scholarly journals Fast 3D Rotation Estimation of Fruits Using Spheroid Models

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2232
Author(s):  
Antonio Albiol ◽  
Alberto Albiol ◽  
Carlos Sánchez de Merás
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Single Camera ◽  
Global Score ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
Single Image ◽  
Large Effort ◽  
Fruit Surface

Automated fruit inspection using cameras involves the analysis of a collection of views of the same fruit obtained by rotating a fruit while it is transported. Conventionally, each view is analyzed independently. However, in order to get a global score of the fruit quality, it is necessary to match the defects between adjacent views to prevent counting them more than once and assert that the whole surface has been examined. To accomplish this goal, this paper estimates the 3D rotation undergone by the fruit using a single camera. A 3D model of the fruit geometry is needed to estimate the rotation. This paper proposes to model the fruit shape as a 3D spheroid. The spheroid size and pose in each view is estimated from the silhouettes of all views. Once the geometric model has been fitted, a single 3D rotation for each view transition is estimated. Once all rotations have been estimated, it is possible to use them to propagate defects to neighbor views or to even build a topographic map of the whole fruit surface, thus opening the possibility to analyze a single image (the map) instead of a collection of individual views. A large effort was made to make this method as fast as possible. Execution times are under 0.5 ms to estimate each 3D rotation on a standard I7 CPU using a single core.

scholarly journals Alcobaça allele and genotypic backgrounds affect yield and fruit shelf life of tomato hybrids

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Túlio José Mendes Dias ◽  
Wilson Roberto Maluf ◽  
Marcos Ventura Faria ◽  
Joelson André de Freitas ◽  
Luiz Antonio Augusto Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Fruit Quality Traits ◽  
Commercial Yield

Post-harvest shelf life of tomato fruit may be increased by deploying mutant alleles which affect the natural ripening process and/or by a favorable genotypic background. Among the several ripening mutant genes, alcobaça (alc) has proved to be highly efficient in increasing shelf life of commercial tomato fruits, especially in heterozygosis, a state at which no limiting deleterious effects upon fruit color occur. The effects of heterozygosity in the alcobaça locus (alc+/alc) on yield and fruit quality traits of tomato hybrids with three genotypic backgrounds. We evaluated three pairs of hybrids obtained from crosses between the near-isogenic pollen source lines Flora-Dade (alc+/alc+) and TOM-559 (alc/alc), and three maternal lines (Stevens, NC-8276 and Piedmont). The six treatments were factorial combinations of two different status in the alc locus (alc+/alc and alc+/alc+) versus three different genotypic backgrounds (maternal lines). Fruits were harvested at the breaker stage of maturation and stored in shelves at 21ºC for 14 days. Yield and fruit quality traits were then evaluated. Regardless of the background, the alc allele in heterozygosis (alc+/alc) did not interfere with the total yield, commercial yield, average mass per fruit, average mass per commercial fruit, fruit shape, or with fruit peduncular scar diameter. The alc+/alc genotype reduced the rate of firmness loss and delayed evolution of the red color of the fruit, thus contributing to an increase of the post-harvest shelf life for all three genotypic backgrounds.

scholarly journals QTL Mapping of Fruit and Seed-related Traits in Watermelon Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing-based High-density Linkage Mapping

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiling Gao ◽  
Xiaoxue Liang ◽  
Xiujie Liu ◽  
Yu Guo ◽  
Hongguo Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qtl Mapping ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Linkage Mapping ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
High Density ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Stripe Pattern

