Contact-Based Methods for Measuring Respiratory Rate

There is an ever-growing demand for measuring respiratory variables during a variety of applications, including monitoring in clinical and occupational settings, and during sporting activities and exercise. Special attention is devoted to the monitoring of respiratory rate because it is a vital sign, which responds to a variety of stressors. There are different methods for measuring respiratory rate, which can be classed as contact-based or contactless. The present paper provides an overview of the currently available contact-based methods for measuring respiratory rate. For these methods, the sensing element (or part of the instrument containing it) is attached to the subject’s body. Methods based upon the recording of respiratory airflow, sounds, air temperature, air humidity, air components, chest wall movements, and modulation of the cardiac activity are presented. Working principles, metrological characteristics, and applications in the respiratory monitoring field are presented to explore potential development and applicability for each method.

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A reflexion on the environmental effect on the transmission of COVID-19

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10284 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Victor L Barradas ◽

Monica Ballinas

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Minimum Distance ◽

Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Evaporative Demand ◽

Small Water ◽

The Hours

This research is a general reflection of the possible transmission not only of COVID-19 but of any influenza disease depending on environmental parameters such as solar radiation, air humidity and air temperature (vapor pressure deficit), evoking the Penman-Monteith model regarding the evaporation of the water that constitutes the small water droplets (aerosols) that carry the virus. In this case the evapotranspiration demand of the atmosphere with which it can be deduced that the spread of the disease will be higher in those places with less evaporative demand, that is, high air humidity and / or low temperatures, and / or low radiation intensities, and vice versa. It can also be deduced that the hours of greatest potential contagion are the night hours, while those with the lowest risk are between 2:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. On the other hand, in those rooms with low temperatures the contagion would be more effective. So, considering that the drops produced by a sneeze, by speaking or breathing can go beyond two meters away, it is roughly explained that the use of face masks and keeping a safe minimum distance of two meters can limit transmission of viruses and / or infections. However, this practice is not entirely safe as the environment can play an important role. What is recommended to reduce the spread of these pathogens is to produce high evaporative demands: increasing solar radiation, and increasing air temperature and reducing air humidity, which is practice that can be effective in closed rooms.

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Hydro-meteorological data preparation for ecosystem hydrological modelling in the riparian forest of Hidegvíz Valley experimental catchment

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-12285 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Csenge Nevezi ◽

Tamás Bazsó ◽

Zoltán Gribovszki ◽

Előd Szőke ◽

Péter Kalicz

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Meteorological Parameters ◽

Extreme Event ◽

Riparian Forest ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Rain Gauge ◽

Hydrological Modelling ◽

Data Preparation ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Groundwater Levels

In the Hidegv&#237;z Valley experimental catchment in Hungary the meteorological data have been collected since the 1990s and used for various purposes including hydrological studies. Current research began in 2018&#8211;19, that aimed to reveal the connections between the hydrological and botanical characteristics in riparian forests and a wet meadow. Changes that occurred in both ecosystems in the groundwater levels, soil moisture and vegetation, showed that the local meteorological events influence these factors. Therefore we decided to analyse longer periods in which meteorological extremes strongly influenced hydrological conditions and so status of ecosystems. Further measurements and their analysis were also required because more accuracy and detail were needed for future water balance modelling.The measured data between 2017&#8211;2020 were chosen as a starting database. For the first analysis we selected three meteorological parameters, i. e. the precipitation, the air temperature, and the air humidity. These parameters were measured by automated instruments, except for the precipitation. We found that the automated tipping-bucket rain gauge needs validation by a manual measurement (Hellmann-type rain gauge), because the data that collected by the automated device will be invalid if the rain intensity is too high.In 2017 and 2018, the annual precipitation was distributed evenly, but in the following two years we observed some extremes. In 2019 and 2020, the spring was especially dry, the lowest monthly sum was 1.2 mm in 2020 April. 2019 April was similar (19.5 mm), but after the drought period intense rainfall events arrived in May, resulted a monthly total of 214.1 mm. Air temperature and air humidity has not been showed such extremes as the precipitation.This study showed that detailed analysis of meteorological parameters is crucial for hydrological modelling data preparation because errors and extreme event can cause serious problems during modelling process and, also in case of evaluation of model results.The research has been supported by the Ministry of Agriculture in Hungary.

