Ieskats drukātās reklāmas vēsturē 20. gadsimta 30. gados: daži Liepājas piemēri

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-43
Author(s):  
Uldis Drišļuks ◽  
Ārija Kolosova ◽  
Inta Kulberga
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Expert Interview ◽  
History Of ◽  
Advertising Language ◽  
Language Context ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Historical advertisements and their language reflect tendencies and activities of the particular time period. When studying historical advertisement and its language, certain skills are required nowadays in order to understand the peculiarities, usage and significance of the language of the time. Advertisement is the source of history of its time, and its research provides an insight into both the history of the particular place, the city and the society of the time, its habits and values. Also, the political history of the age leaves an impact on the content of the advertisement. In its turn, comprehension of the language is a significant factor, as the text dominates in historical advertisements, and there are few pictures. An insight into the history of printed advertisement proves that a concise “text of advertisement” had to be created in order to get the advertisement printed in a publication, naming and advertising a particular product or service, it was important to show the information where the particular product could have been bought. The aim of the article is to provide an insight into the history of printed advertisement, using advertisements published in Liepāja publications during the 30s of the 20th century, mostly paying attention to the language of advertisements. In the article, the language of origin and problems of printed advertisements of the 30s of the 20th century have been analysed; differences in the language application have been studied comparing them with advertisement language nowadays. Analysis of literature and other resources, students’ surveys, and expert interview methods have been used to achieve the aim of the article. Research methods have been used in order to understand texts of old advertisements as resources of historical evidence, to study the written language of the time, as well as to understand that the advertisement of the time in the language context differs from the modern advertisement language and also from the Latvian literary language in general. It has been concluded that the Latvian language in the course of time is changing and developing. The language used in advertisements is simple; in order to attract attention, the superlative degree of adjectives is used. Advertisements are printed in black-and-white; the effect is achieved with bold letters and font size; the personification of the advertisement is common. Nowadays, youth can perceive the historical advertisement and be surprised that it was also used earlier in order, e. g. to attract customers to products. Some similar advertising slogans can be found that are still used nowadays. However, some difficulties are encountered when reflecting on the language of the time – separate words, expressions, also the applied orthography, as well as the old (Gothic) print. Youth justify difficulties of text perception with language development in the course of time, application of archaisms; they see the impact of the German language. The text of advertisements seems simple, even primitive, topical; it is an offer of practically applicable things. Nevertheless, the expert interviews confirm that the impact of a foreign language can be noticed in the advertising language, forms, words that are not used in the modern Latvian literary language any longer. To sum up, the authors of the article think that the research of the advertising language in the context of history is essential. Also, nowadays, when the digital marketing has developed, the issue about the communication with the consumer is still topical from the advertising point of view, and also the language application and content are important – what and how we want to say to consumers.

scholarly journals Historia residencial de los francilianos nacidos entre 1930 y 1950 / Residential History of People Born in Île-de-France between 1930 and 1950

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 565
Author(s):  
Catherine Bonvalet ◽  
Nicolas Robette
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Residential History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Linear Manner ◽  
Geographical Point ◽  
Sobre Todo

