scholarly journals Surface Deformation from Sentinel-1A InSAR: Relation to Seasonal Groundwater Extraction and Rainfall in Central Taiwan

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 2817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Jie Yang ◽  
Cheinway Hwang ◽  
Wei-Chia Hung ◽  
Thomas Fuhrmann ◽  
Yi-An Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Groundwater Extraction ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Small Baseline ◽  
Central Taiwan

Extracting groundwater for agricultural, aquacultural, and industrial use in central Taiwan has caused large-scale land subsidence that poses a threat to the operation of the Taiwan High Speed Railway near Yunlin County. We detected Yunlin subsidence using the Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) by the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) method from April 2016 to April 2017. We calibrated the initial InSAR-derived displacement rates using GPS measurements and reduced the velocity difference between the two sensors from 15.0 to 8.5 mm/a. In Yunlin’s severe subsidence regions, cumulative displacements from InSAR and GPS showed that the dry-season subsidence contributed 60%–74% of the annual subsidence. The InSAR-derived vertical velocities matched the velocities from leveling to better than 10 mm/a. In regions with few leveling measurements, InSAR increased the spatial resolution of the vertical velocity field and identified two previously unknown subsidence spots over an industrial zone and steel factory. Annual significant subsidence areas (subsidence rate > 30 mm/a) from leveling from 2011 to 2017 increased with the declining dry-season rainfalls, suggesting that the dry-season rainfall was the deciding factor for land subsidence. A severe drought in 2015 (an El Niño year) dramatically increased the significant subsidence area to 659 km2. Both InSAR and leveling detected similarly significant subsidence areas in 2017, showing that InSAR was an effective technique for assessing whether a subsidence mitigation measure worked. The newly opened Hushan Reservoir can supply surface water during dry seasons and droughts to counter rain shortage and can thereby potentially reduce land subsidence caused by groundwater extraction.

scholarly journals IoT technology and big data processing for monitoring and analysing land subsidence in Central Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Wei-Chia Hung ◽  
Yi-An Chen ◽  
Cheinway Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Alluvial Fan ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Multiple Sensor Monitoring ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Central Taiwan ◽  
Subsidence Monitoring

Abstract. Over 1992–2018, groundwater overexploitation had caused large-scale land subsidence in the Choshui River Alluvial Fan (CRAF) in Taiwan. The Taiwan High Speed Railway (THSR) passes through an area of severe subsidence in CRAF, and the subsidence poses a serious threat to its operation. How to effectively monitor land subsidence here has become a major issue in Taiwan. In this paper, we introduce a multiple-sensor monitoring system for land subsidence, including 50 continuous operation reference stations (CORS), multi temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR), a 1000 km levelling network, 34 multi-layer compaction monitoring wells and 116 groundwater monitoring wells. This system can monitor the extent of land subsidence and provide data for studying the mechanism of land subsidence. We use the Internet of Things (IoT) technology to control and manage the sensors and develop a bigdata processing procedure to analyse the monitoring data for the system of sensors. The procedure makes the land subsidence monitoring more efficient and intelligent.

scholarly journals Reservoir-Induced Land Deformation: Case Study from the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 874
Author(s):  
Yu Chen ◽  
Mohamed Ahmed ◽  
Natthachet Tangdamrongsub ◽  
Dorina Murgulet
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Nile River ◽  
Reservoir Volume ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Land Deformation ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
The Impact

