scholarly journals A Study on the Gaze Range Calculation Method During an Actual Car Driving Using Eyeball Angle and Head Angle Information

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (21) ◽  
pp. 4774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Sakurai ◽  
Hiroki Tamura
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Driving Ability ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Car Driving

Car operation requires advanced brain function. Currently, evaluation of the motor vehicle driving ability of people with higher brain dysfunction is medically unknown and there are few evaluation criteria. The increase in accidents by elderly drivers is a social problem in Japan, and a method to evaluate whether elderly people can drive a car is needed. Under these circumstances, a system to evaluate brain dysfunction and driving ability of elderly people is needed. Gaze estimation research is a rapidly developing field. In this paper, we propose the gaze calculation method by eye and head angles. We used the eye tracking device (TalkEyeLite) made by Takei Scientific Instruments Cooperation. For our image processing technique, we estimated the head angle using the template matching method. By using the eye tracking device and the head angle estimate, we built a system that can be used during actual on-road car operation. In order to evaluate our proposed method, we tested the system on Japanese drivers during on-road driving evaluations at a driving school. The subjects were one instructor of the car driving school and eight general drivers (three 40–50 years old and five people over 60 years old). We compared the gaze range of the eight general subjects and the instructor. As a result, we confirmed that one male in his 40s and one elderly driver had narrower gaze ranges.

scholarly journals Gaze-Based Vehicle Driving Evaluation of System with an Actual Vehicle at an Intersection with a Traffic Light

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1408
Author(s):  
Takumi Shimauchi ◽  
Keiko Sakurai ◽  
Lindsey Tate ◽  
Hiroki Tamura
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Traffic Light ◽  
Gaze Fixation ◽  
Elderly Drivers ◽  
Fixation Condition ◽  
Tracking Device

Due to the population aging in Japan, more elderly people are retaining their driver’s licenses and the increase in the number of car accidents by elderly drivers is a social problem. To address this problem, an objective data-based method to evaluate whether elderly drivers can continue driving is needed. In this paper, we propose a car driving evaluation system based on gaze as calculated by eye and head angles. We used an eye tracking device (TalkEye Lite) made by the Takei Scientific Instruments Cooperation. For our image processing technique, we propose a gaze fixation condition using deep learning (YOLOv2-tiny). By using an eye tracking device and the proposed gaze fixation condition, we built a system where drivers could be evaluated during actual car operation. We describe our system in this paper. In order to evaluate our proposed method, we conducted experiments from November 2017 to November 2018 where elderly people were evaluated by our system while driving an actual car. The subjects were 22 general drivers (two were 80–89 years old, four were 70–79 years old, six were 60–69 years old, three were 50–59 years old, five were 40–49 years old and two were 30–39 years old). We compared the subjects’ gaze information with the subjective evaluation by a professional driving instructor. As a result, we confirm that the subjects’ gaze information is related to the subjective evaluation by the instructor.

scholarly journals VP203 Performance Evaluation Of Eye-Tracking Devices

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 245-245
Author(s):  
Luciano Recalde ◽  
José Núñez ◽  
César Yegros ◽  
Carolina Villegas
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Precision Data ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Tracking Devices

INTRODUCTION:There are different devices, systems and technologies for people with disabilities. It's necessary to provide information on the effectiveness of products in the market and competitiveness in terms of price-quality, and providing an endorsement in the acquisition of technologies that improve their quality of life. The use of eye tracking devices is growing and its implementation in different areas has attracted the attention of several developers. Therefore the need to generate a product that evaluates the functionality of such devices is necessary in order to avoid unnecessary expenses when acquiring or repairing one of these devices.METHODS:An interface was created with different functionalities such as the location of the coordinates in which the pointer is located, standardized graphic interface design to provide statistical data that allow an objective result for its subsequent analysis and an endless number of design possibilities.The tests performed were of accuracy and precision where the subject was asked to follow the instructions given and observe a sequence of points, especially the points located at the ends of the monitor as these are the critical points in which there is less coincidence between the cursor and the gaze.RESULTS:The results obtained provided information on the performance of the tracking device. In this way it was possible to establish that the accuracy of the ocular tracker: it was ± 12.83 pixels on the horizontal axis and ± 10.66 pixels on the vertical axis. The precision was ± 9.8 pixels on the horizontal axis and ± 14.23 pixels on the vertical axis.This shows the use phenomenon caused due to the limited mobility of the eyes in the vertical axis in comparison to the horizontal mobility. The precision data obtained indicate that, because the movement on the vertical axis is smaller, there is a less continuous spectrum of positions on the axis, which translates to less precision.CONCLUSIONS:The data obtained can be used to compare with the results of the test with other eye tracking devices and thus this could serve as a tool to select an eye tracking device according to the user's need and his economical capabilities.

