scholarly journals Nanostructured MOS Sensor for the Detection, Follow up, and Threshold Pursuing of Campylobacter Jejuni Development in Milk Samples

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estefanía Núñez-Carmona ◽  
Marco Abbatangelo ◽  
Dario Zappa ◽  
Elisabetta Comini ◽  
Giorgio Sberveglieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Mos Sensor

Food poisoning is still the first cause of hospitalization worldwide and the most common microbial agent, Campylobacter jejuni, is the most commonly reported gastrointestinal disease in humans in the EU (European Union) as is reported by the European Union One Health 2018 Zoonoses Report styled by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and ECDC (European Center for Disease Prevention and Control). One of the vehicles of transmission of this disease is milk. Nanostructured MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) sensors have extensively demonstrated their ability to reveal the presence and follow the development of microbial species. The main objective of this work was to find a set up for the detection and development follow up of C. jejuni in milk samples. The work was structured in two different studies, the first one was a feasibility survey and the second one was to follow up the development of the bacteria inside milk samples. The obtained results of the first study demonstrate the ability of the sensor array to differentiate the contaminated samples from the control ones. Thanks to the second study, it has been possible to find the limit of microbial safety of the contaminated milk samples.

scholarly journals European Union One Health Country Visits as Driver to Combat on Antimicrobial Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s222-s222
Author(s):  
Pita Spruijt ◽  
Paul Bergervoet ◽  
Robbin Westerhof ◽  
Merel Langelaar ◽  
Marie-Cécile Ploy
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
One Health ◽  
Competent Authority ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Review System ◽  
Set Up

Background: In 2016, the European Union adopted unanimously Council Conclusions on the next steps to combat antimicrobial resistance under a One Health approach. To implement some of the provisions laid down in the Council Conclusions, a European Joint Action on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and Healthcare-Associated Infections (HCAI) or EU-JAMRAI was set up, gathering 44 partners. Methods: As part of EU-JAMRAI, 13 participating European countries set up a country-to-country peer review system to evaluate each other’s national action plans (NAPs). This review system entailed a self-assessment, strengths–weaknesses–opportunities–threats (SWOT) analysis, and country visits. All steps were executed with representatives from both the human and the veterinary domains (One Health approach). Special attention was given to supervision and the way supervision can enhance the implementation of guidelines on AMR, both at the policy level and within healthcare institutions. Results: Despite differences in the stage of developing and implementing NAPs, all 13 countries are working on NAPs. In this process, country visits function as a moment to exchange best practices and to provide an outsider’s point of view. At the end of 2019, 13 country-to-country visits had taken place, resulting in tailor-made recommendations for each country. These recommendations were shared with the competent authority. An example is a country that used the recommendation to improve infection prevention as an immediate reason to get the topic on the agenda of the Ministry of Health. During the country visits, intersectoral participation was perceived as desirable, but in some cases it was challenging to arrange. For some highly relevant topics, it has been recognized that discussion should take place on a European level. Examples of such topics include supervision, infection prevention guidelines, funding, surveillance, and regular audits of antibiotic prescriptions for physicians including feedback loops. Conclusions: Peer review is a cooperative and friendly working method compared to common audits. The country visits function as an agenda setting tool to get or to keep AMR on the political agenda and presenting the most relevant topic(s) to address for each country.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

scholarly journals Joint bodies in the European Union's international agreements: Delegating powers to the European Commission in EU external relations

2021 ◽  
pp. 146511652110273
Author(s):  
Markus Gastinger ◽  
Andreas Dür
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Voting Rule ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Set Up

In many international agreements, the European Union sets up joint bodies such as ‘association councils’ or ‘joint committees’. These institutions bring together European Union and third-country officials for agreement implementation. To date, we know surprisingly little about how much discretion the European Commission enjoys in them. Drawing on a principal–agent framework, we hypothesise that the complexity of agreements, the voting rule, conflict within the Council, and agency losses can explain Commission discretion in these institutions. Drawing on an original dataset covering nearly 300 such joint bodies set up by the European Union since 1992, we find robust empirical support for all expectations except for the agency loss thesis. Our findings suggest that the European Commission is the primary actor in the implementation of many of the European Union's international agreements, allowing it to influence EU external relations beyond what is currently acknowledged in the literature.

scholarly journals The crisis of European spatial development policy

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Djordjevic ◽  
Tijana Dabovic
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Specific Point ◽  
Policy Document ◽  
Spatial Policy ◽  
Development Perspective

Although the European Union has no formal authority in the area of spatial policy, in sectoral policies can have a clear spatial impact. In this sense it conducts a de facto - and usually uncoordinated - form of spatial policy. An informal policy document produced six years ago sought to remedy this by offering an embryonic form of European spatial policy: the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP). So far, no follow-up has been produced. Is this because the current document is sufficient for addressing Europe's spatial issues or because interest in this endeavor has waned? Or are we simply in a period of transition towards a new ESDP? This brief review deals with those dilemmas, from a specific point of view of the observers, both curious and worried.

