scholarly journals How to Stay Ahead of the Pack: Optimal Road Cycling Strategies for two Cooperating Riders

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wolf ◽  
D. Saupe
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Real World ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractWithin road-cycling, the optimization of performance using mathematical models has primarily been performed in the individual time trial. Nevertheless, most races are 'mass-start' events in which many riders compete at the same time. In some special situations, e.g. breakaways from the peloton, the riders are forced to team up. To simulate those cooperative rides of two athletes, an extension of models and optimization approaches for individual time trials is presented. A slipstream model based on experimental data is provided to simulate the physical interaction between the two riders. In order to simulate real world behavior, a penalty for the difference in the exertion levels of the two riders is introduced. This means, that even though both riders aim to be as fast as possible as a group, neither of them should have an advantage over the other because of significantly different levels of fatigue during the ride. In our simulations, the advantage of cooperation of two equally trained athletes adds up to a time gain of about 10% compared to an individual ride.

Electron drift caused by rf field gradient creates many plasma phenomena: An attempt to distinguish the cause and the effect

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. XAPLANTERIS ◽  
E. D. FILIPPAKI ◽  
I. S. MISTAKIDIS ◽  
L. C. XAPLANTERIS
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Field Gradient ◽  
Collision Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Electron Drift ◽  
Plasma Parameters

AbstractMany experimental data along with their theoretical interpretations on the rf low-temperature cylindrical plasma have been issued until today. Our Laboratory has contributed to that research by publishing results and interpretative mathematical models. With the present paper, two issues are being examined; firstly, the estimation of electron drift caused by the rf field gradient, which is the initial reason for the plasma behaviour, and secondly, many new experimental results, especially the electron-neutral collision frequency effect on the other plasma parameters and quantities. Up till now, only the plasma steady state was taken into consideration when a theoretical elaboration was carried out, regardless of the cause and the effect. This indicates the plasma's complicated and chaotic configuration and the need to simplify the problem. In the present work, a classification about the causality of the phenomena is attempted; the rf field gradient electron drift is proved to be the initial cause.

Distinction between Dolus and Culpa with reference to Arson in Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj

De Jure ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Haman ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Better Than

The difference between intent (dolus) and negligence (culpa) was rarely emphasized in codified medieval laws and regulations. When compared to the legal statements related to intent, negligence was mentioned even more rarely. However, there are some laws that distinguished between the two concepts in terms of some specific crimes, such as arson. This paper draws attention to three medieval Slavic legal documents – the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem (ZSLJ), the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj. They are compared with reference to regulations regarding arson, with the focus being on arson as a crime committed intentionally or out of negligence. The ZSLJ as the oldest known Slavic law in the world shows some similarities with other medieval Slavic legal codes, especially in the field of criminal law, since most of the ZSLJ’s articles are related to criminal law. On the other hand, the Vinodol Law is the oldest preserved Croatian law and it is among the oldest Slavic codes in the world. It was written in 1288 in the Croatian Glagolitic script and in the Croatian Chakavian dialect. The third document – the Statute of Senj – regulated legal matters in the Croatian littoral town of Senj. It was written in 1388 – exactly a century after the Vinodol Law was proclaimed. When comparing the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj with the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, there are clear differences and similarities, particularly in the field of criminal law. Within the framework of criminal offenses, the act of arson is important for making a distinction between intent and negligence. While the ZSLJ regulates different levels of guilt, the Vinodol Law makes no difference between dolus and culpa. On the other hand, the Statute of Senj strictly refers to negligence as a punishable crime. Even though the ZSLJ is almost half a millennium older than the Statute of Senj and around 400 years older than the Vinodol Law, this paper proves that the ZSLJ defines the guilt and the punishment for arson much better than the other two laws.

Reading Identity, Reading Essence: A Strategic Essentialist Approach to Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Saleha Ilhaam
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Strategy ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Strategic Essentialism ◽  
Reading Identity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Self

The term strategic essentialism, coined by Spivak, is generally understood as “a political strategy whereby differences (within Group) are temporarily downplayed, and unity assumed for the sake of achieving political goals.” On the other hand, essentialism focuses that everything in this world has an intrinsic and immutable essence of its own. The adaption of a particular “nature” of one group of people by way of sexism, culturalization, and ethnification is strongly linked to the idea of essentialism. Mulk Raj Anand’s Bakha is dictated as an outcast by the institutionalized hierarchy of caste practice. He is essentialized as an untouchable by attributing to him the characteristic of dirt and filth. However, unlike other untouchables, Bakha can apprehend the difference between the cultured and uncultured, dirt and cleanliness. Via an analysis of Anand’s “Untouchable,” the present article aims to bring to the forefront the horrid destruction of the individual self that stems from misrepresentations of personality. Through strategic essentialism, it unravels Bakha’s contrasting nature as opposed to his pariah class, defied by his remarkable inner character and etiquette. The term condemns the essentialist categories of human existence. It has been applied to decontextualize and deconstruct the inaccurately essentialized identity of Bakha, which has made him a part of the group he does not actually belong to.

