scholarly journals Characterizing Rain Cells as Measured by a Ka-Band Nadir Radar Altimeter: First Results and Impact on Future Altimetry Missions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4861
Author(s):  
Bruno Picard ◽  
Nicolas Picot ◽  
Gérald Dibarboure ◽  
Nathalie Steunou

The impact of large atmospheric attenuation events on data quality and availability is a critical aspect for future altimetry missions based on Ka-band altimetry. The SARAL/AltiKa mission and its Ka-band nadir altimeter offer a unique opportunity to assess this impact. Previous publications (Tournadre et al., 2009, 2015) already analyzed the impact of rain on the waveforms at Ka-band and proposed a definition of an elaborate rain flag. This notion tends to give a simpler black and white view of the atmospheric attenuation when the effect on the altimeter measurement is intense. However, in practice, there is a continuum of measurements that may be partially distorted or corrupted by rain events. The present study proposes a wider point of view, directly using the timeseries of the Ka-band altimeter backscattering coefficient for the first time, when previous studies relied on microwave radiometer (MWR) observations or model analyses with coarser resolutions. As guidelines for future Ka-band missions concerning the impact of the atmosphere, the Attenuation CElls Characterization ALgorithm (ACECAL) approach not only provides more representative statistics on rain cells (occurrences, amplitude, size), but also describes the internal structure of the cells. The actual atmospheric attenuation retrieved with ACECAL is about four times larger than the attenuation retrieved from the MWR. At a global scale, 1% of the measurements are affected by an attenuation larger than 23 dB and 10% of the atmospheric attenuation events have a size larger than 40 km. At regional scale, some areas of particular interest for oceanography as Gulf Stream, North Pacific and Brazil currents are more systematically affected compared with global statistics, with atmospheric attenuation up to 8 dB and cell size larger than 25 km when rain occurs. This study also opens some perspectives on the benefits that the community could be drawn from the systematic distribution of the rain cells parameters as secondary products of altimetry missions.

Author(s):  
Bruno Picard ◽  
Nicolas Picot ◽  
Gérald Dibarboure ◽  
Nathalie Steunou

The impact of large atmospheric attenuation events on data quality and availability is a critical aspect for future altimetry missions based on Ka-band altimetry. The SARAL/AltiKa mission and its Ka-band nadir altimeter offer a unique opportunity to assess this impact. Previous publications (Tournadre et al. 2009, 2015) already analyzed the impact of rain on the waveforms at Ka-band and proposed a definition of an elaborate rain flag. This notion tends to give a simpler black and white view of the atmospheric attenuation when the effect on the altimeter measurement is intense. But in practice, there is continuum of measurements that may be partially distorted or corrupted by rain events. The present study proposes a wider point of view , the ACECAL approach providing statistics on rain cells occurrences as well as their amplitude and their size, as guidelines for future Ka-band missions concerning the impact of the atmosphere. At global scale, 1 % of the measurements are affected by an attenuation larger than 23 dB and 10 % of the atmospheric attenuation events have a size larger than 40 km. This study demonstrates that the data quality and availability over some regions of particular interest for oceanography as Gulf Stream, North Pacific and Brazil currents could be affected compared to global statistics. It also opens some perspectives on the benefits that the community could be drawn from the systematic distribution of the rain cells parameters as secondary products of altimetry missions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantina Koutroumpa ◽  
Ben H. Warren ◽  
Spyros Theodoridis ◽  
Mario Coiro ◽  
Maria M. Romeiras ◽  
...  

The Mediterranean realm, comprising the Mediterranean and Macaronesian regions, has long been recognized as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, owing to its remarkable species richness and endemism. Several hypotheses on biotic and abiotic drivers of species diversification in the region have been often proposed but rarely tested in an explicit phylogenetic framework. Here, we investigate the impact of both species-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors on diversification in the species-rich, cosmopolitan Limonium, an angiosperm genus with center of diversity in the Mediterranean. First, we infer and time-calibrate the largest Limonium phylogeny to date. We then estimate ancestral ranges and diversification dynamics at both global and regional scales. At the global scale, we test whether the identified shifts in diversification rates are linked to specific geological and/or climatic events in the Mediterranean area and/or asexual reproduction (apomixis). Our results support a late Paleogene origin in the proto-Mediterranean area for Limonium, followed by extensive in situ diversification in the Mediterranean region during the late Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene. We found significant increases of diversification rates in the “Mediterranean lineage” associated with the Messinian Salinity Crisis, onset of Mediterranean climate, Plio-Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations, and apomixis. Additionally, the Euro-Mediterranean area acted as the major source of species dispersals to the surrounding areas. At the regional scale, we infer the biogeographic origins of insular endemics in the oceanic archipelagos of Macaronesia, and test whether woodiness in the Canarian Nobiles clade is a derived trait linked to insular life and a biotic driver of diversification. We find that Limonium species diversity on the Canary Islands and Cape Verde archipelagos is the product of multiple colonization events followed by in situ diversification, and that woodiness of the Canarian endemics is indeed a derived trait but is not associated with a significant shift to higher diversification rates. Our study expands knowledge on how the interaction between abiotic and biotic drivers shape the uneven distribution of species diversity across taxonomic and geographical scales.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-534
Author(s):  
David Ford

