scholarly journals Techno Economic Analysis of the Modified MixAlco Process

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 958
Author(s):  
Chloe Simchick ◽  
Brooke Zidek ◽  
Devin Moder ◽  
Dustin Madson ◽  
Michael Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Biomass Composition ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Mixalco Process ◽  
Price Distribution ◽  
Acid Salts

The MixAlco process is a patented biomass conversion technology used to produce valuable chemicals. The basis of this design relies on the use of fermentation, where acidophiles utilize their own enzymatic pathways to convert a variety of biomass, such as organic wastes, into carboxylic acid salts. Unlike previous MixAlco designs in which carboxylate salts are processed further into hydrocarbon fuels, this proposed design simulates the optimization and commercialization of mixed carboxylic acid salts as the final product. Sensitivity analyses identified four critical input factors of the base case process—biomass feed rate, selling price, distribution cost, and biomass composition. Increasing the biomass feed rate or population size has the most pronounced effect on process economics. Overall, the sensitivity analyses of all four critical input factors support that the new design is flexible in its ability to support populations of varying sizes, as well as different biomass feed rates and compositions.

scholarly journals Techno-Economic Assessment of Whey Protein-Based Plastic Production from a Co-Polymerization Process

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 847
Author(s):  
Bushra Chalermthai ◽  
Muhammad Tahir Ashraf ◽  
Juan-Rodrigo Bastidas-Oyanedel ◽  
Bradley D. Olsen ◽  
Jens Ejbye Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whey Protein ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Whey Protein Concentrate ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Payback Time

Bio-based plastics, produced from natural and renewable sources, have been found to be good replacers to petroleum-based plastics. However, economic analyses have not been carried out for most of them, specifically those from whey. In this study, a techno-economic assessment of the industrial-scale production of plastics from whey protein is carried out considering two different scenarios: (1) low-cost dairy waste whey (DWP) and (2) purchased whey protein concentrate (WPC), as feedstocks, using SuperPro Designer software. Key economic indicators such as operating cost, capital investment, annual revenue, payback time, and return-on-investment (ROI), were analyzed. Sensitivity analyses of different parameters were performed to account for market fluctuations and other uncertainties, using Scenario 2 as the base case. Results showed that both scenarios have the capacity of producing over 3200 metric tons/year (t/yr) (or 5.5 t/batch) of plastic. With the unit selling price of plastic set at $7,000/t, both the scenarios showed profitable outcomes with the plant’s payback time of 3.7 and 2.4 years, and ROI of 27.1% and 42.2%, for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, respectively. Sensitivity analyses showed that the unit plastic selling price was the most sensitive parameter, followed by the amount of feedstock WPC, and the number of batches.

scholarly journals 286. Exploratory Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections: Are Daptomycin and Linezolid Favored over Vancomycin and Other Antibiotics?

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S143-S144
Author(s):  
Michelle Vu ◽  
Kenneth Smith ◽  
Sherrie L Aspinall ◽  
Cornelius J Clancy ◽  
Deanna Buehrle
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Drug Event ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Abstract Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections (MRSAB) cause significant mortality and often require extended antibiotic therapy. Vancomycin, the most common initial MRSAB treatment, carries significant monitoring burden and nephrotoxicity risks. We compared cost-effectiveness of vancomycin and other antibiotic regimens as MRSAB treatment. Methods We estimated cost-effectiveness of intravenous antibiotics (vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, ceftaroline/daptomycin, dalbavancin) for Veterans Health Administration (VA) patients with MRSAB using an exploratory decision-tree model. Primary effectiveness outcome was composite of microbiological failure and adverse drug event (ADE)-related discontinuation at 7-days. Results In base-case analyses, linezolid and daptomycin were less expensive and had fewer treatment failures than other regimens at 4 and 6-weeks. Compared to linezolid, daptomycin incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were ~$45,000 (4-weeks) and ~$61,000 (6-weeks) per composite failure avoided, respectively. In one-way sensitivity analyses, daptomycin (4-weeks) was favored over linezolid if linezolid microbiological failure or ADE-related discontinuation rates were >14.8% (base case: 14.0%) or >14.3% (base case: 14.0%), respectively, assuming a willingness to pay (WTP) threshold of $40,000/ composite treatment failure avoided. Vancomycin was favored if its microbiological failure risk was < 16.4% (base case: 27.2%). In two-way sensitivity analyses, daptomycin was favored if linezolid microbiological failure and ADE-related discontinuation rates were >19% and > 16%, respectively. Linezolid, daptomycin and vancomycin were favored in 47%, 39%, and 11% of 4-week probabilistic iterations, respectively, at $40,000 WTP. Conclusion Daptomycin or linezolid are likely less expensive and more effective than vancomycin or other initial regimens for MRSAB. More data are needed to support safety of linezolid in MRSAB patients. Disclosures Cornelius J. Clancy, MD, Astellas (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Cidara (Consultant, Research Grant or Support)Melinta (Grant/Research Support)Merck (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Needham Associates (Consultant)Qpex (Consultant)Scynexis (Consultant)Shionogi (Consultant)