Abstract BackgroundWatermelon is an important vegetable crop with dual use of both fruit and seeds. Understanding the genetic basis of fruit quality and seed size-related traits is important for efficient marker-assisted breeding in watermelon. Linkage mapping in watermelon segregating populations using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) provides insights into genetic control of fruit- and seed-related traits and genome collinearity in commercial watermelon cultivars. ResultsIn the present study, we conducted QTL mapping of 12 horticulturally important traits on external and internal fruit quality and seed size/weight using segregating populations derived a cross between two commercial varieties. A high-density genetic map was developed with GBS which contained more than 6,000 SNP loci in 1,004 bins with a total map length of 1261.1 cM and average marker interval of 1.26 cM or 329 kb. Phenotypic data of fruit rind color (RC), rind stripe pattern (RSP), flesh color (FFC), fruit diameter (FD), fruit length (FL), fruit shape index (FSI), fruit weight (FW), Brix content central (BCC), Brix content edge (BCE), seed length (SL), width (SW), and weight (20SWT) were collected from two locations in two years. QTL analysis identified 47 QTL for the 12 traits, of which 24 had moderate- or major-effects, and 34 were novel QTL not identified in previous studies. The QTL for RSP were identified overlapped with previous reports, and mapped the QTL to a small interval on chromosome 6. From the detected novel QTL, we identify FD (qfd2.1), FL (qfl2.1) co-located with FSI (qfsi2.1) QTL on chromosome 2, and the minor QTL qfw3.2 co-located with previously reported fruit shape QTL (qfd3.1, qfl3.1, qfsi3.1), and SW (qsw10.1) co-located with 20SWT QTL (q20swt10.1) on chromosome 10, and 5 minor QTL (qbcc2.1, qbcc5.1, qbce2.1, qbce2.2, qbce5.1) were found to be likely new locus for Brix content.ConclusionWe conducted GBS consisting of 120 F2 individuals and developed a high-density linkage map with more than 6,000 SNP loci in 1004 bins in watermelon. We identified 47 QTL for 12 fruit and seed related traits including 34 novel QTL. Our work expands the molecular breeding toolbox for watermelon to improve the yield and fruit quality.

Stereological Analysis of the Dermal System of Fruit of the Grape Vitis vinifera L.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Considine
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Cellular Structure ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Single Function ◽  
Periclinal Chimeras ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape ◽  
Fruit Surface

Changes in cell vdume and shape in different layers of the dermal system of the grape Vitis vinifera have been analysed in relation to position along the radius of the fruit and fruit shape. Fruit surface area was found to be a function of changes in both cell area and cell number, though cell number effects were predominant. Cell volume generally increased exponentially from the epidermis inwards, though no single function adequately described the pattern for all cultivars. Deviations from a continuous pattern of change of volume were compatible with the possible occurrence of polyploid periclinal chimeras or endoploids. These results suggest that differences in cellular structure were determined by mechanisms that were independent of potential stresses associated with differences in fruit size and shape.

A Digital Material Design Framework for 3D-Printed Heterogeneous Objects

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pu Huang ◽  
Yongqiang Li ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
Jun Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Material Property ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
User Requirements ◽  
Design Framework ◽  
Property Distribution ◽  
Digital Material ◽  
Continuous Material

In the paper a digital material design framework is presented to compute multi-material distributions in three-dimensional (3D) model based on given user requirements for additive manufacturing (AM) processes. It is challenging to directly optimize digital material composition due to extremely large design space. The presented material design framework consists of three stages. In the first stage, continuous material property distribution in the geometric model is computed to achieve the desired user requirements. In the second stage, a material dithering method is developed to convert the continuous material property distribution into 3D printable digital material distribution. A tile-based material patterning method and accordingly constructed material library are presented to efficiently perform material dithering in the given 3D model. Finite element analysis (FEA) is used to evaluate the performance of the computed digital material distributions. To mimic the layer-based AM process, cubic meshes are chosen to define the geometric shape in the digital material design stage, and its resolution is set based on the capability of the selected AM process. In the third stage, slicing data is generated from the cubic mesh model and can be used in 3D printing processes. Three test cases are presented to demonstrate the capability of the digital material design framework. Both FEA-based simulation and physical experiments are performed; in addition, their results are compared to verify the tile-based material pattern library and the related material dithering method.

scholarly journals Bee Visitation and Fruit Quality in Berries Under Protected Cropping Vary Along the Length of Polytunnels