Abstract. A set of observing system simulation experiments was performed. This assessed the impact on global ocean biogeochemical reanalyses of assimilating chlorophyll from remotely sensed ocean colour and in situ observations of chlorophyll, nitrate, oxygen, and pH from a proposed array of Biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats. Two potential BGC-Argo array distributions were tested: one for which biogeochemical sensors are placed on all current Argo floats and one for which biogeochemical sensors are placed on a quarter of current Argo floats. Assimilating BGC-Argo data greatly improved model results throughout the water column. This included surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), which is an important output of reanalyses. In terms of surface chlorophyll, assimilating ocean colour effectively constrained the model, with BGC-Argo providing no added benefit at the global scale. The vertical distribution of chlorophyll was improved by assimilating BGC-Argo data. Both BGC-Argo array distributions gave benefits, with greater improvements seen with more observations. From the point of view of ocean reanalysis, it is recommended to proceed with development of BGC-Argo as a priority. The proposed array of 1000 floats will lead to clear improvements in reanalyses, with a larger array likely to bring further benefits. The ocean colour satellite observing system should also be maintained, as ocean colour and BGC-Argo will provide complementary benefits.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Marécal ◽  
Ronan Voisin-Pessis ◽  
Tjarda Roberts ◽  
Paul Hamer ◽  
Alessandro Aiuppa ◽  
...  

<p>Halogen halides emitted by volcanoes are known to rapidly convert within plumes into BrO while depleting ozone, as clearly shown by observations and models over the past 2 decades (e.g. review by Gutmann et al., 2018). So far, most of the modelling studies have focused on the plume processes occurring in the first few hours after the emission. The only study at the regional scale is that of Jourdain et al. (2016). They assessed the impact of volcanic halogens for a period of strong degassing of the Ambrym volcano, showing in particular its effect on the atmospheric oxidizing capacity and methane lifetime.</p><p>A step further would be to quantify the impact of volcanic halogens at the global scale using global chemistry models. This type of model uses a horizontal resolution (greater than 50 km) that is much coarser than the plume size. This raises the issue of, whether at this resolution, it is possible to represent the chemistry occurring under high concentrations within the plume. To assess this, a sub-grid scale parameterization is proposed. It has been tested in the 1D version of MOCAGE global and regional chemistry transport model for a short eruption of Mt Etna on the 10<sup>th</sup> of May 2008. The results show that while using the subgrid-scale plume parameterization or not does change the timing of when the maximum BrO occurs but does not affect the predicted maximum concentration. The same finding is made when using a range of different settings in the parameterization regarding dilution of the plume with its environment. The 1D model results show a sensitivity of BrO formation to parameters other than the sub-grid scale effects: composition of the plume at the vent, injection height of the emissions, and time of the day when the eruption takes place.</p>


