scholarly journals Morphological, Natural, Analog, and Other Unconventional Forms of Computing for Cognition and Intelligence

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Symbol Manipulation ◽  
Physical Computation ◽  
Natural Analog ◽  
Morphological Computation ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
High Level

According to the currently dominant view, cognitive science is a study of mind and intelligence focused on computational models of knowledge in humans. It is described in terms of symbol manipulation over formal language. This approach is connected with a variety of unsolvable problems, as pointed out by Thagard. In this paper, I argue that the main reason for the inadequacy of the traditional view of cognition is that it detaches the body of a human as the cognizing agent from the higher-level abstract knowledge generation. It neglects the dynamical aspects of cognitive processes, emotions, consciousness, and social aspects of cognition. It is also uninterested in other cognizing agents such as other living beings or intelligent machines. Contrary to the traditional computationalism in cognitive science, the morphological computation approach offers a framework that connects low-level with high-level approaches to cognition, capable of meeting challenges listed by Thagard. To establish this connection, morphological computation generalizes the idea of computation from symbol manipulation to natural/physical computation and the idea of cognition from the exclusively human capacity to the capacity of all goal-directed adaptive self-reflective systems, living organisms as well as robots. Cognition is modeled as a layered process, where at the lowest level, systems acquire data from the environment, which in combination with the already stored data in the morphology of an agent, presents the basis for further structuring and self-organization of data into information and knowledge.

scholarly journals Morphological, Natural, Analog, and Other Unconventional Forms of Computing for Cognition and Intelligence

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Symbol Manipulation ◽  
Physical Computation ◽  
Natural Analog ◽  
Morphological Computation ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
High Level

According to the currently dominant view, cognitive science is a study of mind and intelligence focused on computational models of knowledge in humans. It is described in terms of symbol manipulation over formal language. This approach is connected with a variety of unsolvable problems, as pointed out by Thagard. In this paper, I argue that the main reason for the inadequacy of the traditional view of cognition is that it detaches the body of a human as the cognizing agent from the higher-level abstract knowledge generation. It neglects the dynamical aspects of cognitive processes, emotions, consciousness, and social aspects of cognition. It is also uninterested in other cognizing agents such as other living beings or intelligent machines. Contrary to the traditional computationalism in cognitive science, the morphological computation approach offers a framework that connects low-level with high-level approaches to cognition, capable of meeting challenges listed by Thagard. To establish this connection, morphological computation generalizes the idea of computation from symbol manipulation to natural/physical computation and the idea of cognition from the exclusively human capacity to the capacity of all goal-directed adaptive self-reflective systems, living organisms as well as robots. Cognition is modeled as a layered process, where at the lowest level, systems acquire data from the environment, which in combination with the already stored data in the morphology of an agent, presents the basis for further structuring and self-organization of data into information and knowledge.

The content of mercury and lead in the feed base of valuable fish species of the Caspian Sea

Fisheries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Tatiana Ershova ◽  
Vladimir Chaplygin ◽  
Vyacheslav Zaitsev ◽  
Alisher Khursanov ◽  
Natalia Shaboyants
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Rhithropanopeus Harrisii ◽  
The North ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
High Level

Mercury and lead are not essential elements and have a high degree of toxicity to all groups of living organisms, including hydrobionts. In turn, the accumulation of dangerous chemical elements in the primary trophic units of marine ecosystems is also reflected in the high level of accumulation and toxication of fish-valuable objects of fishing. As part of the study of the ecological state of the biota of the Volga-Caspian basin, there is a need to study the concentrations of heavy metals such as mercury and lead. The aim of the work is to study the content of mercury and lead in some invertebrate species of the Caspian Sea. The main source of mercury and lead in the body of the studied species is the water of the north-western part of the Caspian Sea. Among the studied taxonomic groups of organisms, mercury accumulators were all species of mollusks, as well as Balanus improvises and Rhithropanopeus harrisii. The lead concentrating organisms were Cerastoderma lamarcki and Mytilaster lineatus, Rhithropanopeus harrisii, and Balanus improvises.

Nanotechnological Medical Devices and Nanopharmaceuticals: The European Regulatory Framework and Research Needs

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4618-4625 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Rickerby
Keyword(s):  
Medical Devices ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
European Regulatory ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
High Level

The European regulatory framework is examined in relation to nanotechnology based medical devices and medicinal products. Medical applications of nanotechnology will have to comply with the requirement for a high level of public health, safety, consumer, and environmental protection. An evaluation of the possible health or environmental risks of nanoparticles must therefore be carried out and it is important to ensure that particle size and chemistry are taken into account when investigating possible adverse effects. Further research is needed on the toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of nanoparticles, their uptake in the body, accumulation in tissues and organs, transport characteristics, exposure and dose-response data, and their distribution and persistence in the environment. The existing regulations appear adequate to manage the risks of nanotechnology at its current stage of development but continuous review of the regulatory regime will be needed to determine whether it is sufficient to protect human health and the environment. Modification of the legislation may prove necessary as new scientific evidence emerges regarding the effects of nanoparticles on living organisms and in the ecosystems.

