scholarly journals Vegetation Restoration and Its Environmental Effects on the Loess Plateau

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongfei Zhao ◽  
Hongming He ◽  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Chunyu Bai ◽  
Chuangjuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Positive Effects

An analysis of land use/cover change (LUCC) on the Loess Plateau over the past 30 years and its environmental effects was performed to provide scientific guidance for a sustainable development policy for the regional ecological environment and social economy. Geostatistical and trend analyses are used to study the LUCC characteristics, driving forces and environmental effects, and the relationship between LUCC and regional sustainable development is explored. The following results were obtained: (1) Overall, the land use structure has not changed, with grassland, farmland, and forest land remaining dominant; however, the vegetation coverage has significantly increased, especially in the central area. (2) LUCC is affected by climate change and human activities, with greater climate change impacts in the northwest than the southeast and greater among which human-induced impacts on the hilly/gully region in the central part. (3) LUCC will produce long-term ecological and environmental processes, such as surface runoff, soil erosion, soil moisture and carbon cycling. Vegetation restoration has both negative and positive effects on the regional ecological environment. Vegetation productivity on the Loess Plateau has approached the water resource carrying capacity threshold. Therefore, improving artificial vegetation stability and promoting the water resources balance have become the main strategies for promoting sustainable development on the Loess Plateau.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Responses of Evapotranspiration and Its Components to Vegetation Restoration and Climate Change on the Loess Plateau of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2358
Author(s):  
Linjing Qiu ◽  
Yiping Wu ◽  
Zhaoyang Shi ◽  
Yuting Chen ◽  
Fubo Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
Ecological Planning ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Community Land Model ◽  
Spatiotemporal Trends

Quantitatively identifying the influences of vegetation restoration (VR) on water resources is crucial to ecological planning. Although vegetation coverage has improved on the Loess Plateau (LP) of China since the implementation of VR policy, the way vegetation dynamics influences regional evapotranspiration (ET) remains controversial. In this study, we first investigate long-term spatiotemporal trends of total ET (TET) components, including ground evaporation (GE) and canopy ET (CET, sum of canopy interception and canopy transpiration) based on the GLEAM-ET dataset. The ET changes are attributed to VR on the LP from 2000 to 2015 and these results are quantitatively evaluated here using the Community Land Model (CLM). Finally, the relative contributions of VR and climate change to ET are identified by combining climate scenarios and VR scenarios. The results show that the positive effect of VR on CET is offset by the negative effect of VR on GE, which results in a weak variation in TET at an annual scale and an increased TET is only shown in summer. Regardless of the representative concentration pathway (RCP4.5 or RCP8.5), differences resulted from the responses of TET to different vegetation conditions ranging from −3.7 to −1.2 mm, while climate change from RCP4.5 to RCP8.5 caused an increase in TET ranging from 0.1 to 65.3 mm. These findings imply that climate change might play a dominant role in ET variability on the LP, and this work emphasizes the importance of comprehensively considering the interactions among climate factors to assess the relative contributions of VR and climate change to ET.

scholarly journals Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Erosion on the Loess Plateau: A Case Study in the Ansai Watershed

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6266
Author(s):  
Hui Wei ◽  
Wenwu Zhao ◽  
Han Wang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Erosion Environment

Large-scale vegetation restoration greatly changed the soil erosion environment in the Loess Plateau since the implementation of the “Grain for Green Project” (GGP) in 1999. Evaluating the effects of vegetation restoration on soil erosion is significant to local soil and water conservation and vegetation construction. Taking the Ansai Watershed as the case area, this study calculated the soil erosion modulus from 2000 to 2015 under the initial and current scenarios of vegetation restoration, using the Chinese Soil Loess Equation (CSLE), based on rainfall and soil data, remote sensing images and socio-economic data. The effect of vegetation restoration on soil erosion was evaluated by comparing the average annual soil erosion modulus under two scenarios among 16 years. The results showed: (1) vegetation restoration significantly changed the local land use, characterized by the conversion of farmland to grassland, arboreal land, and shrub land. From 2000 to 2015, the area of arboreal land, shrub land, and grassland increased from 19.46 km2, 19.43 km2, and 719.49 km2 to 99.26 km2, 75.97 km2, and 1084.24 km2; while the farmland area decreased from 547.90 km2 to 34.35 km2; (2) the average annual soil erosion modulus from 2000 to 2015 under the initial and current scenarios of vegetation restoration was 114.44 t/(hm²·a) and 78.42 t/(hm²·a), respectively, with an average annual reduction of 4.81 × 106 t of soil erosion amount thanks to the vegetation restoration; (3) the dominant soil erosion intensity changed from “severe and light erosion” to “moderate and light erosion”, vegetation restoration greatly improved the soil erosion environment in the study area; (4) areas with increased erosion and decreased erosion were alternately distributed, accounting for 48% and 52% of the total land area, and mainly distributed in the northwest and southeast of the watershed, respectively. Irrational land use changes in local areas (such as the conversion of farmland and grassland into construction land, etc.) and the ineffective implementation of vegetation restoration are the main reasons leading to the existence of areas with increased erosion.