scholarly journals It is not the parts, but how they interact that determines the behaviour of circadian rhythms across scales and organisms

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 20130076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel DeWoskin ◽  
Weihua Geng ◽  
Adam R. Stinchcombe ◽  
Daniel B. Forger
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Biological Rhythms ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Drastic Effect ◽  
Different Levels

Biological rhythms, generated by feedback loops containing interacting genes, proteins and/or cells, time physiological processes in many organisms. While many of the components of the systems that generate biological rhythms have been identified, much less is known about the details of their interactions. Using examples from the circadian (daily) clock in three organisms, Neurospora , Drosophila and mouse, we show, with mathematical models of varying complexity, how interactions among (i) promoter sites, (ii) proteins forming complexes, and (iii) cells can have a drastic effect on timekeeping. Inspired by the identification of many transcription factors, for example as involved in the Neurospora circadian clock, that can both activate and repress, we show how these multiple actions can cause complex oscillatory patterns in a transcription–translation feedback loop (TTFL). Inspired by the timekeeping complex formed by the NMO–PER–TIM–SGG complex that regulates the negative TTFL in the Drosophila circadian clock, we show how the mechanism of complex formation can determine the prevalence of oscillations in a TTFL. Finally, we note that most mathematical models of intracellular clocks model a single cell, but compare with experimental data from collections of cells. We find that refitting the most detailed model of the mammalian circadian clock, so that the coupling between cells matches experimental data, yields different dynamics and makes an interesting prediction that also matches experimental data: individual cells are bistable, and network coupling removes this bistability and causes the network to be more robust to external perturbations. Taken together, we propose that the interactions between components in biological timekeeping systems are carefully tuned towards proper function. We also show how timekeeping can be controlled by novel mechanisms at different levels of organization.

Integrating Curriculum through Themes

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 408-415
Author(s):  
Robert M. Horton ◽  
Traci Hedetniemi ◽  
Elaine Wiegert ◽  
John R. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Social Studies ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Language Arts ◽  
Real World ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Natural Choice ◽  
Principles And Standards

Integrating mathematics, science, language arts, and social studies within the middle school curriculum can be an important and worthwhile endeavor. With integration, students realize that, at least in the real world, disciplines do not exist in perfect isolation and that the separations so often seen in school are arbitrary and, at times, unnecessary. Although any one of these disciplines can be the center of the integration, mathematics may be the most natural choice, especially when we focus on mathematical models, descriptions of real-world phenomena through mathematics. The Connections strand of Principles and Standards for School Mathematics states that students across grade levels should be able to “recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside of mathematics” (NCTM 2000, p. 64). Students can naturally make connections when the mathematics they are learning is presented through problems emanating from other disciplines, particularly in science. In turn, students may grasp underlying concepts of the other disciplines better when they view them through a mathematical lens.

scholarly journals The urban question in the context of the “double world”

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Stella Kyvelou
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Material World ◽  
Urban Planner ◽  
The Past ◽  
Material Reality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Common World

Once the principle of the inseparability of the material world and cyber territory has been admitted, the question put to the urban planner is being transformed. The transition from the representation of two separate worlds - the physical on the one hand and the digital on the other - to a representation of a “double world” in the sense of the indivisible inter-connection of the physical and the digital, leads to a change of paradigm in abstraction and representation. By accepting the principle of considering the material world and the cyber territory (and not cyberspace) as an indivisible whole, we come up to realize that the urban question changes. If, in the past, our thoughts and studies were aimed at seeking a common world that we should discover and maintain, the modern world is not presumed to belong exclusively in the material reality. The planner’s work, therefore, should certainly take into account this interconnection, the discontinuous, fragmentary involvement, of matter and information. However, this phenomenon is not new since the symbolic dimension of cities, architecture and space in general has always closely interwoven representation and the real world. The difference is that there was then a connection with a particular territory or a national identity. Today, this ancient territorial reference is weakening, although there are signs of reversion to it. Based on these observations, the paper will discuss the evolution of the urban question under the assumption of the indivisible “double world” and the augmented territories.

scholarly journals Occupational structure of bearers of Jewish rabbinical, occupational and generic surnames

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 971
Author(s):  
Alexander Jonathan Vidgop ◽  
Nelly Norton ◽  
Nechama Rosenberg ◽  
Malka Haguel-Spitzberg ◽  
Itzhak Fouxon
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Study Choice

