scholarly journals Exploring the Effect of Pacing Plan Feedback for Professional Road Cycling

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
R. Dukalski ◽  
S. Lukosch ◽  
A. Schwab ◽  
P.J. Beek ◽  
F.M. Brazier
Keyword(s):  
User Study ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Display Device ◽  
Information Power ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Linear Load ◽  
Anaerobic Work ◽  
Race Conditions

In road cycling, cyclists strategically use their energetic resources in unique race-specific circumstances. For time-trial events, professional cycling teams design pacing plans aimed at the effective management of anaerobic work capacities of individual cyclists, allowing for more consistent speeds and therefore, faster times. Patently, adherence to such plans is essential. This paper reports on a field user-study on the effectiveness of providing a pacing plan to cyclists with the following information: (1) printed table alongside a display device with non-processed information (power, distance); and (2) aggregated, processed, just-in-time information on the same device (past, present, prospective; power, distance, W’). In both conditions, 15 road cyclists completed an 8 km open route mimicking race conditions, while adhering to pre-set pacing plans designed relative to their individual critical-power capabilities. Results indicated a linear load-to-adherence relationship and better adherence in condition (2). These findings will help guide future designs of adaptive feedback mechanisms for professional road cycling.

scholarly journals Core temperature up to 41.5ºC during the UCI Road Cycling World Championships in the heat

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 426-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastien Racinais ◽  
Sebastien Moussay ◽  
David Nichols ◽  
Gavin Travers ◽  
Taoufik Belfekih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Road Race ◽  
Globe Temperature

ObjectiveTo characterise the core temperature response and power output profile of elite male and female cyclists during the 2016 UCI Road World Championships. This may contribute to formulating environmental heat stress policies.MethodsCore temperature was recorded via an ingestible capsule in 10, 15 and 15 cyclists during the team time trial (TTT), individual time trial (ITT) and road race (RR), respectively. Power output and heart rate were extracted from individual cycling computers. Ambient conditions in direct sunlight were hot (37°C±3°C) but dry (25%±16% relative humidity), corresponding to a wet-bulb globe temperature of 27°C±2°C.ResultsCore temperature increased during all races (p<0.001), reaching higher peak values in TTT (39.8°C±0.9°C) and ITT (39.8°C±0.4°C), relative to RR (39.2°C±0.4°C, p<0.001). The highest temperature recorded was 41.5°C (TTT). Power output was significantly higher during TTT (4.7±0.3 W/kg) and ITT (4.9±0.5 W/kg) than RR (2.7±0.4 W/kg, p<0.001). Heart rate increased during the TTs (p<0.001) while power output decreased (p<0.001).Conclusion85% of the cyclists participating in the study (ie, 34 of 40) reached a core temperature of at least 39°C with 25% (ie, 10 of 40) exceeding 40°C. Higher core temperatures were reached during the time trials than the RR.

scholarly journals A wind-tunnel case study: Increasing road cycling velocity by adopting an aerodynamically improved sprint position

2019 ◽  
pp. 175433711986696
Author(s):  
Timothy Crouch ◽  
Paolo Menaspà ◽  
Nathan Barry ◽  
Nicholas Brown ◽  
Mark C Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Wind Tunnel Study

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the potential to reduce the aerodynamic drag by studying road sprint cyclists’ positions. A male and a female professional road cyclist participated in this wind-tunnel study. Aerodynamic drag measurements are presented for a total of five out-of-seat sprinting positions for each of the athletes under representative competition conditions. The largest reduction in aerodynamic drag measured for each athlete relative to their standard sprinting positions varied between 17% and 27%. The majority of this reduction in aerodynamic drag could be accounted for by changes in the athlete’s projected frontal area. The largest variation in repeat drag coefficient area measurements of out-of-seat sprint positions was 5%, significantly higher than the typical <0.5% observed for repeated testing of time-trial cycling positions. The majority of variation in repeated drag coefficient area measurements was attributed to reproducibility of position and sampling errors associated with time-averaged force measurements of large fluctuating forces.

Training Prescription Guided by Heart-Rate Variability in Cycling

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Javaloyes ◽  
Jose Manuel Sarabia ◽  
Robert Patrick Lamberts ◽  
Manuel Moya-Ramon
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Road Cycling