El propósito de este artículo es relatar la historia residencial de las generaciones nacidas entre 1930 y 1950 que habitan París y sus afueras. Se basa en la encuesta Biografías y entorno que recolectó el INED en 2001 entre cerca de 2 830 francilianos (oriundos de la región de Île-de-France) pertenecientes a estas generaciones. Sus trayectorias residenciales y geográficas dan testimonio de los grandes momentos de la urbanización franciliana que ocurrieron en el transcurso de la segunda mitad del siglo xx, particularmente con la expansión de la propiedad y los fenómenos de periurbanización y gentrificación. Desde el punto de vista geográfico se advierten tres grandes tendencias: un movimiento centrífugoque aleja a los francilianos del centro de la aglomeración; una cierta estabilidad en la zona geográfica donde se han asentado en Île-de-France, lo que denota su apego a París y su arraigo a las afueras; y en una proporción menor, un cierto retorno al centro de la aglomeración. Algunas encuestas han observado también movimientos urbanos; éstos fueron los casos de los pioneros de la periurbanización con el acceso a la propiedad de una casa individual en parcelación y el de los pioneros de la gentrificación en ciertos distritos de la capital situados en los alrededores cercanos. El análisis por generación muestra el efecto diferenciado de las políticas sobre los recorridos residenciales y geográficos. Revela sobre todo la repercusión de los cambios matrimoniales sobre las trayectorias. Aunque lastrayectorias residenciales de las generaciones nacidas antes de la guerra, al igual que sus trayectorias familiares, se mostraban de manera lineal conforme a un esquema que iba del arriendo hacia la propiedad, las trayectorias de las generaciones nacidas después de 1945 resultaban mucho más caóticas según las uniones, separaciones y reemparejamientos eventuales. La propiedad, que a menudo se presenta como el fin último del recorrido, se convierte para algunos en una etapa dentro de una trayectoria cada vez más compleja. AbstractThe purpose of this article is to describe the residential history of the generations born between 1930 and 1950, living in Paris and its suburbs. It is based on the Biographies and Setting survey conducted by INED in 2001 on about 2830 people from the Île-de-France region belonging to these generations. Their residential and geographical trajectories testify to the great moments of Île-de-France urbanization that occurred during the course of the second half of the 20th century, particularly with the expansion of property and the phenomena of periurbanization and gentrification. From a geographical point of view, three major trends emerge: a centrifugal movement that drives people from the Île-de-France region away from the center of the agglomeration, a certain stability in the geographical area where they have settled in Île-de-France, denoting their attachment to Paris and their roots in the suburbs, and to a lesser extent, a return to the center of the agglomeration. Some surveys have also observed urban movements. This was the cases of the pioneers of periurbanization with access to the ownership of an individual home in a holding and of the pioneers of gentrification in certain districts of the capital located in the immediate vicinity. Analysis by generation shows the different effect on residential and geographical routes. Above all, it reveals the impact of marital changes on trajectories. Although the residential trajectories of the pre-war generations, like their family trajectories, were shown in a linear manner in a scheme that went from rental to ownership, the trajectories of the generations born after 1945 were far more chaotic, due to unions, separations and the eventual formation of new couples. Ownership, oftenpresented as the ultimate goal of the course, becomes a stage in an increasingly complex trajectory for some.

Review of: Рикёр П. Genesis, essence and substance in Plato and Aristotle. Course taught at the University of Strasbourg in 1953-1954 / transl. from french G. V. Vdovina. Moscow: Publishing house of humanitarian literature, 2019. 286 p. ISBN 978-5-87121-051-2

2019 ◽  
pp. 279-287
Author(s):  
Алексей Михайлович Гагинский
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
Formal Point

Курс лекций П. Рикёра, прочитанный более полувека назад, интересен по ряду причин. Во-первых, потому что он посвящён крайне важной теме — античной онтологии; во-вторых, потому что он был прочитан одним из ведущих философов XX в.; в-третьих, потому что этот философ был крупнейшим представителем герменевтического направления, вследствие чего особенно любопытно проследить, как он читает тексты, без преувеличения, самых важных философов в истории человечества. Впрочем, с формальной точки зрения есть некоторые сомнения в возожности исполнения замысла работы: П. Рикёр всё-таки не антиковед, его знание греческого языка, что видно из текста, весьма скромного уровня; кроме того, изданный текст представляет собой курс лекций, автор которых, как кажется, не столько хочет донести до слушателей результаты кропотливых исследований и продуманных идей, сколько разобраться вместе со студентами в античной онтологии. P. Ricoeur's course of lectures, delivered more than half a century ago, is interesting for a number of reasons. Firstly, because it is devoted to an extremely important topic - ancient ontology; secondly, because it was read by one of the leading philosophers of the 20th century; thirdly, because this philosopher was the biggest representative of the hermeneutic direction, so it is especially interesting to trace how he reads texts of, without exaggeration, the most important philosophers in the history of mankind. However, from the formal point of view, there are some doubts about the feasibility of the idea of the work: Ricoeur is not an antiquarian and his knowledge of Greek, as the text shows, is rather modest; besides, the published text is a course of lectures, the author of which seems to want not so much to convey the results of laborious research and elaborated ideas to his students, as to understand ancient ontology together with the students.

scholarly journals A short history of ocean acidification science in the 20th century: a chemist's view

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 7411-7422 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical Knowledge ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Ph Scale ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This review covers the development of ocean acidification science, with an emphasis on the creation of ocean chemical knowledge, through the course of the 20th century. This begins with the creation of the pH scale by Sørensen in 1909 and ends with the widespread knowledge of the impact of the "High CO2 Ocean" by then well underway as the trajectory along the IPCC scenario pathways continues. By mid-century the massive role of the ocean in absorbing fossil fuel CO2 was known to specialists, but not appreciated by the greater scientific community. By the end of the century the trade-offs between the beneficial role of the ocean in absorbing some 90% of all heat created, and the accumulation of some 50% of all fossil fuel CO2 emitted, and the impacts on marine life were becoming more clear. This paper documents the evolution of knowledge throughout this period.

scholarly journals Protestant cemeteries in Czechia: a necrogeographical perspective

Geografie ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-207
Author(s):  
Zdeněk R. Nešpor
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Social Geography ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Important Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Czech Lands ◽  
The Impact

The article introduces the field of necrogeography to Czech social geography and provides information on existing (nationwide) data sources. The author takes the issue of Protestant confessional cemeteries as an example, briefly outlines the history of these special types of burial fields (established principally from the end of the 18th century until approximately the mid-20th century), and provides a historical geographical analysis of their regional distribution in the Czech Lands. The article proves the impact of religious and geographical factors on the emergence (and eventual demise) of non-Catholic Christian confessional cemeteries and, at the same time, the research unveiled a number of important research questions to be addressed by Czech necrogeography in the future.