We study choice of profession in three groups of Russian-speaking Jewish families with different occupational distributions of the ancestors. This study continues exploration of the persistence of social status of families over centuries that was initiated in recent years. It was found previously that in some cases professions remain associated with the same surnames for many generations. Here the studied groups are defined by a class of the surname of individuals composing them. The class serves as a label that indicates a professional bias of the ancestors of the individual. One group are the bearers of the class of surnames which were used by rabbinical dynasties. The other group is constituted by occupational surnames, mostly connected to crafts. Finally, the last group are generic Jewish names defined as surnames belonging to neither of the above groups. We use the self-collected database that consists of 858 and 1057 of the first two groups, respectively, and 7471 generic Jewish surnames. The statistics of the database are those of individuals drawn at random from the considered groups. We determine shares of members of the groups working in a given type of occupations together with the confidence interval. The occupational type’s definition agrees with International Standard Classification of Occupations. It is demonstrated that there is a statistically significant difference in the occupational structure of the three groups that holds beyond the uncertainty allowed by 95% confidence interval. We quantify the difference with a numerical measure of the overlap of professional preferences of different groups. We conclude that in our study the occupational bias of different population groups is preserved at least for two centuries that passed since the considered surnames appeared.

scholarly journals Flexible Specialization. Flexible Accumulation

Geografie ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
David Uhlíř
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Flexible Specialization ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Flexible Accumulation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Organization Of Production

This article deals with two theoretical concepts: flexible specialization and flexible accumulation. It starts with a very brief description of the changes in organization of production that occurred in the recent decades as a consequence of the 1970s and early 1980s crises. Their single most important characteristic is a great flexibility. Subsequently, the ways in which the two theories explain the changes themselves and their consequences are described in a more detailed manner. This includes reactions of the economic subjects involved, i.e. the state and the individual enterprises. Further on, the author aims to clarify the difference between two "flexible concepts" that are often misinterpreted in geographical literature. The distinction leads to an evaluation of the flexible specialization theory as an important contribution to the theories of regional development: on the other hand the flexible accumulation theorizes more generally the social and economic change. Several critical remarks concerning both theories are quoted in the last part of this article.

scholarly journals A Mathematical Model of Universal Basic Income and Its Numerical Simulations

Algorithms ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Maria Letizia Bertotti
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Real World ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Market Society ◽  
Number Of Individuals

In this paper, an elementary mathematical model describing the introduction of a universal basic income in a closed market society is constructed. The model is formulated in terms of a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, each of which gives account of how the number of individuals in a certain income class changes in time. Societies ruled by different fiscal systems (with no taxes, with taxation and redistribution, with a welfare system) are considered and the effect of the presence of a basic income in the various cases is analysed by means of numerical simulations. The main findings are that basic income effectively acts as a tool of poverty alleviation: indeed, in its presence the portion of individuals in the poorest classes and economic inequality diminish. Of course, the issue of a universal basic income in the real world is more complex and involves a variety of aspects. The goal here is simply to show how mathematical models can help in forecasting scenarios resulting from one or the other policy.

scholarly journals Occupational structure of bearers of Jewish rabbinical, occupational and generic surnames

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 971
Author(s):  
Alexander Jonathan Vidgop ◽  
Nelly Norton ◽  
Nechama Rosenberg ◽  
Malka Haguel-Spitzberg ◽  
Itzhak Fouxon
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Social Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Study Choice

We study choice of profession in three groups of Russian-speaking Jewish families with different occupational distributions of the ancestors. This study continues exploration of the persistence of social status of families over centuries that was initiated in recent years. It was found previously that in some cases professions remain associated with the same surnames for many generations. Here the studied groups are defined by a class of the surname of individuals composing them. The class serves as a label that indicates a professional bias of the ancestors of the individual. One group are the bearers of the class of surnames which were used by rabbinical dynasties. The other group is constituted by occupational surnames, mostly connected to crafts. Finally, the last group are generic Jewish names defined as surnames belonging to neither of the above groups. We use the database that consists of 858 and 1057 of the first two groups, respectively, and 7471 generic Jewish surnames. The statistics of the database are those of individuals drawn at random from the considered groups. We determine shares of members of the groups working in a given type of occupations together with the confidence interval. The occupational type’s definition agrees with International Standard Classification of Occupations. It is demonstrated that there is a statistically significant difference in the occupational structure of the three groups that holds beyond the uncertainty allowed by 95% confidence interval. We quantify the difference with a numerical measure of the overlap of professional preferences of different groups. We conclude that in our study the occupational bias of different population groups is preserved at least for two centuries that passed since the considered surnames appeared.

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