scholarly journals An Investigation of the Relationship between the Electrical Conductivity of the Soil Saturated Paste Extract ECe with the Respective Values of the Mass Soil/Water Ratios 1:1 and 1:5 (EC1:1 and EC1:5)

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 661 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Kargas ◽  
Iakovos Chatzigiakoumis ◽  
Athanasios Kollias ◽  
Dimitrios Spiliotis ◽  
Petros Kerkides
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Standard Methodology ◽  
Mass Ratios ◽  
The Relationship

The standard methodology for the soil salinity assessment is provided through the determination of the electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil saturated paste extract, ECe. This approach is cumbersome and tedious. Instead of this, it appears easier to measure the EC of various soil over water mass ratios, (soil:water), such as 1:1, 1:5. In the present study an attempt is made to compare the ECe methodology with the methods providing the EC1:1 and EC1:5. ECe, and EC1:1 or EC1:5 values were obtained from 198 soil samples from 5 different locations in Greece. It was shown that the methods providing EC1:1 and EC1:5 values are linearly correlated to the ECe methodology with a high correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.93).

scholarly journals Comparison of Soil EC Values from Methods Based on 1:1 and 1:5 Soil to Water Ratios and ECe from Saturated Paste Extract Based Method

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1010
Author(s):  
George Kargas ◽  
Paraskevi Londra ◽  
Anastasia Sgoubopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Mass Ratios

The present study investigates the effect of three different methods of obtaining 1:1 and 1:5 soil-over-water mass ratios (soil:water) extracts for soil electrical conductivity (EC) measurements (EC1:1, EC1:5). On the same soil samples, also the electrical conductivity of the saturated paste extract (ECe) was determined and the relationships between ECe and each of the three of EC1:1 and EC1:5 values were examined. The soil samples used were collected from three areas over Greece (Laconia, Argolida and Kos) and had ECe values ranging from 0.611 to 25.9 dS m−1. From the results, it was shown that for soils with ECe < 3 dS m−1 the higher EC values were obtained by the method where the suspension remained at rest for 23 hours and then shaken mechanically for 1 h. On the contrary, no differences were observed among the three methods for soils with ECe > 3 dS m−1. Also, in the case of EC1:5, the optimal times for equilibration were much longer when ECe < 3 dS m−1. Across all soils, the relationships between ECe and each of three methods of obtaining EC1:1 and EC1:5 were strongly linear (0.953 < R2 < 0.991 and 0.63 < RMSE < 1.27 dS m−1). Taking into account the threshold of ECe = 3 dS m−1, different ECe = f(EC1:5) linear relationships were obtained. Although the linear model gave high values of R2 and RMSE for ECe < 3 dS m−1, the quadratic model resulted in better R2 and RMSE values for all methods examined. Correspondingly, in the 1:1 method, two of the three methods used exhibited similar slope values of the linear relationships independent of ECe value (ECe < 3 or ECe > 3 dS m−1), while one method (23 h rest and then shaken mechanically for 1 hour) showed significant differences in the slopes of the linear relationships between the two ranges of ECe.

scholarly journals Soil Salinity Type Effects on the Relationship between the Electrical Conductivity and Salt Content for 1:5 Soil-To-Water Extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3395
Author(s):  
Amin I. Ismayilov ◽  
Amrakh I. Mamedov ◽  
Haruyuki Fujimaki ◽  
Atsushi Tsunekawa ◽  
Guy J. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Semi Arid