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness analysis of ranibizumab for retinal vein occlusion patients in China from the societal perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiyi Ni ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
Yawen Jiang ◽  
Jing Wu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Retinal Vein Occlusion ◽  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Laser Photocoagulation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Vein Occlusion ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background Clinical trials in China have demonstrated that ranibizumab can improve the clinical outcomes of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). However, no economic evaluation of ranibizumab has been conducted among Chinese patient population. Methods To provide insights into the economic profile of ranibizumab among Chinese RVO population, a Markov state-transition model was used to predict the outcomes of ranibizumab comparing to laser photocoagulation and observational-only care from the societal perspective. This model simulated changes in patient visuality, quality-adjusted of life years (QALY), medical costs, and direct non-medical costs of individuals with visual impairment due to BRVO or CRVO in lifetime. The base-case analysis used an annual discount rate of 5% for costs and benefits following the China Guidelines for Pharmacoeconomic Evaluations. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the model. Results The base-case incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) comparing ranibizumab to laser photocoagulation was ¥65,008/QALY among BRVO patients and was ¥65,815/QALY among CRVO patients, respectively. Comparing to the 2019 gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of ¥71,000, both two ICERs were far below the cost-effective threshold at three times of GDP per capita (¥213,000). The deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses demonstrated the base-case results were robust in most of the simulation scenarios. Conclusion The current Markov model demonstrated that ranibizumab may be cost-effective compared with laser photocoagulation to treat BRVO and cost-effective compared to observation-only care to treat CRVO in China from the societal perspective.

Abstract 15595: Missed Targets: United States Trends in Hypertension Prevalence, Control, and Treatment 2005-2018

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Aggarwal ◽  
Nicholas Chiu ◽  
Rishi Wadhera ◽  
Changyu Shen ◽  
Robert W Yeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Improve Blood Pressure Control ◽  
Hypertension Prevalence ◽  
And Control

Introduction: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The US government, through the Healthy People Initiative 2020, set targets to improve hypertension prevalence and treatment rates in US adults by a relative 10% from 2005 to 2020, and increase control rates by a relative 40%. We examined US progress towards this goal from 2005-2018. Methods: We analyzed data from 38,876 non-pregnant US adults from the NHANES 2005-2018 surveys to determine nationally representative estimates of hypertension prevalence, treatment rates, and control. Temporal trends in hypertension prevalence, treatment, and control were assessed using weighted linear regression after age adjustment to the 2000 US census (per the Healthy People Initiative approach). In the base case, we defined hypertension as blood pressure >140/90 or on an antihypertensive; we used the ACC/AHA definition of blood pressure >130/80 in sensitivity analyses. Results: In 2017-2018, 34.3% (±1.7) of US adults had hypertension, of these 69.7% (±1.5) were on treatment, and 43.7% (±1.6) were controlled. After age-adjustment, no statistically significant changes in hypertension prevalence, treatment rates, or control were observed from 2005-2018 (p for trend 0.91, ,0.98, 0.66, Figure 1). In sensitivity analyses, applying the ACC/AHA definition increased the estimated prevalence of hypertension during the period, but trends in prevalence remained unchanged. Conclusions: There has been no material progress in reducing the prevalence of hypertension or improving rates of treatment and control from 2005 to 2018. As planning is underway for Healthy People Initiative 2030, setting of hypertension targets must be accompanied with investments in cost-effective, scalable programs to improve blood pressure control nationwide, with a focus on high-risk populations.