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 1337-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A Hall ◽  
Jeremy Jones ◽  
Maurizio Rocchetti ◽  
Derek Wright ◽  
Romina Rader
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Pollination Services ◽  
Pollinator Abundance ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Berry Crops ◽  
Bee Foraging

Abstract Wild and managed bees provide effective crop pollination services worldwide. Protected cropping conditions are thought to alter the ambient environmental conditions in which pollinators forage for flowers, yet few studies have compared conditions at the edges and center of growing tunnels. We measured environmental variables (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, white light, and UV light) and surveyed activity of the managed honey bee, Apis mellifera L.; wild stingless bee, Tetragonula carbonaria Smith; and wild sweat bee, Homalictus urbanus Smith, along the length of 32 multiple open-ended polyethylene growing tunnels. These were spaced across 12 blocks at two commercial berry farms, in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales and Walkamin, North Queensland, Australia. Berry yield, fresh weight, and other quality metrics were recorded at discrete increments along the length of the tunnels. We found a higher abundance and greater number of flower visits by stingless bees and honey bees at the end of tunnels, and less frequent visits to flowers toward the middle of tunnels. The center of tunnels experienced higher temperatures and reduced wind speed. In raspberry, fruit shape was improved with greater pollinator abundance and was susceptible to higher temperatures. In blueberry, per plant yield and mean berry weight were positively associated with pollinator abundance and were lower at the center of tunnels than at the edge. Fruit quality (crumbliness) in raspberries was improved with a greater number of visits by sweat bees, who were not as susceptible to climatic conditions within tunnels. Understanding bee foraging behavior and changes to yield under protected cropping conditions is critical to inform the appropriate design of polytunnels, aid pollinator management within them, and increase economic gains in commercial berry crops.

3D Model Transformation of Waveguide Slot Array Antenna in Mechanical-Electromagnetic Analyses

2012 ◽  
Vol 562-564 ◽  
pp. 1487-1491
Author(s):  
Mei Chen ◽  
Fei Zheng ◽  
Na Li
Keyword(s):  
Model Transformation ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Transformation Method ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Array Antenna ◽  
Waveguide Slot ◽  
Electromagnetic Model ◽  
3D Geometric Model

The mechanical errors in a mobile waveguide slot array antenna will finally influence the electromagnetic performances. Hence it is necessary to understand the relationship between them, which requires mechanical-electromagnetic analyses. The 3D models in both mechanical analysis and electromagnetic analysis are greatly different. They need a precise connection and transformation. The paper proposes an effective 3D model transformation method. From 3D geometric model to 3D mechanical model, and then to 3D electromagnetic model, the precise connection and transformation can be finished. It can be used to increase the analysis precision of a complex waveguide slot array antenna.

Improvement of Color Information in the Generation of 3D Models of Real Objects Using Range Intensity Images

2012 ◽  
Vol 523-524 ◽  
pp. 362-367
Author(s):  
Toru Takahama ◽  
Ryo Inomata ◽  
Kenji Terabayashi ◽  
Kazunori Umeda ◽  
Guy Godin
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Texture Mapping ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Image Sensor ◽  
Color Images ◽  
Range Image ◽  
Color Information ◽  
Intensity Image

Texture mapping on scanned objects, which is the method to map color images on a 3D geometric model measured by a range image sensor, is often used for constructing a realistic 3D model. Color images are affected by the illumination conditions. Therefore, discontinuities of seams occur when simply applying texture mapping. In this paper, we propose a method for correcting the discontinuities using a range intensity image. A range intensity image is a kind of intensity image that is related to the reflectance ratio of the measured points, simultaneously acquired with a range image using an active range sensor. The method estimates the color information that is not affected by the lighting environment using multiple color images and a range intensity image. As a result, the method is effective to construct a 3D model with seamless color images. The effectiveness of the correction method is illustrated by experiments with real-world objects.

scholarly journals Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepper Using Molecular Markers

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Paran ◽  
Molly Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Pepper Fruit ◽  
Simple Sequence