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ПРОГНОЗ РАЗМНОЖЕНИЯ ВРЕДОНОСНЫХ ПОКОЛЕНИЙ ГРОЗДЕВОЙ ЛИСТОВЕРТКИ В УСЛОВИЯХ РАВНИННО-СТЕПНОГО КРЫМА

Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії ◽

10.31210/visnyk2012.01.20 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 84-87

Author(s):

С. Н. Лебедев

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Models ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Lobesia Botrana ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Protective Measures ◽

Relative Air Humidity

Наводяться дані про залежність розвитку шкід-ливих поколінь ґронової листовійки на винограднихнасадженнях рівнинно-степового Криму від абіо-тичних чинників: середньодобової температуриповітря, суми опадів, відносної вологості повітря,а також площі листової поверхні куща винограду.На основі цих даних розроблені математичні мо-делі прогнозу розвитку фітофага, що дадуть змо-гу оптимізувати кратність і своєчасність захис-них заходів у боротьбі з зазначеним шкідником наконкретному сорті винограду. Provides information on the intent of the development ofmalicious generations Lobesia botrana of the leaf rolleron vine plantations of plain-steppe Crimea from abioticfactors: the average daily air temperature, amount of precipitation,relative air humidity, as well as the area of leafsurface bush of grapes. On the basis of these datadeveloped mathematical models of forecasting of thedevelopment of the phytophage, that allows to optimizethe frequency and timeliness of protective measures inthe fight against this pest on a particular cultivar ofgrapes.

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INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION OF H2S EMISSIONS FROM A MUNICIPAL LANDFILL / SIEROS VANDENILIO IŠSISKYRIMO KOMUNALINIŲ ATLIEKŲ SĄVARTYNE TYRIMAI IR ĮVERTINIMAS / ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПО ОЦЕНКЕ ВЫБРОСОВ СЕРНИСТОГО ВОДОРОДА НА СВАЛКЕ МУНИЦИПАЛЬНЫХ ОТХОДОВ

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management ◽

10.3846/16486897.2011.557263 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 12-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Saulius Vasarevičius

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Hydrogen Sulphide ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Monitoring Wells ◽

Municipal Landfill ◽

Different Seasons

The aim of investigation was to evaluate the degree of pollution caused by a municipal landfill and determine the dependence of the amounts of emissions of the odorant hydrogen sulphide (H2S) on different parameters of the environment. The Jerubaičiai landfill in Plungė district was selected for the investigation. Measurements were recorded at 59 points and 2 monitoring wells. The measurement points and places were selected so that the landfill places generating the largest amounts of H2S and the directions of pollutant movement are identified. It was determined that the amounts of H2S varied from 0.9 ppm (in February) to 8.6 ppm (in August) in different places of the landfill. The largest amounts of H2S were identified in the areas of freshly-tipped waste. Odorants in these zones are generated during waste tipping out of trucks or waste pushing. H2S generation in the top layer of waste changes during the day and different seasons of the year. It is mainly influenced by air temperature. No dependence between H2S generation velocity and air humidity or pressure was identified. Santrauka Tyrimų tikslas buvo įvertinti komunalinių atliekų sąvartyno skleidžiamą taršą ir nustatyti išsiskiriančio odoranto sieros vandenilio (H2S) kiekių priklausomumą nuo įvairių aplinkos parametrų. Tyrimams buvo pasirinktas Jerubaičių sąvartynas Plungės rajone. Matavimai atlikti 59 taškuose ir dviejuose monitoringo šuliniuose. Matavimo taškai ir vietos pasirinkta daugiausia H2S generuojančioms sąvartyno vietoms bei teršalų judėjimo kryptims nustatyti. Nustatyta, kad įvairiose sąvartyno vietose H2S kiekiai kinta nuo 0,9 ppm (vasario mėn.) iki 8,6 ppm (rugpjūčio mėn.). Didžiausi H2S kiekiai rasti ten, kur išpilamos naujai atvežamos atliekos. Šiose zonose odorantai išsiskiria sunkvežimiams išpilant atliekas ir jas stumdant.Per dieną ir įvairiais metų laikais viršutiniame atliekų sluoksnyje susidaro nevienodi H2S kiekiai. Didžiausią įtaką turi oro temperatūra. Priklausomybių tarp H2S susidarymo greičio ir oro drėgmės bei slėgio nenustatyta. Резюме Целью исследования было оценить загрязнение окружающей среды, вызываемое муниципальными отходами на свалке, и определить зависимость количества выбрасываемого сернистого водорода (H2S) от условий окружаю щей среды. Исследования проводились на свалке Йерубайчай в районе Плунге. Измерения проводились в 59 точ ках и 2 колодцах мониторинга. Точки для измерений были подобраны таким образом, чтобы выявить зоны свалки с наибольшим количеством выбросов H2S. В ходе исследования установлено, что количество H2S меняется от 0,9 ppm (в феврале) дo 8,6 ppm (в августе). Наибольшие количества H2S найдены в местах выгрузки привозимых отходов. Выделение H2S из верхнего слоя отходов меняется в течение дня и в разное время года. Наибольшее влияние на выделение H2S оказывает температура воздуха. Зависимости между количеством выбрасываемого H2S и относительной влажностью или давлением воздуха не установлено.