Notions “association”, “associativity” in modern linguo-stylistics

2019 ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Iryna Ivanenko
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Text Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
The Core ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic

Charles Bally’s works laid the basis for the linguistic interpretation of the conceptions of association and associativity and understanding of associative mechanisms with regard to the fundamentals of psychology and systemacy of semantic links in thinking and language. The foundation of the modern theory of associativity is the classification of associations (mnemonic and necessary, close and distant, internal and external) developed by Charles Bally in his works. In linguo-stylistics the conception of association and associativity are associated with understanding of the psycholinguistic mechanisms of figurative use of language units and the realization of the aesthetic function of a literary language (S.Ya. Yermolenko, A.A. Moisiienko, L.V. Tailor, O. Malenkov, H.M. Siuta). Among the mechanisms for the formation of linguistic associations are the following factors: objective, social and intellectual experience, dependence on cultural and historical traditions, the gender identity of the speaker, etc. One of them dominates in each specific communicative situation. Currently known classifications of types of associative links take into account the basic positions of psycholinguistics, and the needs of lexicology and stylistics, etc. General differentiation is carried out: 1) for contiguity, similarity and contrast, 2) according to the scheme “word-stimulus, word-reaction”, 3) according to the type of relationship between the stimulus and the associate). Deep differentiation of associations according to the type of relationship between stimulus and associate) determines the allocation of several associative types: paradigmatic (food – bread) / syntagmatic (food – consume); thematic (friend – childhood > childhood friend); empirical (associated with the subjective experience of the speaker); social (associated with the social experience of the speaker), etc. The use of other criteria motivates the allocation of these types of associations: a) audio, visual, adorational, tangential; b) the usual and unexpected; c) direct and indirect, mediated; d) positive and negative; e) cultural, ethnic and author’’s individual. Understanding the connection between associativity and imagery is a primary issue in the modern literary language theory. Being a basis of concrete and sensual perception of the literary text, associations serve as a basis of creation of character in literature (S.Ya. Yermolenko, L.O. Pustovit, L.O. Stavitska, V.A. Chabanenko). It is necessary to consider the ideas of Franko’s treatise according to the history of the formation of the associativity theory. In particular, the proposed division of poetic associations by content (“ordinary”, that is, simple, and “linked by force”, that is, complex), remains undeniable. During the twentieth century the understanding of the mechanisms of implementation of associativity significantly deepened. One of the main subjects of intensive processing was the paradigmatic ordering of words in language and in human memory, the presence of clear mental connections between certain objects, realities on the basis of commonality or adjacency of their individual traits, features, etc. (compare.: spring – green, light, sun, warmth, flowers, feelings). This motivates the associative grouping of words into semantic fields. From linguo-stylistics point of view the associative-semantic field is a text structure, the model of the functional and stylistic implication of lexical-semantic units. The core of such a field, as a rule, are the keywords – the semantic and estimated coordinates of the entire work. Another type of lexicon combination, taking into account the associative links between the components, is an associative and imaginative field. It arises on the basis of associative and semantic or lexical and semantic association due to the identity of the denotative properties of linguistic signs, the general tradition of common language and poetic usage. Its center is the most active unit (dominant) – the core component of the series, which organizes the relationship of all other components. Associative-figurative series (lexical-thematic lines) go from this dominant, which work together semantically with the center for associative and creative field. Associativity is one of the key concepts of modern linguistic style. Terminological functionality of the conception of association and associativity is associated with the activity of cognition of the problems of “language association”, “artistic association”, “associativity and creative work”.

Criminalisation

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Bloomer ◽  
Claire Pierson ◽  
Sylvia Estrada Claudio
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Unsafe Abortion ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Restricted Access ◽  
Abortion Laws ◽  
History Of ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
The Impact

This chapter details the criminalisation of abortion. A review of the history of the criminal law on abortion reveals that for most of history abortion remained outside the law. Criminalisation when it did occur was closely tied to the religious positioning of abortion in western societies. This chapter considers trends in the latter part of the 20th century abortion when countries which had criminalised abortion began to relax the laws, whilst in other settings restrictions were introduced. The impact of restrictive laws and restricted access include an exploration of the data related to death and serious injury resulting from unsafe abortion as well as the risk of criminality. A consideration of methodological issues in measuring the impact of unsafe abortion identifies new methods to quantify this. Case studies of Ireland and Uruguay highlight how restrictive laws are experienced in contrasting settings. The chapter concludes by considering the case for decriminalisation of abortion laws.