The Nile River stretches from south to north throughout the Nile River Basin (NRB) in Northeast Africa. Ethiopia, where the Blue Nile originates, has begun the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), which will be used to generate electricity. However, the impact of the GERD on land deformation caused by significant water relocation has not been rigorously considered in the scientific research. In this study, we develop a novel approach for predicting large-scale land deformation induced by the construction of the GERD reservoir. We also investigate the limitations of using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow On (GRACE-FO) mission to detect GERD-induced land deformation. We simulated three land deformation scenarios related to filling the expected reservoir volume, 70 km3, using 5-, 10-, and 15-year filling scenarios. The results indicated: (i) trends in downward vertical displacement estimated at −17.79 ± 0.02, −8.90 ± 0.09, and −5.94 ± 0.05 mm/year, for the 5-, 10-, and 15-year filling scenarios, respectively; (ii) the western (eastern) parts of the GERD reservoir are estimated to move toward the reservoir’s center by +0.98 ± 0.01 (−0.98 ± 0.01), +0.48 ± 0.00 (−0.48 ± 0.00), and +0.33 ± 0.00 (−0.33 ± 0.00) mm/year, under the 5-, 10- and 15-year filling strategies, respectively; (iii) the northern part of the GERD reservoir is moving southward by +1.28 ± 0.02, +0.64 ± 0.01, and +0.43 ± 0.00 mm/year, while the southern part is moving northward by −3.75 ± 0.04, −1.87 ± 0.02, and −1.25 ± 0.01 mm/year, during the three examined scenarios, respectively; and (iv) the GRACE-FO mission can only detect 15% of the large-scale land deformation produced by the GERD reservoir. Methods and results demonstrated in this study provide insights into possible impacts of reservoir impoundment on land surface deformation, which can be adopted into the GERD project or similar future dam construction plans.

scholarly journals SBAS-InSAR Based Deformation Detection of Urban Land, Created from Mega-Scale Mountain Excavating and Valley Filling in the Loess Plateau: The Case Study of Yan’an City

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 1673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Wu ◽  
Chunting Jia ◽  
Shengbo Chen ◽  
Hongqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Land Uplift ◽  
Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry ◽  
Urban Buildings ◽  
Small Baseline Subset ◽  
Land Deformation ◽  
Small Baseline ◽  
Sbas Insar

Yan’an new district (YND) is one of the largest civil engineering projects for land creation in Loess Plateau, of which the amount of earthwork exceeds 600 million m3, to create 78.5 km2 of flat land. Such mega-scale engineering activities and complex geological characteristics have induced wide land deformation in the region. Small baseline subset synthetic aperture radar interferometry (SBAS-InSAR) method and 55 Sentinel-1A (S-1A) images were utilized in the present work to investigate the urban surface deformation in the Yan’an urban area and Yan’an new airport (YNA) from 2015 to 2019. The results were validated by the ground leveling measurements in the YNA. It is found that significant uneven surface deformation existed in both YND and YNA areas with maximum accumulative subsidence of 300 and 217 mm, respectively. Moreover, the average subsidence rate of the YND and YNA areas ranged from −70 to 30 mm/year and −50 to 25 mm/year, respectively. The present work shows that the land deformation suffered two periods (from 2015 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2019) and expanded from urban center to surrounding resettlement area, which are highly relevant with urban earthwork process. It is found that more than 60% of land subsidence occurs at filled areas, while more than 65% of surface uplifting occurs at excavation areas. The present work shows that the subsidence originates from the earth filling and the load of urban buildings, while the release of stress is the major factor for the land uplift. Moreover, it is found that the collapsibility of loess and concentrated precipitation deteriorates the degree of local land subsidence. The deformation discovered by this paper shows that the city may suffer a long period of subsidence, and huge challenges may exist in the period of urban maintaining buildings and infrastructure facilities.

scholarly journals InSAR monitoring surface deformation induced by underground mining using Sentinel-1 images

2020 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 237-240
Author(s):  
Ling Zhang ◽  
Daqing Ge ◽  
Xiaofang Guo ◽  
Bin Liu ◽  
Man Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Deformation Gradient ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Temporal Decorrelation ◽  
Land Deformation ◽  
Small Baseline

Abstract. Land subsidence can be caused by underground mining activities. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has became an economic, effective and accurate technique for land deformation survey and monitoring. In mining areas, there may be several factors to overcome for the succsessful application of InSAR, such as temporal decorrelation and detectable deformation gradient, that limit the ability of InSAR to monitoring rapid land subsidence. In this paper, images obtained by the Sentinel-1 satellite with 6 or 12 d revisiting time are used to improve the ability to detect a deformation gradient, and reduce the influence of temporal decorrelation. By combining Small Baseline Subsets (SBAS) and Interferometric Point Target Analysis (IPTA) methods, using the Nanhu mining area in Tangshan as an example, the spatial continuous results of land subsidence in this mining area are obtained with a 70 cm per year maximum rate, which clearly characterizes the deformation field and its deformation process. The results show that InSAR is a useful way to monitor land subsidence in a mining area and provides further data for environment mine restoration.