Purpose: Road cycling is a sport with extreme physiological demands. Therefore, there is a need to find new strategies to improve performance. Heart-rate variability (HRV) has been suggested as an effective alternative for prescribing training load against predefined training programs. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of training prescription based on HRV in road cycling performance. Methods: Seventeen well-trained cyclists participated in this study. After an initial evaluation week, cyclists performed 4 baseline weeks of standardized training to establish their resting HRV. Then, cyclists were divided into 2 groups, an HRV-guided group and a traditional periodization group, and they carried out 8 training weeks. Cyclists performed 2 evaluation weeks, after and before a training week. During the evaluation weeks, cyclists performed a graded exercise test to assess maximal oxygen uptake, peak power output, and ventilatory thresholds with their corresponding power output (VT1, VT2, WVT1, and WVT2, respectively) and a 40-min simulated time trial. Results: The HRV-guided group improved peak power output (5.1% [4.5%]; P = .024), WVT2 (13.9% [8.8%]; P = .004), and 40-min all-out time trial (7.3% [4.5%]; P = .005). Maximal oxygen uptake and WVT1 remained similar. The traditional periodization group did not improve significantly after the training week. There were no differences between groups. However, magnitude-based inference analysis showed likely beneficial and possibly beneficial effects for the HRV-guided group instead of the traditional periodization group in 40-min all-out time trial and peak power output, respectively. Conclusion: Daily training prescription based on HRV could result in a better performance enhancement than a traditional periodization in well-trained cyclists.

Power Output Demands of Womenʼs Road Cycling Time Trial

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S235 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Martin ◽  
Hamilton Lee ◽  
Cassie Trewin ◽  
James Victor ◽  
Warren McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Cycling Time

Physiological Profile of an Uphill Time Trial in Elite Cyclists

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana B. Peinado ◽  
Nuria Romero-Parra ◽  
Miguel A. Rojo-Tirado ◽  
Rocío Cupeiro ◽  
Javier Butragueño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Mean Power Output ◽  
Elite Cyclists

Context: While a number of studies have researched road-cycling performance, few have attempted to investigate the physiological response in field conditions. Purpose: To describe the physiological and performance profile of an uphill time trial (TT) frequently used in cycling competitions. Methods: Fourteen elite road cyclists (mean ± SD age 25 ± 6 y, height 174 ± 4.2 cm, body mass 64.4 ± 6.1 kg, fat mass 7.48% ± 2.82%) performed a graded exercise test to exhaustion to determine maximal parameters. They then completed a field-based uphill TT in a 9.2-km first-category mountain pass with a 7.1% slope. Oxygen uptake (VO2), power output, heart rate (HR), lactate concentration, and perceived-exertion variables were measured throughout the field-based test. Results: During the uphill TT, mean power output and velocity were 302 ± 7 W (4.2 ± 0.1 W/kg) and 18.7 ± 1.6 km/h, respectively. Mean VO2 and HR were 61.6 ± 2.0 mL · kg−1 · min−1 and 178 ± 2 beats/min, respectively. Values were significantly affected by the 1st, 2nd, 6th, and final kilometers (P < .05). Lactate concentration and perceived exertion were 10.87 ± 1.12 mmol/L and 19.1 ± 0.1, respectively, at the end of the test, being significantly different from baseline measures. Conclusion: The studied uphill TT is performed at 90% of maximum HR and VO2 and 70% of maximum power output. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study assessing cardiorespiratory parameters combined with measures of performance, perceived exertion, and biochemical variables during a field-based uphill TT in elite cyclists.

Anaerobic Work Capacity’s Contribution to 5-km-Race Performance in Female Runners

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory W. Baumann ◽  
Jeffrey C. Rupp ◽  
Christopher P. Ingalls ◽  
J. Andrew Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
Anaerobic Work ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Race Performance

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between anaerobic characteristics and 5-km-race performance in trained female cross-country runners (N = 13).Methods:The runners performed 50-m sprints and a 5-km time trial on an outdoor 400-m track and maximal anaerobic (MART) and aerobic running tests on a motorized treadmill. Anaerobic characteristics were determined by the mean velocity of the 50-m sprint (v50m) and the peak velocity in the MART (vMART). The aerobic characteristics were obtained during the aerobic treadmill test and included maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), running economy, and ventilatory threshold (VT).Results:Both the vMART (r = .69, P < .01) and VO2max (r = .80, P < .01) correlated with the mean velocity of the 5-km (v5km). A multiple-linear-regression analysis revealed that the combination of VO2max, vMART, and VT explained 81% (R2 = .81, P < .001) of the variation seen in the v5km. The vMART accounted for 31% of the total shared variance, while the combination of VO2max and VT explained the remaining 50%.Conclusions:These results suggest that among trained female runners who are relatively matched, anaerobic energy production can effectively discriminate the v5km and explain a significant amount of the variation seen in 5-km-race performance.

scholarly journals How to Stay Ahead of the Pack: Optimal Road Cycling Strategies for two Cooperating Riders

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wolf ◽  
D. Saupe
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Real World ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractWithin road-cycling, the optimization of performance using mathematical models has primarily been performed in the individual time trial. Nevertheless, most races are 'mass-start' events in which many riders compete at the same time. In some special situations, e.g. breakaways from the peloton, the riders are forced to team up. To simulate those cooperative rides of two athletes, an extension of models and optimization approaches for individual time trials is presented. A slipstream model based on experimental data is provided to simulate the physical interaction between the two riders. In order to simulate real world behavior, a penalty for the difference in the exertion levels of the two riders is introduced. This means, that even though both riders aim to be as fast as possible as a group, neither of them should have an advantage over the other because of significantly different levels of fatigue during the ride. In our simulations, the advantage of cooperation of two equally trained athletes adds up to a time gain of about 10% compared to an individual ride.