scholarly journals Hydrological Responses to Climate and Land Use Changes in a Watershed of the Loess Plateau, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Yan ◽  
Yanpeng Cai ◽  
Chunhui Li ◽  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Qiang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Lulc Change

This study researched the individual and combined impacts of future LULC and climate changes on water balance in the upper reaches of the Beiluo River basin on the Loess Plateau of China, using the scenarios of RCP4.5 and 8.5 of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The climate data indicated that both precipitation and temperature increased at seasonal and annual scales from 2020 to 2050 under RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The future land use changes were predicted through the CA-Markov model. The land use predictions of 2025, 2035, and 2045 indicated rising forest areas with decreased agricultural land and grassland. In this study, three scenarios including only LULC change, only climate change, and combined climate and LULC change were established. The SWAT model was calibrated, validated, and used to simulate the water balance under the three scenarios. The results showed that increased rainfall and temperature may lead to increased runoff, water yield, and ET in spring, summer, and autumn and to decreased runoff, water yield, and ET in winter from 2020 to 2050. However, LULC change, compared with climate change, may have a smaller impact on the water balance. On an annual scale, runoff and water yield may gradually decrease, but ET may increase. The combined effects of both LULC and climate changes on water balance in the future were similar to the variation trend of climate changes alone at both annual and seasonal scales. The results obtained in this study provide further insight into the availability of future streamflow and can aid in water resource management planning in the study area.

Soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau in China: review and perspective

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liding Chen ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
Bojie Fu ◽  
Yihe Lü
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
Soil And Water Conservation ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
The Past ◽  
Soil And Water ◽  
Made In

The Loess Plateau, China, has long been suffering from serious soil erosion. About 2000 years ago, larger areas were used for grain production and soil erosion was thus becoming severe with increase in human activity. Severe soil and water loss led to widespread land degradation. During the past decades, great efforts were made in vegetation restoration to reduce soil erosion. However, the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected due to water shortage. China initiated another state-funded scheme, the `Grain-for-Green' project in 1999, on the Loess Plateau to reduce soil erosion and improve land quality. However, the control of soil erosion effectively by land-use modification raised problems. In this paper, the lessons and experiences regarding soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau in the past decades are analysed first. Urgent problems are then elaborated, such as the contradiction between land resource and human population, shortage of water both in amount and tempospatial distribution for vegetation growth, weak awareness of the problems of soil conservation by local officials, and poor public participation in soil and water conservation. Finally, suggestions regarding soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau are given. In order to control soil erosion and improve vegetation, a scientific and detailed land-use plan for the Loess Plateau has to be made, in the first instance, and then planning for wise use of water resources should be undertaken to control mass movement effectively and to improve land productivity. Methods of improving public awareness of environmental conservation and public involvement in vegetation rehabilitation are also important.

The spatial and temporal characteristics of precipitation and the key contributing factors in the Loess Plateau since the implementation of Green for Grain Project

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuerui Gao ◽  
Jichao Wang ◽  
Yubao Wang ◽  
Xining Zhao ◽  
Yong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Increase Rate

<p>      Since the implementation of Green for Grain Project (GFGP) in the 1990s, the precipitation in the Loess Plateau has increased significantly. The warming and wetting trend in this area is becoming statistically significant. However, the correlation between precipitation increase and regional vegetation restoration is still controversial. To explore the main factors influencing the regional precipitation change, this study selected 6 main contributing factors of the precipitation in the Loess Plateau based on the cloud-precipitation physics and used the statistical methods to analyze the long-term change trend and the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in the Loess plateau before and after GFGP and to quantify the contribution rate of different factors to precipitation change in this area. The results show that: 1) the precipitation increased significantly (95% confidence level) after Green for Grain Project since 1999, with an increase rate of 4.96 mm/a; 2) From the perspective of spatial and temporal distribution, the precipitation in the southern part of the Loess plateau was significantly increasing with an increase rate of 20-50mm in the period of 2000-2015 compared with the average annual value in the base period (1985-1999). Among them, the summer precipitation increased significantly, while the winter precipitation changed non-significantly; 3) The contribution analysis shows that the summer precipitation in the Loess Plateau is mainly affected by regional actual evapotranspiration (AET) and vegetation coverage (NDVI) after GFGP, with the contribution rates of 27.1% and 40.0%, which respectively indicates that the summer precipitation in the Loess Plateau increased mainly due to the regional vegetation restoration and the associated ET increase. The winter precipitation in the Loess Plateau is mainly affected by the precipitable water (PW) in the air and water vapor flux (VF), with the contribution rates of 33.5% and 31.7%, which indicates that the winter precipitation is mainly affected by atmospheric circulation and transport of external water vapor. Based on this study, we speculate that the warming and wetting trend of Loess Plateau in recent years is not only closely related to global climate change, but also significantly affected by local climate change brought by vegetation restoration. The above conclusions are important for future ecological restoration and water resources management in the water-scarce Loess Plateau.</p>