Author(s):  
В.В. Перская ◽  
Л.И. Хомякова

Глобальные цепочки стоимости (ГЦС) стали результатом развития вертикальной кооперации, основными инициаторами которых являются международные, транснациональные компании (ТНК). Именно ТНК стали движущей силой развития экономической глобализации. В современных условиях пандемия стала поворотным моментом, оказавшим значительное влияние на ГЦС и, следовательно, на экономическую глобализацию. 90% мирового товарооборота по данным ЮНКТАД находятся под ограничения из-за пандемии. Закрытие границ странами потребовало от национальных хозяйств рассмотреть возможность восстановления внутреннего поступательного развития исходя из реально сложившихся условий. Вопрос формирования национальных источников развития внутри стран и перестраивания географии формирования ГЦС (преимущественно в рамках одного региона, сокращая плечи транспортировки продукта) стал практически для всех стран достаточно актуальным. Поскольку основным видом кооперационного взаимодействия в рамках ГЦС была вертикальная кооперация, то переформатирование географии формирования ГЦС, вполне ожидаемо, приведет к более активному использованию преимуществ горизонтальной кооперации между хозяйствующими субъектами разных территориально приближенных стран. Одновременно воздействие пандемии на экономическую глобализацию в целом обусловливает усиление межгосударственного согласованного регулирования, в т.ч. регионального масштаба. Симптоматично, что в современных условиях правила ВТО игнорируются достаточно большим количеством стран, что сопровождается политикой протекционизма и санкций, практически не легитимной с точки зрения международного права. Подписание Всеобъемлющего регионального экономического партнерства в ноябре с.г. странами АСЕАН представляет собой свидетельство регионализации в международном взаимодействии, обозначает развитие тренда формирования согласованного участниками регионального правового поля для развития экономического сотрудничества, включая вопросы регулирования электронной торговли, конкурентной политики, защиты интеллектуальной собственности и других актуальных вопросов, ранее не фигурировавших в имеющихся соглашениях, опираясь при этом на основные правовые нормы ВТО. На основании изложенного авторы приходят к выводу, что собственно экономическая регионализация, в т.ч. трансформирования процесса формирования ГЦС в направлении повышения удельного веса их региональной компоненты, являются имманентными чертами трансформирования мировой экономики в условиях реального полицентризма. Global value chains (GVC) are the result of the development of vertical cooperation, the main initiators of which are international, transnational companies (TNCs). It is TNCs that have become the driving force behind the development of economic globalization. In today's context, the pandemic has become a turning point that has had a significant impact on GVCs and therefore on economic globalization. 90% of world trade, according to UNCTAD, are under restrictions due to the pandemic. The closure of borders by countries demanded that national economies consider the possibility of restoring their internal progressive development based on the actual conditions. The issue of the formation of national sources of development within countries and the restructuring of the geography of the formation of GVCs (mainly within one region, reducing the shoulders of product transportation) has become quite relevant for almost all countries. Since the main type of cooperative interaction within the GVC was vertical cooperation, reformatting the geography of the formation of GVCs, quite expectedly, will lead to more active use of the advantages of horizontal cooperation between economic entities of different geographically close countries. At the same time, the impact of the pandemic on economic globalization as a whole determines the strengthening of interstate coordinated regulation, incl. regional scale. It is symptomatic that in modern conditions the WTO rules are ignored by a sufficiently large number of countries, which is accompanied by a policy of protectionism and sanctions, which is practically illegitimate from the point of view of international law. The signing of the Comprehensive Regional Economic Partnership in November this year ASEAN countries is evidence of regionalization in international interaction, denotes the development of a trend in the formation of a regional legal framework agreed by the participants for the development of economic cooperation, including issues of regulation of electronic commerce, competition policy, protection of intellectual property and other topical issues that have not previously appeared in existing agreements, relying on this on the basic legal norms of the WTO. Based on the above, the authors come to the conclusion that the actual economic regionalization, incl. transformation of the process of GVC formation in the direction of increasing the share of their regional component are immanent features of the transformation of the world economy in the context of real polycentrism.


Author(s):  
Uldis Drišļuks ◽  
Ārija Kolosova ◽  
Inta Kulberga

Historical advertisements and their language reflect tendencies and activities of the particular time period. When studying historical advertisement and its language, certain skills are required nowadays in order to understand the peculiarities, usage and significance of the language of the time. Advertisement is the source of history of its time, and its research provides an insight into both the history of the particular place, the city and the society of the time, its habits and values. Also, the political history of the age leaves an impact on the content of the advertisement. In its turn, comprehension of the language is a significant factor, as the text dominates in historical advertisements, and there are few pictures. An insight into the history of printed advertisement proves that a concise “text of advertisement” had to be created in order to get the advertisement printed in a publication, naming and advertising a particular product or service, it was important to show the information where the particular product could have been bought. The aim of the article is to provide an insight into the history of printed advertisement, using advertisements published in Liepāja publications during the 30s of the 20th century, mostly paying attention to the language of advertisements. In the article, the language of origin and problems of printed advertisements of the 30s of the 20th century have been analysed; differences in the language application have been studied comparing them with advertisement language nowadays. Analysis of literature and other resources, students’ surveys, and expert interview methods have been used to achieve the aim of the article. Research methods have been used in order to understand texts of old advertisements as resources of historical evidence, to study the written language of the time, as well as to understand that the advertisement of the time in the language context differs from the modern advertisement language and also from the Latvian literary language in general. It has been concluded that the Latvian language in the course of time is changing and developing. The language used in advertisements is simple; in order to attract attention, the superlative degree of adjectives is used. Advertisements are printed in black-and-white; the effect is achieved with bold letters and font size; the personification of the advertisement is common. Nowadays, youth can perceive the historical advertisement and be surprised that it was also used earlier in order, e. g. to attract customers to products. Some similar advertising slogans can be found that are still used nowadays. However, some difficulties are encountered when reflecting on the language of the time – separate words, expressions, also the applied orthography, as well as the old (Gothic) print. Youth justify difficulties of text perception with language development in the course of time, application of archaisms; they see the impact of the German language. The text of advertisements seems simple, even primitive, topical; it is an offer of practically applicable things. Nevertheless, the expert interviews confirm that the impact of a foreign language can be noticed in the advertising language, forms, words that are not used in the modern Latvian literary language any longer. To sum up, the authors of the article think that the research of the advertising language in the context of history is essential. Also, nowadays, when the digital marketing has developed, the issue about the communication with the consumer is still topical from the advertising point of view, and also the language application and content are important – what and how we want to say to consumers.