Original objectives: The overall goal of the proposal was to determine the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoids content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoids and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoids in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was only little known prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and the integration of several independent maps into a single resource map that consists of over 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps that consisted mostly of tomato-originated RFLP markers, the SSR-based map consists of largely pepper markers. Therefore, the SSR and integrated maps provide ample of tools for use in marker-assisted selection for diverse targets throughout the Capsicum genome. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, the most unique characteristics of pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master key for capsaicinoids accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTLs that control capsaicinoids content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTLs that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTLs controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate between elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advancement of our understanding at the genetic and molecular levels of important processes of pepper fruit development. Concomitantly to gaining biological knowledge, we were able to develop molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement. 

scholarly journals Effects of Interspecific Grafting Between Capsicum Species on Scion Fruit Quality Characteristics

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Andrey Vega-Alfaro ◽  
Paul C. Bethke ◽  
James Nienhuis
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Soil Pathogens

Production of Capsicum annuum peppers is often limited, especially in tropical environments, by susceptibility to soil pathogens including Ralstonia solanacearum. Grafting desirable cultivars onto selected rootstocks can increase adaptation to abiotic stress and is an alternative to pesticides for managing soilborne pathogens. Cultivars of two other pepper species, Capsicum baccatum and Capsicum chinense, are tolerant or resistant to an array of soilborne pathogens and have potential as rootstocks; however, knowledge of how interspecific grafting may affect scion fruit quality is lacking. Flowering time, yield, and fruit quality characteristics were evaluated in 2017 and 2020 for C. annuum cultivars Dulcitico, Nathalie (2017), Gypsy (2020), and California Wonder used as scions grafted onto Aji Rico (C. baccatum) and Primero Red (C. chinense) rootstocks, including self-grafted and nongrafted scion checks. In 2020, the rootstocks per se were evaluated. The two rootstocks (‘Aji Rico’ and ‘Primero Red’), three scions, and self- and nongrafted scions were evaluated using a factorial, replicated, completely randomized design in fields at the West Madison and Eagle Heights Agricultural Research Stations located in Madison, WI, in 2017 and 2020, respectively. Differences among the main effects for scion fruit quality characteristics were consistent with cultivar descriptions. No scion × rootstock interactions were observed. Rootstocks did not result in changes in total fruit number, yield, fruit shape (length-to-width ratio), or soluble solids of scion fruit compared with self- and nongrafted checks. The rootstock ‘Primero Red’ increased fruit weight and decreased time to flowering regardless of scion compared with self- and nongrafted checks. All scions were sweet (nonpungent) cultivars and both rootstocks were pungent cultivars. No capsaicinoids were detected in the fruit of sweet pepper scions grafted onto pungent pepper rootstocks. The results indicate that interspecific grafts involving ‘Aji Rico’ and ‘Primero Red’ will not have deleterious effects on fruit quality characteristics of sweet pepper scions.

scholarly journals A Vision-based navigation system for landing procedure

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Del Pizzo ◽  
Umberto Papa ◽  
Salvatore Gaglione ◽  
Salvatore Troisi ◽  
Giuseppe Del Core
Keyword(s):  
Navigation System ◽  
Gps Tracking ◽  
Single Camera ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Single Image ◽  
Precise Position ◽  
Image Frame ◽  
Vision Based Navigation ◽  
Moving Platform ◽  
Image Camera

An autonomous vision-based landing system was designed and its performance is analysed and measured by an UAS. The system equipment is based on a single camera to determine its position and attitude with respect to a well-defined landing pattern. The developed procedure is based on photogrammetric Space Resection Solution, which provides the position and camera attitude reckoning starting from at least three, not aligned, reference control points whose image coordinates may be measured in the image camera frame. Five circular coloured targets were placed on a specific landing pattern, their 2D image frame coordinates was extracted through a particular algorithm. The aim of this work is to compute UAS precise position and attitude from single image, in order to have a good approach to landing field. This procedure can be used in addition or for replacement of GPS tracking and can be applied when the landing field is movable or located on a moving platform, the UAS will follow the landing pattern until the landing phase will be closed.

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