scholarly journals Space-Time Evolutions of Land Subsidence in the Choushui River Alluvial Fan (Taiwan) from Multiple-Sensor Observations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2281
Author(s):  
Yi-An Chen ◽  
Chung-Pai Chang ◽  
Wei-Chia Hung ◽  
Jiun-Yee Yen ◽  
Chih-Heng Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Alluvial Fan ◽  
Detection Mechanism ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
Multiple Sensor ◽  
Small Baseline ◽  
Observation Wells

Land subsidence is a significant problem around the world that can increase the risk of flooding, damage to infrastructure, and economic loss. Hence, the continual monitoring of subsidence is important for early detection, mechanism understanding, countermeasure implementation, and deformation prediction. In this study, we used multiple-sensor observations from the Continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS), the small baseline subset (SBAS) algorithm, interferometric synthetic-aperture radar (InSAR), precise leveling, multi-layer compaction monitoring wells (MLCWs), and groundwater observation wells (GWs) to show the spatial and temporal details of land subsidence in the Choushui River alluvial fan (CRAF), Taiwan, from 1993 to 2019. The results showed that significant land subsidence has occurred along the coastal areas in the CRAF, and most of the inland subsidence areas have also experienced higher subsidence rates (>30 mm/yr). The analysis of subsidence along the Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) revealed a newly formed subsidence center between Tuku and Yuanchang Townships in Yunlin, with high subsidence rates ranging from 30 to 70 mm/yr. We propose a map showing, for the first time, the distribution of deep compactions occurring below 300 m depth in the CRAF.

scholarly journals Adjacent-Track InSAR Processing for Large-Scale Land Subsidence Monitoring in the Hebei Plain

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 795
Author(s):  
Xi Li ◽  
Li Yan ◽  
Lijun Lu ◽  
Guoman Huang ◽  
Zheng Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Hebei Plain ◽  
Deformation Velocity ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Subsidence Monitoring ◽  
Aperture Radar

Large-scale land subsidence has threatened the safety of the Hebei Plain in China. For tens of thousands of square kilometers of the Hebei Plain, large-scale subsidence monitoring is still one of the most difficult problems to be solved. In this paper, we employed the small baseline subset (SBAS) and NSBAS technique to monitor the land subsidence in the Hebei Plain (45,000 km2). The 166 Sentinel-1A data of adjacent-track 40 and 142 collected from May 2017 to May 2019 were used to generate the average deformation velocity and deformation time-series. A novel data fusion flow for the generation of land subsidence velocity of adjacent-track is presented and tested, named as the fusion of time-series interferometric synthetic aperture radar (TS-InSAR) results of adjacent-track using synthetic aperture radar amplitude images (FTASA). A cross-comparison analysis between the two tracks results and two TS-InSAR results was carried out. In addition, the deformation results were validated by leveling measurements and benchmarks on bedrock results, reaching a precision 9 mm/year. Twenty-six typical subsidence bowls were identified in Handan, Xingtai, Shijiazhuang, Hengshui, Cangzhou, and Baoding. An average annual subsidence velocity over −79 mm/year was observed in Gaoyang County of Baoding City. Through the cause analysis of the typical subsidence bowls, the results showed that the shallow and deep groundwater funnels, three different land use types over the building construction, industrial area, and dense residential area, and faults had high spatial correlation related to land subsidence bowls.

scholarly journals Spatial–temporal characterization of land subsidence induced by large area distribution of recent dredger fill

2020 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
Jinxin Lin ◽  
Hanmei Wang ◽  
Tianliang Yang ◽  
Xinlei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Dredger Fill ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
And Control ◽  
Level Monitoring