Sensitivity Analyses for a PWR SCC Case Using the Probabilistic Loss-of-Coolant-Accident (Pro-LOCA) Software

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Young ◽  
Sang-Min Lee ◽  
Paul M. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Design Criterion ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Loss Of Coolant Accident ◽  
Piping Systems

As a means of demonstrating compliance with the United States Code of Federal Regulations 10CFR50 Appendix A, General Design Criterion 4 (GDC-4) requirement that primary piping systems for nuclear power plants exhibit an extremely low probability of rupture, probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) software has become increasingly popular. One of these PFM codes for nuclear piping is Pro-LOCA which has been under development over the last decade. Currently, Pro-LOCA is being enhanced under an international cooperative program entitled PARTRIDGE-II (Probabilistic Analysis as a Regulatory Tool for Risk-Informed Decision GuidancE - Phase II). This paper focuses on the use of a pre-defined set of base-case inputs along with prescribed variation in some of those inputs to determine a comparative set of sensitivity analyses results. The benchmarking case was a circumferential Primary Water Stress Corrosion Crack (PWSCC) in a typical PWR primary piping system. The effects of normal operating loads, temperature, leak detection, inspection frequency and quality, and mitigation strategies on the rupture probability were studied. The results of this study will be compared to the results of other PFM codes using the same base-case and variations in inputs. This study was conducted using Pro-LOCA version 4.1.9.

A synthetic route to highly substituted ketones. Acylations of .alpha. anions of carboxylic acid salts with acid chlorides

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1189-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Paul Krapcho ◽  
David S. Kashdan ◽  
E. G. E. Jahngen ◽  
A. J. Lovey
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Acid Chlorides ◽  
Synthetic Route ◽  
Acid Salts

Biomass Conversion to Mixed Alcohol Fuels Using the MixAlco Process

1999 ◽  
pp. 609-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark T. Holtzapple ◽  
Richard R. Davison ◽  
M. Kyle Ross ◽  
Salvador Aldrett-Lee ◽  
Murlidhar Nagwani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Mixalco Process ◽  
Alcohol Fuels

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness of Triple Therapy with Telaprevir for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Patients in Germany

10.36469/9870 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jona T. Stahmeyer ◽  
Svenja Schauer ◽  
Siegbert Rossol ◽  
Hans Heinrich Wedemeyer ◽  
Daniel Wirth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Triple Therapy ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Previously Treated Patients ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
The Cost

Background: About 400,000-500,000 people are infected with hepatitis C in Germany. Long-term consequences are the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The introduction of first generation protease inhibitors has significantly improved the treatment of hepatitis C genotype 1 patients. The aim of the study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of triple therapy with telaprevir in Germany. Methods: We used a Markov model on disease progression and natural history to assess the cost-effectiveness of triple therapy with telaprevir compared to standard treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Model structure and inputs were discussed with clinical experts. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to verify the robustness of results. Results: The base-case analyses shows that triple therapy results in higher costs (untreated patients: €48,446 vs. €30,691; previously treated patients: €63,228 vs. €48,603) and better outcomes (untreated patients: 16.85 qualily of life years [QALYs] vs. 15.97 QALYs; previously treated patients: 14.16 QALYs vs. 12.89 QALYs). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was €20,131 per QALY and €30,567 per life year gained (LYG) for previously untreated patients. ICER in treatment experienced patients was €7,664 per QALY for relapse patients, €12,506 per QALY for partial responders and €28,429 per QALY for null responders. Results were robust in sensitivity analyses. Conclusion: Although triple therapy with telaprevir leads to additional costs, there is a high probability of being cost-effective for different thresholds. This health economic analysis makes an important contribution to current debates on cost savings and efficient resource allocation in the German healthcare sector.

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