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KARAKTERISTIK HABITAT TEMPAT BERTELUR PENYU SISIK (Eretmochelys imbricata ) DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM TANJUNG KELUANG KECAMATAN KUMAI KALIMANTAN TENGAH

JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI ◽

10.26418/jhl.v7i1.31006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Muhamad Nur Karim ◽

Slamet Rifanjani ◽

Sarma Siahaan

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Sea Water ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Habitat Characteristics ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Nest Temperature ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Eretmochelys Imbricata ◽

Ghost Crabs ◽

Varanus Salvator

This research aimed to discover the characteristics of hawksbill turtle egg-laying place (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Tanjung Keluang Nature Park of Kumai District Central Kalimantan. The data which is collected to describe the characteristics of the habitat covers the length of the beach, its width, its slope, the distance of the nest with the vegetation, the air humidity, the air temperature, the nest temperature, the moisture content of sand substrate, the texture of sand substrate, the water salinity, and other factors that threaten the hawksbill turtle egg-laying place habitat. From the location of the study, it was found that the length of the beach that becomes the egg-laying place is 5000 meters and 1200 meters that do not become the egg-laying place, the beach width is about 3 – 12 meters at the highest tide and 9 – 20 meters at the lowest tide, the slope of the beach where the nest is found ranges from 10 to 15% and 8 – 11% where the nest cannot be found, the nest distance with the vegetation is about 0 – 2 meters, the air humidity is around 94,7% - 68,8%, the air temperature is about 28,830C - 330C, the nest temperature is about 28,620C, the sand substrate texture is medium with 0,21 – 0,50 µm, and the sea water salinity is 27,5%. At the location of the study there was found that every hawksbill turtle nest located in a shade of sea pandan trees (Pandanus tectorius). Hawksbill turtles are threatened by predators such as monitor lizards (Varanus salvator), ghost crabs (Ocypoda sp), fishing activities, waste bins, and natural factors such as coastal abrasion and the presence of weeds growing on the beach surface. Keyword: Habitat Characteristics, Hawksbill turtle, Tanjung Keluang Natural Park

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Influence of abiotic factors in a population of Parides ascanius (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera) in an urban restinga fragment

Neotropical Biology and Conservation ◽

10.3897/neotropical.15.e55719 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 367-377

Author(s):

Emily dos Santos Pereira ◽

Amanda Soares Miranda ◽

Ana Paula Albano Araújo ◽

Vinícius Albano Araújo

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Forest ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

Management Plans ◽

Environmental Protection Area ◽

Protection Area ◽

Number Of Individuals

Fragmentation and loss of natural habitats has reduced biodiversity in neotropical ecosystems. The restinga, a phytophysiognomy of the Atlantic Forest, has lost much of its original coverage and remains largely threatened by urbanisation. Restingas are considered hotspots of biodiversity and are listed as priority areas for conservation due to their great presence of endemic species, such as the endangered butterfly Parides ascanius Cramer, 1775. In this work, we analyse the influence of abiotic factors (temperature and humidity) on the abundance of P. ascanius in an urban restinga fragment of Iriry’s Environmental Protection Area (Iriry APA), located in the municipality of Rio das Ostras in Rio de Janeiro. For that, the mark-recapture technique was used. Sampling was carried out from October 2017 to May 2018, between 7:00 am and 11:00 am. Seventy-two individuals of P. ascanius were collected and showed higher proportions of males over females and greater abundance of individuals in the month of October. On average, the number of individuals was significantly higher with the increase in air temperature and lower with the increase in air humidity. The abundance of P. ascanius at the restinga of Iriry APA varied monthly and temporally throughout the day, influenced by temperature and air humidity. The results provide information that can support management plans for conservation of this threatened species, as well as for urban areas of the Atlantic Forest.