scholarly journals Visual Analysis of the Exact Solution of a Heat Equation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1968-1973
Keyword(s):  
Heat Equation ◽  
User Study ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Display Device ◽  
Image Visualization ◽  
The Impact

The solution of the two-dimensional heat equation is represented as images. The considered heat equation is 2 2 2 2 . U U U t x y                  , 0 1, 0 1     x y . The Boundary conditions are U y t U y t (0, , ) 0, (1, , ) 0,   U x t ( ,0, ) 0,  and U x t ( ,1, ) 0  and the initial condition is U x y x y ( , ,0) sin 4 cos 4         . The images provide quick but approximate insights to the solution. Approximation by image visualization depends on many factors such as the display device, human eye factors, image resolution (sampling rate and bit depth of the image), and image resize methods. We have provided images for different time t and different resolutions We have studied the impact of different sampling rate and different image resize methods on the quality of the images. User study is performed for qualitative inspection and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) is used as a quantitative measure of the relative similarity in images with respect to different sampling rate and time t . Qualitative inspection and PSNR follow the same trend. Further, Qualitative inspection confirms that the quality of approximation of solution by image visualization improves with increase in sampling rate. Moreover, lanczos3 is the best interpolation method to resize the images.

Comparison of Physiological Responses and Performance Between Mountain Bicycles With Differing Suspension Systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey E. Herrick ◽  
Judith A. Flohr ◽  
Davis L. Wenos ◽  
Michael J. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rear Wheel ◽  
Final Time ◽  
Suspension Systems ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Race Conditions ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Maximal Time

Purpose:This study compared the metabolic and performance effects of riding front-only suspension (FS) and front-and-rear suspension (FRS) mountain bicycles on an off-road course that simulated competitive cross-country race conditions (>105 min in duration, with ∼70% of time spent riding uphill).Methods:Seven competitive mountain bikers (73.8 ± 7.6 kg; 61.0 ± 4.3 mL·kg–1·min–1) completed two randomized FS and FRS trials. Bikes were similar, excluding rear wheel suspension on the FRS, which increased bike weight by ∼2 kg. Each trial consisted of four laps of rugged 8 km trail with 154 m of elevation gain per lap. The first three laps were performed at ∼70% of VO2max; VO2, HR, and RPE were collected during the first and third laps. The final lap was performed as a maximal time-trial effort.Results:During the first and third laps, VO2, HR, and RPE were similar between FS and FRS. However, FS was significantly faster than FRS during the ascending segment of the course (17.6 ± 2.9 vs 18.9 ± 3.4 min, P = .035), despite similar VO2 (P = .651). Although not statistically significant, FRS tended to be faster than FS during the descending portion of the course (8.1 ± 2.0 vs 9.1 ± 2.1, P = .067) at similar VO2. Performance during the final time-trial lap was significantly faster for FS than FRS (24.9 ± 3.9 min, 27.5 ± 4.9 min, P = .008).Conclusion:FS was faster than FRS over a course that simulated competitive cross-country race conditions. The faster times were likely the result of improved cycling economy during ascending, which were at least partially influenced by the lighter weight of the FS.

Modeling road-cycling performance

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1596-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Olds ◽  
K. I. Norton ◽  
E. L. Lowe ◽  
S. Olive ◽  
F. Reay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Wheel Radius

This paper presents a complete set of equations for a “first principles” mathematical model of road-cycling performance, including corrections for the effect of winds, tire pressure and wheel radius, altitude, relative humidity, rotational kinetic energy, drafting, and changed drag. The relevant physiological, biophysical, and environmental variables were measured in 41 experienced cyclists completing a 26-km road time trial. The correlation between actual and predicted times was 0.89 (P < or = 0.0001), with a mean difference of 0.74 min (1.73% of mean performance time) and a mean absolute difference of 1.65 min (3.87%). Multiple simulations were performed where model inputs were randomly varied using a normal distribution about the measured values with a SD equivalent to the estimated day-to-day variability or technical error of measurement in each of the inputs. This analysis yielded 95% confidence limits for the predicted times. The model suggests that the main physiological factors contributing to road-cycling performance are maximal O2 consumption, fractional utilization of maximal O2 consumption, mechanical efficiency, and projected frontal area. The model is then applied to some practical problems in road cycling: the effect of drafting, the advantage of using smaller front wheels, the effects of added mass, the importance of rotational kinetic energy, the effect of changes in drag due to changes in bicycle configuration, the normalization of performances under different conditions, and the limits of human performance.

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