Abstract. Large-scale land subsidence often occurs after large-scale land formation caused by dredger fill, which affects the sustainable development of the region. In order to prevent and control land subsidence in the area with dredger fill, the characteristics of land subsidence and its main influencing factors need to be studied. A typical region was examined using geological survey data, land-level monitoring and comparative analysis, to provide insight regarding the variability of dredger-fill characteristics and impacts on land subsidence. The geological survey results provided the information about burial distribution characteristics of dredger fill and its underlying soil layers. The land-level monitoring results were analyzed to characterize the spatial–temporal distribution of land subsidence. The comparative analysis of land subsidence with the formation time, soil properties, thicknesses of dredger fill and the lower soft soil layer provided information about the different impacts. The monitoring results show that the land subsidence of dredger fill areas was substantially larger than that of adjacent areas. The later the filling was formed, the thicker the filling is, and the more clay-rich the soil property and the thicker the soft soil layer is, the larger the land subsidence is. Finally, the future trend of land subsidence in the study area are given and some suggestions on the prevention and control of land subsidence are also given.

Land subsidence and uplift related to groundwater extraction in Wuxi, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang-ya Wang ◽  
Jin-qi Zhu ◽  
Dan Zhang ◽  
Jian-qiang Wu ◽  
Jun Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Groundwater Extraction ◽  
Groundwater Pumping ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Yangtze River Delta Region ◽  
Porous Strata ◽  
Wuxi City

Wuxi City is located in the Yangtze River Delta region, China and is underlain by a multi-layered aquifer system in porous Quaternary deposits. Groundwater extraction, mainly from the second confined aquifer, has led to severe regional land subsidence. The ground surface started to recover after the restriction and, ultimately, the banning of groundwater pumping. This paper reports the results of long-term surveys, groundwater piezometric head (GPH) measurements and the monitoring of ground surface deformation by levelling and borehole extensometers. The subsidence is attributed to the compression of both the aquifer and aquitards in the porous strata. The spatial characteristics of subsidence are related not only to the distribution of the GPH, but also to the thickness and compressibility of different strata, the distance from the pumped aquifer and the distribution of pumping. There was a temporal lag in subsidence relative to groundwater drawdown. The uplift is related to a period of recovery following the peak pumping period and groundwater recovery subsequent to the restriction and/or banning of groundwater pumping. The uplift was <10 mm under these two conditions, although the GPH recovered to >40% of the previous maximum at the Qianzhou borehole extensometer station.

scholarly journals Assessments of land subsidence along the Rizhao–Lankao high-speed railway at Heze, China, between 2015 and 2019 with Sentinel-1 data

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3399-3411
Author(s):  
Chuanguang Zhu ◽  
Wenhao Wu ◽  
Mahdi Motagh ◽  
Liya Zhang ◽  
Zongli Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
High Speed Railway ◽  
Small Baseline Subset ◽  
Small Baseline ◽  
Under Construction

Abstract. The Heze section of Rizhao–Lankao high-speed railway (RLHR-HZ) has been under construction since 2018 and will be in operation by the end of 2021. However, there is a concern that land subsidence in the Heze region may affect the regular operation of RLHR-HZ. In this study, we investigate the contemporary ground deformation in the region between 2015 and 2019 by using more than 350 C-band interferograms constructed from two tracks of Sentinel-1 data over the region. The small baseline subset (SBAS) technique is adopted to compile the time-series displacement. We find that the RLHR-HZ runs through two main subsidence areas: one is located east of the Heze region with rates ranging from −4 to −1 cm yr−1, and another one is located in the coalfield with rates ranging from −8 to −2 cm yr−1. A total length of 35 km of RLHR-HZ is affected by the two subsidence basins. Considering the previous investigation and the monthly precipitation, we infer that the subsidence bowl east of the Heze region is due to massive extraction of deep groundwater. Close inspections of the relative locations between the second subsidence area and the underground mining reveals that the subsidence there is probably caused by the groundwater outflow and fault instability due to mining, rather than being directly caused by mining. The InSAR-derived ground subsidence implies that it is necessary to continue monitoring the ground deformation along RLHR-HZ.

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