Soil salinity severely affects soil ecosystem quality and crop production in semi-arid and arid regions. A vast quantity of data on soil salinity has been collected by research organizations of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS, formerly USSR) and many other countries over the last 70 years, but using them in the current international network (irrigation and reclamation strategy) is complicated. This is because in the CIS countries salinity was expressed by total soluble salts as a percentage on a dry-weight basis (total soluble salts, TSS, %) and eight salinity types (chemistry) determined by the ratios of the anions and cations (Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, and Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) in diluted soil water extract (soil/water = 1:5) without assessing electrical conductivity (EC). Measuring the EC (1:5) is more convenient, yet EC is not only affected by the concentration but also characteristics of the ions and the salinity chemistry. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between EC and TSS of soils in a diluted extract (1:5) for eight classic salinity types. We analyzed extracts (1:5) of 1100 samples of a clayey soil (0–20 cm) collected from cultivated semi-arid and arid regions for EC, TSS, soluble cations (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+), and anions (HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−). Results revealed that (i) the variation in the proportional relationships (R2 ≥ 0.91–0.98) between EC (0.12–5.6 dS m−1) and TSS (0.05–2.5%) could be related to salinity type, and (ii) the proportionality coefficient of the relationships (2.2 2–3.16) decreased in the following order of salinity type: SO4 < Cl(SO4)–HCO3 < Cl(HCO3)–SO4 < SO4 (HCO3)–Cl < Cl. The findings suggest that once the salinity type of the soil is established, EC (1:5) values can be safely used for the evaluation of the soil salinity degree in the irrigated land in the context of sustainable soil and crop management.

An alternative method for determination of cations in solution of small soil samples

1969 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-231
Author(s):  
Gustavo A. Martínez ◽  
David R. Bouldin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Water Ratio

A series of equations based on relations between exchangeable and soil solution ions were evaluated to find an appropriate procedure to determine the activity of cations in soil solution of small soil samples. The effectiveness of the developed equations was maintained even when the sample was submitted to variations in the type of salt added to the soil in the soil water ratio (SWR) used to extract the ions in solution.

Estimating Electrical Conductivity for Soil Salinity Monitoring Using Various Soil-Water Ratios Depending on Soil Texture

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shahadat Hossain ◽  
G. K. M. Mustafizur Rahman ◽  
A. R. M. Solaiman ◽  
M. Saiful Alam ◽  
M. Mizanur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Soil Texture

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SALINITY AND WENNER RESISTIVITY FOR SOME DRYLAND SOILS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. L. READ ◽  
D. R. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wenner Array

Soil paste electrical conductivity (EC) (mmhos/cm) measurements were correlated with Wenner array conductivities at eight sites. Linear correlation coefficients varied from 0.61 to 0.98. The addition of the independent variables, sand, clay, and water content, improved the relationship on four sites. The largest standard deviation from the regression relationships did not exceed ± 2.9 mmhos/cm (average soil EC near 7.0 mmhos/cm). For most sites soil salinity could be estimated within ± 2.0 mmhos/cm and at certain sites within ± 1.0 mmhos/cm. Although the correlations were not as high as those obtained by others, it was felt the Wenner array technique was still a reasonable approach for assessing and mapping salinity under a wide range of field conditions.

Estimating the electrical conductivity of saturated paste extracts from 1:5 soil, water suspensions and texture

Soil Research ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Slavich ◽  
GH Petterson
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Testing Laboratories ◽  
Water Suspensions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wetting Method ◽  
Lower Saturation ◽  
Labour Time

This paper presents a method of estimating the electrical conductivity (EC) of a saturated paste extract (ECe) from the EC of a 1 to 5 soil/water suspension (EC1:5) and an estimate of soil texture. The method has application in soil testing laboratories which routinely determine EC1:5 but not ECe. The method of preparing the saturated paste by capillary wetting is also compared with the standard method of hand mixing. The coefficient (f) relating ECe to EC1:5, i.e. ECe = fEC1:5 was found to be related to the water content of the saturated paste (�SP kg/kg) by f = 2.46 + 3.03/QSP. The relationship between �SP and texture, determined by hand working, indicates that the uncertainty associated with use of this relationship could be significant in sandy soils. Wetting the soil by capillarity rather than by hand mixing resulted in a lower saturation percentage and higher ECe but dissolved the same amount of salts. The capillary wetting method is preferred as it greatly reduces labour time.

scholarly journals Impact of Flood 2010 on the Fertility Status of Soil of Tehsil Garhi Khairo, District Jacobabad, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Adnan Murad Bhayo ◽  
Muhammad Latif ◽  
Javed Ali Babar ◽  
Allah Wadhayo Gandahi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Before And After