341 Acute effects of seltorexant, a selective orexin-2 antagonist (JNJ- 42847922), on driving after bedtime administration

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A136-A136
Author(s):  
S Brooks ◽  
R G J A Zuiker ◽  
G E Jacobs ◽  
I Kezic ◽  
A Savitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postural Stability ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Driving Ability ◽  
Post Dose ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Subjective Sleepiness ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Introduction Seltorexant (JNJ-42847922), a potent and selective antagonist of the human orexin-2 receptor, is being developed for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Seltorexant also has sleep-promoting properties. Investigating the effects of sleep-promoting medications on driving is important because some of these agents (e.g. GABAA receptor agonists) may be associated with increased risk of motor vehicle accidents. We evaluated the effect of seltorexant on driving after forced awakening at night, using a validated driving simulator. Methods This double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, randomized, 3-way cross-over study was conducted in 18 male and 18 female healthy subjects. All subjects received seltorexant 40 mg, zolpidem 10 mg, or placebo 15 minutes before bedtime. Eighteen subjects were awakened at 2- and 6-hours post-dose, and the other 18 at 4- and 8-hours post-dose. At those timepoints, pharmacokinetics, objective (standard deviation of the lateral position [SDLP]) and subjective effects (using Perceived Driving Quality and Effort Scales) on driving ability, postural stability and subjective sleepiness were assessed. Results For seltorexant, the SDLP difference from placebo (95% confidence interval) at 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-hours post-dose was 3.9 cm (1.26, 6.60), 0.9 cm (-1.08, 2.92), 1.1 cm (-0.42, 2.63), and 0.6 cm (-2.75, 1.55), respectively vs. 9.6 cm (6.97, 12.38), 6.6 cm (3.53, 9.60), 4.7 cm (1.46, 7.85), and 1.3cm (-1.16, 3.80), respectively for zolpidem. The difference from placebo was significant at 2-hours after taking seltorexant, while the difference from placebo was significant at 2, 4 and 6-hours after zolpidem. Subjective driving quality was decreased for both drugs at all time points and driving effort was increased up to 4-hours post-dose for both medications. Subjective sleepiness showed a significant increase compared to placebo 2- and 4-hours after administration of either drug. Postural stability was decreased up to 2-hours after administration of seltorexant, and up to 4-hours after administration of zolpidem. Conclusion Compared to zolpidem, objective effects on driving performance were more transient after seltorexant administration and largely normalized by 4–6 hours post-dose. Support (if any) This work was sponsored by Janssen R&D.

scholarly journals A gaze-based interactive system to explore artwork imagery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piercarlo Dondi ◽  
Marco Porta ◽  
Angelo Donvito ◽  
Giovanni Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Assistive Technology ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Interactive System ◽  
Multimedia Content ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Impaired People ◽  
The Common ◽  
Safety Guidelines

AbstractInteractive and immersive technologies can significantly enhance the fruition of museums and exhibits. Several studies have proved that multimedia installations can attract visitors, presenting cultural and scientific information in an appealing way. In this article, we present our workflow for achieving a gaze-based interaction with artwork imagery. We designed both a tool for creating interactive “gaze-aware” images and an eye tracking application conceived to interact with those images with the gaze. Users can display different pictures, perform pan and zoom operations, and search for regions of interest with associated multimedia content (text, image, audio, or video). Besides being an assistive technology for motor impaired people (like most gaze-based interaction applications), our solution can also be a valid alternative to the common touch screen panels present in museums, in accordance with the new safety guidelines imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Experiments carried out with a panel of volunteer testers have shown that the tool is usable, effective, and easy to learn.

scholarly journals A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Chong-Bin Tsai ◽  
Wei-Yu Hung ◽  
Wei-Yen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

scholarly journals The Recreational Trail of the El Caminito del Rey Natural Tourist Attraction, Spain: Determination of Hikers’ Flow

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1809
Author(s):  
Gemma María Gea-García ◽  
Carmelo Fernández-Vicente ◽  
Francisco J. Barón-López ◽  
Jesús Miranda-Páez
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Outdoor Activity ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Tracking Devices

Hiking is a very popular outdoor activity, and has led to an exponential increase in the number of visitors to natural spaces. The objective of this study was to analyze the circulation pattern of visitors to the Caminito del Rey trail, based on the three zones into which the trail can be divided. The sample consisted of 1582 hikers distributed into three different profiles. Of these, 126 utilized an eye-tracking device during the hike, while, for the rest (1456), only their travel speed along the trail was recorded. The use of eye tracking devices identified a greater number of interesting landscapes located in zones 1 and 3 of the trail, and it was observed that the mean travel speed was greater for zone 2 (42.31 m/min) (p < 0.01). Additionally, when the three different visitor profiles were analyzed, significant differences were found between the mean travel speeds according to sectors (p < 0.05). This information is crucial for more efficient management of the trail, as it allows for the development of measures to control and regulate the flow of visitors according to zone, and the design of additional strategies to increase the awareness of the hiker about specific areas of the hike.

An eye-tracking study on the effect of infographic structures on viewer’s comprehension and cognitive load

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Majooni ◽  
Mona Masood ◽  
Amir Akhavan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Information Graphics ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Graphical Design ◽  
Tracking Devices

The basic premise of this research is investigating the effect of layout on the comprehension and cognitive load of the viewers in the information graphics. The term ‘Layout’ refers to the arrangement and organization of the visual and textual elements in a graphical design. The experiment conducted in this study is designed based on two stories and each one of these stories is presented with two different layouts. During the experiment, eye-tracking devices are applied to collect the gaze data including the eye movement data and pupil diameter fluctuation. In the research on the modification of the layouts, contents of each story are narrated using identical visual and textual elements. The analysis of eye-tracking data provides quantitative evidence concerning the change of layout in each story and its effect on the comprehension of participants and variation of their cognitive load. In conclusion, it can be claimed that the comprehension from the zigzag form of the layout was higher with a less imposed cognitive load.

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