Impacts of land use change and climatic effects on streamflow in the Chinese Loess Plateau: a meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Chen ◽  
Luuk Fleskens ◽  
Jantiene Baartman ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
Simon Moolenaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Chinese Loess Plateau ◽  
Land Restoration ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Chinese Loess ◽  
The Chinese Loess Plateau

<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Land use and climate change are recognized as two major drivers affecting surface streamflow. On the Chinese Loess Plateau, implementation of several land restoration projects has changed land cover in recent decades. The main objectives of this study were to understand how streamflow evolved on the Loess Plateau and how land use and climate change have contributed to this change. In this study, we selected 22 hydrological modelling studies covering 25 different watersheds in the Loess Plateau and we performed a meta-analysis by using the hydrological and metrological data collected from these studies. The results indicate a streamflow decrease in 41 of a total of 52 case studies whereas precipitation change was found to be non-significant in the majority of the cases. Streamflow reduction was estimated to be -0.46mm/year by meta-analysis across all case studies. Land use change was estimated to have 63.52% impact on the streamflow reduction whereas climate change accounted for 36.48% of the impact. Using meta-regression, an increasing soil and water conservation area was found to be positively correlated to streamflow reduction. We conclude that in the Chinese Loess Plateau, streamflow shows a decreasing trend and land restoration is the major cause of this reduction. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first study that estimates streamflow dynamics across many watersheds on the entire Loess Plateau.</p>

Evolution Characteristics and Simulation Prediction of Forest and Grass Landscape Fragmentation Based on the “Grain for Green” Projects on the Loess Plateau, P.R. China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Gu ◽  
Zhiwen Gong ◽  
Yuankun Bu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Landscape Fragmentation ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Grain For Green ◽  
Grain For Green Project ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Forest fragmentation is one of the major environmental issues that the international community is generally concerned about under the background of global climate change. Studying the impact and the interaction mechanism of land use change processes on landscape fragmentation is important to gaining a comprehensive understanding of the ecosystem response to human activities and global climate change. Based on the implementation background for the “Grain for Green” Project, we selected the Loess Plateau as the research area and used the coupled future land use simulation (FLUS) model and landscape fragmentation model to explore the temporal and spatial changes in forest and grass landscape fragmentation. The results showed that (1) Woodland, grassland, and cropland are the main landscape types, accounting for about 90% of the total area. In addition, the area of cropland initially increased and then decreased, while the area of woodland and grassland exhibited the opposite trend Oover the last 35 years. In particular, the period from 2000 to 2015 was a forest and grass restoration stage, and the average annual rate of forest and grass restoration reached 0.56%. (2) The FLUS model was used to predict the land use on the Loess Plateau in 2030. The kappa coefficient was 0.85, and the figure of merit coefficient (FOM) was 0.11 for a 1% random sampling, which are within a reasonable range, and the simulation results are also consistent with the objective change in the current social and economic development. (3) The fragmentation of woodland and grassland were dominated by edge type and core type. The core type had a concentrated distribution and an absolute advantage, accounting for more than 75% of the total area. It is predicted that the landscape fragmentation will gradually slowdown in 2030 under different intensities of the “Grain for Green” project. The dynamics of landscape fragmentation based on land use changes are conducive to the reasonable planning and objective evaluation of woodland and grassland spatial allocation and quality improvement, and provide an important basis for the formulation of ecological protection and land management policies.

Separating the effects of revegetation and sediment-trapping dams construction on runoff decrease in a semi-arid watershed of the Loess Plateau

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingjun Lu ◽  
Huimin Lei ◽  
Dawen Yang ◽  
Xudong Fu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Sediment Trapping ◽  
Runoff Reduction ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Runoff Decrease

<p>Runoff decrease as was triggered or exacerbated by human activities over the past decades on the Loess Plateau has grown to be a hot spot increasingly drawing nationwide concerns; distinguishing human-induced runoff-altering factors from one another is of great significance to decision-making on maintaining regional water, ecological and economic security. Sediment-trapping dams (STDs) construction and revegetation are the two major soil conservation practices regarded to have also caused runoff reduction, whose hydrologic effects on the basin scale have not been separated quantitatively. Our study, choosing the Huangfuchuan River Basin as the study area and based on analyses of its hydrologic, climatic and underlying condition changes, proposed a physically-based attribution framework which is able to account for the hydrological effects of STDs, revegetation, land use change and climate change simultaneously, and attributed runoff decrease of the basin among factors including climate change, STDs construction, revegetation and land use cover change. The model-based attribution results indicate that STDs construction caused a 45% (48%) runoff reduction from 1976-1988 to 1989-2000 (2001-2014) and revegetation was responsible for a 30% runoff decrease from 1976-1988 to 2001-2014, with daily simulation implying that the hydrologic effect of revegetation to affect flow magnitudes more consistently than that of STDs. Our study demonstrates that STDs construction is the prime contributor to runoff decrease in the study area and suggests that STDs should be taken into account in similar studies on the Loess Plateau in the future.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document