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PENGARUH BUKAAN SAMPING (CLERESTORY) TERHADAP KUALITAS KENYAMANAN TERMAL PADA FOOD CARNIVAL, MALL AEON BSD

Vitruvian ◽

10.22441/vitruvian.2019.v9i1.005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Tathia Edra Swasti

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Thermal Comfort ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Effective Temperature ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Air Velocity ◽

Predicted Mean Vote ◽

Air Speed ◽

The Right

ABSTRAK Mall saat ini marak menggunakan clerestory sebagai salah satu upaya untuk penerangan alami pada siang hari. Namun, cahaya matahari pada sore hari (barat) akan menghasilkan cahaya matahari yang lebih panas dan silau dibandingkan cahaya matahari pada pagi hari (timur). Oleh karena itu, dengan pemakaian clerestory yang cukup besar pada bangunan, masalah panas tentu tak dapat dihindari. Begitu pula dengan glare yang berasal dari pantulan sinar matahari. Salah satu Mall yang menggunakan clerestory adalah Mall AEON BSD. Pengukuran suhu udara, temperatur efektif, kelembaban udara, kecepatan angin, PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) dan PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied) dilaksanakan pada 4 waktu dengan 5 lokasi titik ukur yang memiliki kondisi berbeda untuk membuktikan bahwa clerestory dapat mempengaruhi kenyamanan termal. Disimpulkan bahwa titik 2 yaitu titik yang berdekatan dengan clerestory sisi kanan (ukurannya lebih kecil daripada clerestory sisi kiri) memiliki temperatur efektif dan kelembaban udara yang lebih rendah dari titik lain, dan kecepatan udara (dipengaruhi oleh hembusan AC) lebih tinggi dari titik lain. Responden merasa nyaman saat berada di titik tersebut.Titik paling nyaman menurut responden adalah titik 2 dengan TE rata-rata berkisar 27,4˚C, kelembaban udara rata-rata berkisar 52,2%, kecepatan udara rata-rata berkisar 0,15 m/s, PMV berkisar 0,5 dan PPD berkisar 12,7%. Dengan begitu semakin kecil ukuran skylight terbukti mempengaruhi kenyamanan termal dan membuat kenyamanan termal dapat tercapai. Kata Kunci: Mall, Clerestory, PMV, PPD, Kenyamanan Termal ABSTRACT Nowadays mall is decorated with clerestory as an effort to lighten naturally during the day. However, sunlight in the afternoon (west) will produce more sunlight and glare than sunlight in the morning (east). Therefore, with the use of a fairly large clerestory in buildings, the problem of heat certainly can not be avoided. Similarly, glare that comes from the reflection of sunlight. One of the malls that use clerestory is BSD AEON Mall. Measurement of air temperature, effective temperature, air humidity, wind speed, PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied) carried out at 4 times within 5 measuring spots that have different conditions, proving that clerestory can affect thermal comfort. It was concluded that point 2, which is the point adjacent to the right side clerestory (smaller in size than the left side clerestory) has an effective temperature and lower air humidity than other points, and air velocity (affected by blowing AC) is higher than other points. Respondents felt comfortable when they were at that point. The most comfortable point according to respondents was point 2 with TE averaging around 27.4˚C, air humidity averaged 52.2%, the average air speed ranged from 0.15 m / s, PMV ranges from 0.5 and PPD ranges from 12.7%. Thus, the smaller size of the clerestory is affecting thermal comfort and thermal comfort can be achieved. Keywords: Mall, Clerestory, PMV, PPD, Thermal Comfort

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Spatial variability of enthalpy and illuminance in free-range broiler sheds

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n5p340-344 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 340-344

Author(s):

Amélia C. Faustino ◽

Silvia H. N. Turco ◽

René G. C. Silva Junior ◽

Isadora B. Miranda ◽

Italo E. Anjos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Spatial Dependence ◽