Deictic codes for the embodiment of cognition

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana H. Ballard ◽  
Mary M. Hayhoe ◽  
Polly K. Pook ◽  
Rajesh P. N. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sequential Decision ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Sensory Data ◽  
Decision Systems ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
High Level ◽  
Motor Actions

To describe phenomena that occur at different time scales, computational models of the brain must incorporate different levels of abstraction. At time scales of approximately 1/3 of a second, orienting movements of the body play a crucial role in cognition and form a useful computational level – more abstract than that used to capture natural phenomena but less abstract than what is traditionally used to study high-level cognitive processes such as reasoning. At this “embodiment level,” the constraints of the physical system determine the nature of cognitive operations. The key synergy is that at time scales of about 1/3 of a second, the natural sequentiality of body movements can be matched to the natural computational economies of sequential decision systems through a system of implicit reference called deictic in which pointing movements are used to bind objects in the world to cognitive programs. This target article focuses on how deictic bindings make it possible to perform natural tasks. Deictic computation provides a mechanism for representing the essential features that link external sensory data with internal cognitive programs and motor actions. One of the central features of cognition, working memory, can be related to moment-by-moment dispositions of body features such as eye movements and hand movements.

scholarly journals What Is Morphological Computation? On How the Body Contributes to Cognition and Control

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent C. Müller ◽  
Matej Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
Robot Design ◽  
Reservoir Computing ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Body Morphology ◽  
Intelligent Behavior ◽  
Morphological Computation ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

The contribution of the body to cognition and control in natural and artificial agents is increasingly described as “offloading computation from the brain to the body,” where the body is said to perform “morphological computation.” Our investigation of four characteristic cases of morphological computation in animals and robots shows that the “offloading” perspective is misleading. Actually, the contribution of body morphology to cognition and control is rarely computational, in any useful sense of the word. We thus distinguish (1) morphology that facilitates control, (2) morphology that facilitates perception, and the rare cases of (3) morphological computation proper, such as reservoir computing, where the body is actually used for computation. This result contributes to the understanding of the relation between embodiment and computation: The question for robot design and cognitive science is not whether computation is offloaded to the body, but to what extent the body facilitates cognition and control—how it contributes to the overall orchestration of intelligent behavior.

Neutral Lipids of Oats Fruit (Avena Sativa L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
N. K. Yuldasheva ◽  
S. D. Gusakova ◽  
D. Kh. Nurullaeva ◽  
N. T. Farmanova ◽  
R. P. Zakirova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Active Substances

Introduction. Lipids are a widespread group of biologically active substances in nature, making up the bulk of the organic substances of all living organisms. They accumulate in plants in seeds, as well as in fruits and perform a number of vital functions: they are the main components of cell membranes and the energy reserve for the body.Aim. Study of neutral lipids of sown oats (Avena sativa L.).Materials and methods. The objects of the study were fruits (grains) of oats of the sown variety "Tashkent 1," harvested in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Results and discussions. Neutral lipids of oat grains have been found to contain 13 fatty acids with a predominance of the sum of oleic, linolenic and linoleic acids. The total degree of unsaturation was almost 78%. Absorption bands characteristic of these substances were observed in the IR spectrum of MEGC.Conclusion. According to the results of the NL analysis, oat grains consisted of triacylglycerides and free LCDs, which were accompanied by hydrocarbons, phytosterols, triterpenoids and tocopherols.

Nutrients Mediate Bioavailability and Turnover of Proteins in Mammals

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 661-665
Author(s):  
Cunxi Nie ◽  
Fei Xie ◽  
Ning Ma ◽  
Yueyu Bai ◽  
Wenju Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Dietary Proteins ◽  
Restricted Diet ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Utilization Of Protein ◽  
High Level ◽  
Protein Restricted Diet

As a major component of biologically active compounds in the body, proteins contribute to the synthesis of body tissues for the renewal and growth of the body. The high level of dietary protein and the imbalance of amino acid (AA) composition in mammals result in metabolic disorders, inefficient utilization of protein resources and increased nitrogen excretion. Fortunately, nutritional interventions can be an effective way of attenuating the nitrogen excretion and increasing protein utilization, which include, but are not limited to, formulating the AA balance and protein-restricted diet supplementing with essential AAs, and adding probiotics in the diet. This review highlights recent advances in the turnover of dietary proteins and mammal’s metabolism for health, in order to improve protein bioavailability through nutritional approach.