A field study was carried out to assess some measurable changes in chemical properties of the soil of taluka Garhi Khero, district Jacobabad that was affected by ‘Supra flood 2011’. Forty-five composite soil samples were collected from three sampling depths, 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, and 30-45 cm for the determination of various chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, soluble sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca+2), and magnesium (Mg+2). Results of the analysis were compared with the reference data that were studied before the flood. Results of the analysis revealed that due to flood, chemical nature of soil was changed from slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline. Before and after flood soil remains non-saline. There has been a significant increase in the optimum concentration of soluble sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca+2) and magnesium (Mg+2). However; potassium (K+) content of the soil was uniformly decreased. Keywords: Flood, soil, agriculture, crops, Jacobabad.

scholarly journals Study of the Effects of Soil Acidity and Salinity on Aluminium Mobility in Selected Soil Samples in Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
H. A. D. D. T. Gunasekera ◽  
R. C. L. De Silva
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Molecular Ions ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption

Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust. In soil, aluminum is mainly found in the mineral form as aluminosilicates and aluminum oxides and this aluminium is in stable inactive form. In addition, Al can be found as precipitates or in very minute quantities appear in soluble forms such as conjugated organic and inorganic, and molecular ions. Aluminium mobility and as a consequence aluminium toxicity, is mainly restricted to acid environments. Depending on the soil pH these mobile forms are capable of influencing biological systems. Aluminium has low mobility under most environmental conditions. However, below a pH of 4.0 its solubility increases and aluminium is released from silicate rocks under such acidic conditions. The levels of dissolved aluminium in natural groundwater samples are generally low, probably due to its low solubility at neutral pH values. Release of acids by anthropogenic activities influence the soil acidity levels. Therefore, elevated levels of aluminium have been found in acidified soil solutions and surface waters causing harmful effects to living organisms. The present study was aimed at proving the above theoretical hypothesis and existence of a possible relationship between soil salinity and soil acidity on the concentration of mobile aluminium ions in samples obtained during the location surveys. Samples were collected from selected locations in Ratnapura, Rathupaswala, Marawila, Mabima and Muthurajawela to get different soil types and the survey results were used to test the hypothetical relationship between the presence of the stated factors, and the existence of a high concentration of mobile aluminium in the soil water samples. The analysis covered basic parameters such as soil pH, soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter, soil electrical conductivity and the influence of the concentration of mobile aluminium at different pH and Na+ concentration levels. The total aluminium concentration in the soil was assayed by digesting samples with strong acid. Concentration of mobile aluminium in soil samples were analyzed using the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results indicated that there is no clear relationship between mobile aluminium and total aluminium in the soil. It was also found that the concentration of mobile aluminium released increased with decrease in soil pH and that the increase was marked when the pH of soil water was less than 4.0. Highest mobile aluminium release to the soil solution was found from Mabima sites [at pH 5.00 was 0.54 (±0.06) mg kg-1 of dry soil, at pH 0.00 was 90.12 (±7.01) mg kg-1] and least in samples from Marawila sites [at pH 5.00 was 0.48 (±0.03) mg kg-1, at pH 0.00 was 4.52 (±0.36) mg kg-1]. This result confirmed that there is an effect of soil acidity on the concentration of mobile aluminium in the soil but with no direct correlation. Results also showed that the concentration of mobile aluminium released increased with increasing soil salinity and that the increase was rapid when the Na+ ion concentration was higher than 2.0 %. Highest mobile aluminium release to the soil solution was found from Muthurajawela sites [Na+ 1.0% = lower than detection limit, Na+ 5.0% = 9.87 (±0.67) mg kg-1] and least found from Marawila sites [Na+1.0% = lower than detection limit, Na+ 5.0% = 2.24 (±0.23) mg kg-1] confirming the effect of soil salinity on the concentration of mobile aluminium in the soil. The study also points towards the future opportunities for research to confirm these findings using wider samples and employing more vigorous research methodologies.

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