1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 169-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Green

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.


Author(s):  
O. Bondar

<p><em>In this study, I have collected and summarized the functional aspects of a literary prize, contest, and rating, which indicate their affiliation with the marketing complex of the publishing house for the first time. For this purpose, I have analyzed and summarized the common concepts of the functioning of literary prizes and contests as advertising tools for publishing activity. Because the previous studies are only focused on the fact of the impact of the prize on the promotion of editions but do not explain it, these aspects have been considered and introduced by me from the book production’s point of view. I investigated that the prizes and the contests in the literary field are effective marketing tools, which meet many publisher’s needs at the same time and can be considered a non-profit form of capital. I have reviewed the works of other authors, who accept that the economic success of the book is rising if the author is a winner of the literary prize or contest. I have found out that the book prize activates the demand for the book, and the literary contest is a tool to track the reader’s reaction to a future publication. In this way, literary prizes and contests can be considered as a way of conducting a marketing dialogue with the target audience. I have focused on the information support of literary national and international prizes and contests by the media, which attracts attention to the book and forms the reader’s interest. The literary prizes and contests are also considered as a way of exploring trends and their changes, familiarization the popular genres among the target audience and fixation the current choice of modern readers. Literary prizes and contests motivate the authors to improve their literary excellence, are the source of new authors and works, and assist in increasing sales of books. However, further research is recommended.</em></p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> book prize, book rating, literary contest, literary prize, functions of the literary prizes.</em>


Author(s):  
Csilla Rákosi

Psycholinguistic research into metaphor processing is burdened with empirical problems as experiments provide diverging evidence on the impact of conventionality, familiarity and aptness, and with conceptual issues as the interpretation and operationalization of the three concepts mentioned, as well as the related predictions which can be drawn from theories of metaphor processing, are controversial in the literature. This paper uses tools of statistical meta-analysis in order to bring us closer to the solution of these problems and reveal future lines of research.


Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Abu Bakar Ramadhan Muhamad

AbstrakHegemoni kolonialisme dalam budaya poskolonial merupakan alasan penelitian inikemudian mengkaji wacana kolonial dalam novel Max Havellar (MH) khususnya dampakditimbulkannya. Dampak dimaksud adalah posisi keberpihakan pemikiran tersirat darikarya tersebut. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan, secara temporal maupun permanen MHmenyuarakan ketidakadilan dalam kondisi-kondisi kolonial menyangkut penindasan sangpenjajah terhadap terjajah. Hanya saja, upaya mengatasnamakan atau mewakili suarakaum terjajah terbukti mengimplikasikan ciri ideologis statis kerangka kolonialisme(orientalisme); yakni cara pandang Eropasentris, di mana “Barat” sebagai self adalah superior,dan “Timur” sebagai other adalah inferior. Dalam konteks poskolonialisme, MH dengan sifatkritisnya yang berupaya “menyuarakan” nasib pribumi terjajah, justru menampilkan stigmapenguatan kolonialitas itu sendiri secara hegemonik. Artinya, “menyuarakan” nasib pribumidimaknai sebagai keberpihankan kolonial yang kontradiktif, di mana stigma penguatankolonialitas justru lebih terasa, ujung-ujungnya melanggengkan hegemoni kolonial. Tidakmembela yang terjajah, tetapi memperhalus cara kerja mesin kolonial.AbstractThe hegemony of colonialism in the culture of postcolonial society is the reason this studythen examines the colonial discourse in the novel Max Havellar (MH) in particular the impactit brings. The impact in question is the implied position of thought in the work. The resultsof the discussion show that, temporarily or permanently, MH voiced injustice in the colonialconditions regarding the oppression of the colonist against the colonized. However, the effort toname or represent the voice of the colonized has proven to imply a static ideological characterin the framework of colonialism (orientalism); ie Eropacentric point of view, in which “West” asself is superior, and “East” as the other is the inferior. In the context of postcolonialism, MH withits critical nature that seeks to “voice” the fate of the colonized natives, actually presents thestigma of strengthening coloniality itself hegemonicly. That is, “voicing” the fate of the pribumiis interpreted as a contradictory colonial flare, where the stigma of strengthening colonialityis more pronounced, which ultimately perpetuates the hegemony of colonialism. No longerdefending the colonized, but refining the workings of the colonial machinery.


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