Research work in the Applied Cognitive Modelling Lab

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (7) ◽  
pp. 9-11
Author(s):  
Junya Morita
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Graphic Design ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Cognitive Modelling ◽  
Web Navigation ◽  
Fundamental Values

Dr Junya Morita is based at the Applied Cognitive Modelling Laboratory (ACML) within the Department of Behavior Informatics at Shizuoka University in Japan. His team is conducting investigations that use computational models in an effort to improve our understanding of human minds and their inner workings. There are currently two directions of study underway at ACML. The first is concerned with theoretical studies of cognitive modelling, where the team try to construct models that explain human minds as computational and algorithmic levels. The second direction of study is the application of computational cognitive models. Morita and his team believe that there are fundamental values within the basic endeavours of cognitive science and are working to prove these values exist and are valid. Current topics of application include education, driving, entertainment, graphic design, language development, web navigation and mental illness.

scholarly journals Dealing with PET radiometabolites

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Kanta Ghosh ◽  
Parasuraman Padmanabhan ◽  
Chang-Tong Yang ◽  
Sachin Mishra ◽  
Christer Halldin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pet Imaging ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Pet Tracer ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Structural Identity ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Entire Amount

Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) offers the study of biochemical, physiological, and pharmacological functions at a cellular and molecular level. The performance of a PET study mostly depends on the used radiotracer of interest. However, the development of a novel PET tracer is very difficult, as it is required to fulfill a lot of important criteria. PET radiotracers usually encounter different chemical modifications including redox reaction, hydrolysis, decarboxylation, and various conjugation processes within living organisms. Due to this biotransformation, different chemical entities are produced, and the amount of the parent radiotracer is declined. Consequently, the signal measured by the PET scanner indicates the entire amount of radioactivity deposited in the tissue; however, it does not offer any indication about the chemical disposition of the parent radiotracer itself. From a radiopharmaceutical perspective, it is necessary to quantify the parent radiotracer’s fraction present in the tissue. Hence, the identification of radiometabolites of the radiotracers is vital for PET imaging. There are mainly two reasons for the chemical identification of PET radiometabolites: firstly, to determine the amount of parent radiotracers in plasma, and secondly, to rule out (if a radiometabolite enters the brain) or correct any radiometabolite accumulation in peripheral tissue. Besides, radiometabolite formations of the tracer might be of concern for the PET study, as the radiometabolic products may display considerably contrasting distribution patterns inside the body when compared with the radiotracer itself. Therefore, necessary information is needed about these biochemical transformations to understand the distribution of radioactivity throughout the body. Various published review articles on PET radiometabolites mainly focus on the sample preparation techniques and recently available technology to improve the radiometabolite analysis process. This article essentially summarizes the chemical and structural identity of the radiometabolites of various radiotracers including [11C]PBB3, [11C]flumazenil, [18F]FEPE2I, [11C]PBR28, [11C]MADAM, and (+)[18F]flubatine. Besides, the importance of radiometabolite analysis in PET imaging is also briefly summarized. Moreover, this review also highlights how a slight chemical modification could reduce the formation of radiometabolites, which could interfere with the results of PET imaging. Graphical abstract

Making Up 3D Bodies

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Kiona Hagen Niehaus ◽  
Rebecca Fiebrink
Keyword(s):  
Software Tool ◽  
The Body ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Artistic Practice ◽  
Human Form ◽  
Modeling Systems ◽  
Exploratory Approach ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

This paper describes the process of developing a software tool for digital artistic exploration of 3D human figures. Previously available software for modeling mesh-based 3D human figures restricts user output based on normative assumptions about the form that a body might take, particularly in terms of gender, race, and disability status, which are reinforced by ubiquitous use of range-limited sliders mapped to singular high-level design parameters. CreatorCustom, the software prototype created during this research, is designed to foreground an exploratory approach to modeling 3D human bodies, treating the digital body as a sculptural landscape rather than a presupposed form for rote technical representation. Building on prior research into serendipity in Human-Computer Interaction and 3D modeling systems for users at various levels of proficiency, among other areas, this research comprises two qualitative studies and investigation of the impact on the first author's artistic practice. Study 1 uses interviews and practice sessions to explore the practices of six queer artists working with the body and the language, materials, and actions they use in their practice; these then informed the design of the software tool. Study 2 investigates the usability, creativity support, and bodily implications of the software when used by thirteen artists in a workshop. These studies reveal the importance of exploration and unexpectedness in artistic practice, and a desire for experimental digital approaches to the human form.

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