation (1901-1951), the second period is from nationalisation to revolution (1951-1979), and the third period is from revolution to the present day (1979-20016).Because each period has its own features and importance two articles will examine this topic. The first period (from exploration to nationalisation, 1901-1951), and second period (from nationalisation to revolution, 1951-1979), has been examined in this article with legal and comparative analysis, and the third period (1979-2016) will be covered in a later article.It should be mentioned that each contractual framework was a turning point regarding to opportunities and circumstances that they have been in that time and also each of those petroleum contractual regimes were a step toward to contractual framework evolution in Iran.

Produced water treatment and reuse in oil and gas industry- Mathematical modelling and optimisation for infrastructure utilisation  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afrah AlEdan ◽  
Tohid Erfani
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Clear Vision

<p>Currently, oil and gas industry dispose the produced water under the ground without treatment and with minimal consideration on the beneficial reuse applications. Yet, in recent years and in response to the worldwide water shortage concerns, produced water management and treatment has gained more attention and interest. Managing produced water is subject to different limitations specially if it is done for offsite applications. This includes the consideration of transportation cost and removal of dispersed and dissolved oil, metals, ammonia, salinity, alkalinity and ion toxicity for human and agricultural use which can result in a greater economic cost in terms of chemical usage and desalination operations. The importance of properly managing produced water is mainly rely on the clear vision of the treating method used which must be defined based on regulatory parameters and reuse standards. This study investigates mathematical modelling and optimisation to include the reuse specification into the produced water quality management and discusses its implication.</p>

Adaptive Advisory Systems for Oil and Gas Operations

2013 ◽  
pp. 262-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Al-Kinani ◽  
Nihal Cakir ◽  
Theresa Baumgartner ◽  
Michael Stundner
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas Operations ◽  
Advisory Systems

This chapter describes a framework that captures knowledge in an organization and applies it in daily operations. Knowledge capturing is one of the biggest upcoming challenges to oil and gas organizations as operations become more remote, more challenging, and many experts are leaving the oil and gas industry. A methodology is described to capture the knowledge of experts centrally and apply it throughout all operations in the organization. Due to the fact that an asset team is facing different constraints and challenges throughout the lifetime of a field, the system needs to gather experience from decisions and learn together with the asset team. Technologies that are flexible enough to process uncertainties are discussed as well as the effect on people, processes, and organization.

scholarly journals Response of tomato plants to diesel fuel, gasoline and benzene

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Alvaro Morelos-Moreno ◽  
José Fernando Martel-Valles ◽  
América Berenice Morales-Díaz ◽  
Rahim Foroughbakhch-Pournavab ◽  
Isidro Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Mineral Concentration ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Fruit Setting ◽  
Morphological Variables

Oil and gas industry produces wastewater (produced water), which contains hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other components, such as mineral salts essential for plant nutrition. Hydrocarbons presence on produced water limits its potential use in the agriculture, as its lead to inhibition of plant growth. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of hydrocarbons analogous contained in the produced water on 1) pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of irrigation leachate, 2) plant´s morphological variables, 3) mineral concentration, 4) fruit pH, EC and total dissolved solids (TDS), during flowering and fruiting stages in tomato grown into greenhouse conditions. As source of produced water were used diesel at concentrations of 20 and 25 mg L‑1, gasoline at 40, 50 and 60 mg L-1, and benzene at 75 mg L-1, applied in the substrate by means of a syringe. All plants treated with hydrocarbons reached the fruit setting and ripening stage at the 6-cluster. Depending on their type, concentration, and exposure time, hydrocarbons modif ied the pH and EC of the irrigation leachate, caused signif icant morphological changes with longer exposure time, and restricted the biomass production. Mineral concentration differed signif icantly among plant organs, affecting mainly the sodium uptake in stems and fruits. The variables of fruit quality, EC and TDS were favorably modif ied by most treatments.

scholarly journals Characterization and Treatment Technologies Applied for Produced Water in Qatar

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3573
Author(s):  
Hana D. Dawoud ◽  
Haleema Saleem ◽  
Nasser Abdullah Alnuaimi ◽  
Syed Javaid Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Oil Gas

Qatar is one of the major natural gas (NG) producing countries, which has the world’s third-largest NG reserves besides the largest supplier of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Since the produced water (PW) generated in the oil and gas industry is considered as the largest waste stream, cost-effective PW management becomes fundamentally essential. The oil/gas industries in Qatar produce large amounts of PW daily, hence the key challenges facing these industries reducing the volume of PW injected in disposal wells by a level of 50% for ensuring the long-term sustainability of the reservoir. Moreover, it is important to study the characteristics of PW to determine the appropriate method to treat it and then use it for various applications such as irrigation, or dispose of it without harming the environment. This review paper targets to highlight the generation of PW in Qatar, as well as discuss the characteristics of chemical, physical, and biological treatment techniques in detail. These processes and methods discussed are not only applied by Qatari companies, but also by other companies associated or in collaboration with those in Qatar. Finally, case studies from different companies in Qatar and the challenges of treating the PW are discussed. From the different studies analyzed, various techniques as well as sequencing of different techniques were noted to be employed for the effective treatment of PW.

scholarly journals Produced Water: An overview of treatment technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andressa Simões ◽  
Roberto Macêdo-Júnior ◽  
Brenda Santos ◽  
Lucas Silva ◽  
Daniel Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Bibliometric Method ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Complex Chemical Composition ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Number Of Publications

Produced water is one of the single most significant waste streams in the oil and gas industry, and because it is a residue of complex chemical composition, it can't be simply discarded in the environment, it should receive appropriate treatments before. This paper presents a mapping of the quantitative evolution, referring to the leading publications on the study of water produced with a focus on treatments. A bibliometric method was then adopted to build a structured database with the selected articles and then analyzed the number of publications, countries, areas of impact, authors, keywords, periodicals, and affiliations. The thematic has proved to be an essential line of research over the years. The analysis was considered in the period between 1969 and 2017. Several indicators were observed regarding the development of academic and technological research on water produced as well as its treatment processes. The study was performed in the Scopus database search engine to gather data, and 2434 documents were identified, with 851 articles investigated more specifically. This paper highlights the need for constant future studies about the produced water to minimize not only pollution but also reduce operating costs.

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