Giacomo Devoto 1898–1974

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-513
Author(s):  
Paolo Ramat
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Studies ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Significance ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Relationship

Summary The paper essays to give a brief survey of the imposing and complex work of Giacomo Devoto (1897–1974), with particular emphasis on its principal traits seen both from the point of view of the history of linguistics and its scientific significance. Especial attention is drawn first of all to Devoto’s position vis-à-vis Benedetto Croce’s Idealism and the linguistic positivism of the first half of the 20th century. It seems possible to define Devoto’s position as a dialectic one between these two intellectual currents, which eventually led to an historicism, which actually was typical of the Italian linguistic tradition. From this viewpoint then Devoto’s understanding of language as an ‘institution’ is examined, including his intervention in the dispute between N. Ja. Marr and Stalin. After having dealt with his concept of a ‘stylistics of language’, which returns to regarding langue as an historicaland social institution, and its difference from a literary stylistics, Devoto’s Indo-European studies are examined. Here, the question of the relationship between linguistics and the other disciplines concerned with antiuqty is discussed, a relationship which Devotohad been obliged on several occasions to come back to. The ‘Devotian’ position is presented critically with the help of discussions which Devoto himself had entertained, with archaeologists and with linguists.

Unleashing the Hidden Value of a Pipeline Through the Use of Visual Communications

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The People ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aboriginal History ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

How does the communication of information affect the pipeline industry? People are becoming more aware of the pipeline industry and how it may affect individuals and landowners in the future. Corporations are producing commuications tools to alleviate the lack of knowledge and the hidden value of energy pipelines. This case study examines two projects: “Passing through Edson” examines a winter pipeline construction job in Edson, Alberta. The story is told by the people on the job. We examine the environmental issues, economic impact, Native employment, and winter construction techniques. The “Boy Chief” video examines the impact of an archaeological dig on the prairies. In this program we have insight into the aboriginal history of the area and how the pipeline company is helping people learn more about the Native way of life. The paper examine how communication tools like these, allow employees access to information when communicating to stakeholders.

From Taṣḥīḥ to Taḥqīq: Toward a History of the Arabic Critical Edition

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 245-299
Author(s):  
Islam Dayeh
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Critical Edition ◽  
Historical Scholarship ◽  
Editorial Practice ◽  
Publishing World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Textual Form ◽  
Editorial Practices

AbstractThe article traces the transformations in Arabic editorial practices from the mid-19th century through the early decades of the 20th-century. Focusing on the publishing world of Cairo, the article examines some of the major political, cultural and technological conditions that shaped editorial choice and technique. The article explores continuities as well as ruptures with traditional Arabic-Islamic editorial practice, and assesses the impact of 19th-century European philological and historical scholarship. Particular attention is given to examining innovation in editorial practice, textual form, and modes of research over the course of a century.

Sectarianism in Iraq – a critique by Ali Al-Wardi

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad Jabir Kadhem al-Zurfi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sociological Thought ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Impact

The Arab world today is encountering a destructive resurgence of sectarianism, which, up to a few years ago, had been confined to books and rhetorical debates. In the first half of the 20th century, Iraqi sociologist Ali Al-Wardi pioneered the critique of sectarianism in the Arab world. Unlike others, he approached the issue from a specific and unique perspective. His observations of Iraqi history were made from a sociological standpoint that aimed at revealing the impact of sectarianism on Iraqi politics. Al-Wardi's writings were carried out to two phases: the first extends from the early 1950s to the early 1960s; and the second covers the period between the publication of his two books, Study on the Nature of Iraqi Society (the year of publication is unknown) and Social Briefs from the Modern History of Iraq (1971). The first phase focused on Islam's heritage and a number of social phenomena; the second focused exclusively on the study of Iraqi society. A number of factors influenced Al-Wardi's personality and thinking, a fact especially evident in the kind of methodology he used, which was new when addressing the sectarian issue. Based on Al-Wardi's research, this paper traces the historical factors and process that affected the historical development of the divisions separating two main sects of Islam – Shi'a and Sunni – resulting in a duel between them, which led to the configuration of Iraqi society along sectarian lines. It elaborates on the methodology used by Al-Wardi in his studies of Iraqi society, as well as his attitude with regard to sectarianism in modern Iraq. It also explores the intellectual and political influences that helped shape his thinking in this domain and its legacy on sociological thought in the Arab world.

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