3. Governmental Structure

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-112
Author(s):  
Robert Schütze
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Us ◽  
Governmental Function ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
Internal Procedures

This chapter examines the internal composition, internal powers, and internal procedures of the European Parliament, the European Council, and the Council of Ministers. It begins by looking at the role of the separation-of-powers principle in the European Union. Unlike the US Constitution, the EU Treaties do not discuss each institution within the context of one governmental function. Instead, each institution has ‘its’ article in the Treaty on European Union, whose first section then describes the combination of governmental functions in which it partakes. The European Treaties have thus ‘set up a system for distributing powers among different [Union] institutions’. And it is this conception of the separation-of-powers principle that informs Article 13(2) TEU. The provision is thus known as the principle of interinstitutional balance.

1. Constitutional History

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-40
Author(s):  
Robert Schütze
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Lisbon Treaty ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Constitutional Evolution ◽  
Set Up

This chapter surveys the historical evolution of the European Union in four sections. Section 1 starts with the humble origins of the Union: the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which was set up by the 1951 Treaty of Paris. While limited in its scope, the ECSC introduced a supranational idea that was to become the trademark of the European Economic Community (EEC). Section 2 focuses the EEC, while Section 3 investigates the development of the (old) European Union founded through the Treaty of Maastricht. Finally, Section 4 reviews the reform efforts leading to the Lisbon Treaty, and analyses the structure of the—substantively—new European Union as it exists today. Concentrating on the constitutional evolution of the European Union, the chapter does not present its geographic development.

scholarly journals Due Diligence Driving the Success of Mergers and Acquisitions in Macedonia

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dushica Stevchevska Srbinoska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Communications Industry ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Set Up

The act of due diligence is of vital importance when considering the possibility to enter the Macedonian market through merger and/or acquisition transactions. In this paper, I discuss that due diligence helps reduce potential risks or even results with curtailing the transaction as most of the Letters of intent never come to life. Many Macedonian entities, both public and private, operate in an environment considerably different to the European Union economies, a fact that inspires many questions with potential investors, especially in those who come from the European Union. If proper preparation takes place, and the expectations and processes are duly taken into account, successful merger and/or acquisition can be conducted in the Republic of Macedonia in spite of facing numerous difficulties.  Finally, I discuss that several suggestions/factors can maximize the chances of success, demonstrated with the example of due diligence process set-up prior to the one.Vip merger that marked the Macedonian communications industry in 2015.

Modernising the Community Courts

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 37-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Arnull
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Single European Act ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Court Of First Instance ◽  
Community Courts ◽  
Made In

A purist might say that the judicial architecture of what is now the European Union was first altered by the 1957 Convention on Certain Institutions Common to the European Communities. That Convention set up a single Court of Justice with jurisdiction under the three Community Treaties which had by then been signed. However, the 1957 Convention should probably be regarded as the last brick in the original edifice, which was to remain unchanged for nearly 30 years. Although the Court started to express concern about its capacity to cope with its workload in the 1970s, the Member States did not respond until 1986, when provision for a court of first instance was made in the Single European Act. That reform marked the beginning of a period of rapid change in the judicial architecture of the Union.

Funding for gastrointestinal disease research in the European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 593-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Törnblom ◽  
Magnus Simrén ◽  
Giovanni Barbara ◽  
Beate Niesler
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Disease Research

“Environmental Crime in Europe” by Andrew Farmer, Michael Faure and Grazia Maria Vagliasindi (eds.)

elni Review ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 28-28
Author(s):  
Nicola Below
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Environmental Crime ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Implementation Study ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Union Action ◽  
Eu Project ◽  
The Eu

The book “Environmental Crime in Europe” by the editors Andrew Farmer, Michael Faure and Grazia Maria Vagliasindi is the second edited volume of the the EU-project “European Union Action to Fight Environmental Crime" (EFFACE). The book is a follow-up to the results of the research strand of EFFACE dealing with actors, instruments and institutions involved in the fight against environmental crime and goes beyond a mere technical implementation study. The aim of this collection is to explore how environmental crime is controlled and environmental criminal law is shaped and implemented within the European Union and its Member States, from a technical and practical point of view. This article reviews the book.

scholarly journals Planting the Seeds of Change Inside? Functional Cooperation with Authoritarian Regimes and Socialization into Democratic Governance.

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Freyburg
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Policy Networks ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Qualitative Comparison ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
Set Up

Is functional cooperation with authoritarian regimes a blessing or a curse for democratization? Scholars predominantly view cooperation with authoritarian regimes as counterproductive in terms of democratization because it helps the incumbent government to remain in power by stabilizing the regime. This article presents evidence to suggest that functional cooperation can also be considered a promising way of yielding subtle processes of democratization that have hitherto been overlooked. It explores to what extent state officials become acquainted with democratic governance by participating in transgovernmental policy networks, notably the Twinning Program, set up by the European Union in order to implement functional cooperation with its Southern neighborhood. The study conducts regression analyses based on original survey data on Moroccan state officials’ attitudes toward democratic governance and complements these analyses with a qualitative comparison of different networks. The findings corroborate an optimistic reading of functional cooperation. By significantly shaping the attitudes toward democratic governance of involved state officials, cooperation appears to be able to plant seeds of change inside authoritarian regimes.

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