Thermal Environment ◽

The Other ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Free Range ◽

Relative Air Humidity ◽

Clay Tile

ABSTRACT Free-range broiler producers are concerned with the thermal environment and lighting of their facilities and seek to improve these factors for the increased welfare of their broilers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatialization of illuminance and enthalpy in two free-range broiler sheds, one of masonry with a clay tile roof and the other built of wood with a straw roof. The data on air temperature, relative air humidity, and illuminance were recorded between September and October 2018 for five non-consecutive weeks in two periods during the day: morning (9 hours) and afternoon (15 hours). The data were collected at 42 points per shed, spaced 0.40 × 0.75 m. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, considering two periods and two sheds. Spatial dependence was evaluated using geostatistics and interpolation maps by kriging. The facilities presented strong or moderate spatial dependence for all observed variables and periods. The small edges and lack of management of curtains resulted in the masonry shed having higher illuminance values during both periods. Although it did not present ideal values for a comfortable environment, the wood shed was more thermally efficient.

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Modelling of Multi Input Transfer Function for Rainfall Forecasting in Batu City

CAUCHY ◽

10.18860/ca.v5i1.4288 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Priska Arindya Purnama

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Wind Speed ◽

Transfer Function ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Multivariate Time Series ◽

Time Series Model ◽

Transfer Function Model ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Rainfall Forecasting ◽

Function Model

The aim of this research is to model and forecast the rainfall in Batu City using multi input transfer function model based on air temperature, humidity, wind speed and cloud. Transfer function model is a multivariate time series model which consists of an output series (Yt) sequence expected to be effected by an input series (Xt) and other inputs in a group called a noise series (Nt). Multi input transfer function model obtained is (b1,s1,r1) (b2,s2,r2) (b3,s3,r3) (b4,s4,r4)(pn,qn) = (0,0,0) (23,0,0) (1,2,0) (0,0,0) ([5,8],2) and shows that air temperature on t-day affects rainfall on t-day, rainfall on t-day is influenced by air humidity in the previous 23 days, rainfall on t-day is affected by wind speed in the previous day , and rainfall on day t is affected by clouds on day t. The results of rainfall forecasting in Batu City with multi input transfer function model can be said to be accurate, because it produces relatively small RMSE value. The value of RMSE data forecasting training is 7.7921 while forecasting data testing is 4.2184. Multi-input transfer function model is suitable for rainfall in Batu City.

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Influence of Temperature‑Humidity Relations During Years on Milk Production and Quality

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201765010211 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 211-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Renáta Toušová ◽

Jaromír Ducháček ◽

Luděk Stádník ◽

Martin Ptáček ◽

Sylvana Pokorná

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Milk Production ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Somatic Cells ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Relative Air Humidity ◽

Daily Milk Production ◽

Daily Milk

The aim of this study was to evaluate influence of climatic conditions represented by daily air temperature and relative air humidity on indicators of Holstein cows’ milk quality and production. The first dataset represented individual milk production in day of milk performance recording (milk kg, fat %, protein %, and somatic cells count thous.*ml−1). The second dataset represented total daily milk characteristics of herd (milk kg, fat %, protein % and somatic cells count thous.*ml−1). A total of 654 Holstein cows were observed and evaluated. Both datasets were evaluated in relation to selected external influences (year, month, average daily air temperature, and average daily relatively air humidity). Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.3, and UNIVARIATE, REG and GLM procedure. Three groups of daily air temeperature (< 4.4 °C; 4.4 – 13.2 °C; > 13.2 °C), and daily relative air humidity (< 65.3 %; 65.3 – 80.4 %; > 80.4 %) were conducted for evaluation. Significant (P < 0.05) linear regressions were computed among daily air temperature and all milk production indicators, except of somatic cells count attribute. The highest individual daily milk production (35.94 kg, P < 0.01), and protein content (3.41 %, P < 0.01) were achieved with the highest average daily air temperature. Opposite results were observed for milk yield of herd as well as protein content. Average daily relative air humidity had lower influence on individual and bulk milk samples. The better results were achieved for both datasets (individual and bulk samples) in groups (65.3 – 80.4 %; > 80.4 %) of average daily relative air humidity. Obtained results point out importance of outdoor climatic parameters monitoring and preventive measures of climatic conditions in the stable.

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