scholarly journals Sustainability through the Digitalization of Industrial Machines: Complementary Factors of Fuel Consumption and Productivity for Forklifts with Sensors

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6708
Author(s):  
Natallia Pashkevich ◽  
Darek Haftor ◽  
Mikael Karlsson ◽  
Soumitra Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Industrial Setting ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
Medium Range ◽  
Efficient Machine ◽  
Operational Data ◽  
Optimal Fuel Consumption

Increasing the fuel efficiency of industrial machines through digitalization can enable the transport and logistics sector to overcome challenges such as low productivity growth and increasing CO2 emissions. Modern digitalized machines with embedded sensors that collect and transmit operational data have opened up new avenues for the identification of more efficient machine use. While existing studies of industrial machines have mostly focused on one or a few conditioning factors at a time, this study took a complementary approach, using a large set of known factors that simultaneously conditioned both the fuel consumption and productivity of medium-range forklifts (n = 285) that operated in a natural industrial setting for one full year. The results confirm the importance of a set of factors, including aspects related to the vehicles’ travels, drivers, operations, workload spectra, and contextual factors, such as industry and country. As a novel contribution, this study shows that the key conditioning factors interact with each other in a non-linear and non-additive manner. This means that addressing one factor at a time might not provide optimal fuel consumption, and instead all factors need to be addressed simultaneously as a system.

Application of Box-Behnken Analysis on the Optimisation of Air Intake System for a Naturally Aspirated Engine

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 8029-8042
Author(s):  
N.S. Mustafa ◽  
N.H.A. Ngadiman ◽  
M.A. Abas ◽  
M.Y. Noordin
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Design Expert ◽  
Intake System ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
System Components ◽  
Air Intake ◽  
High Influence

Fuel price crisis has caused people to demand a car that is having a low fuel consumption without compromising the engine performance. Designing a naturally aspirated engine which can enhance engine performance and fuel efficiency requires optimisation processes on air intake system components. Hence, this study intends to carry out the optimisation process on the air intake system and airbox geometry. The parameters that have high influence on the design of an airbox geometry was determined by using AVL Boost software which simulated the automobile engine. The optimisation of the parameters was done by using Design Expert which adopted the Box-Behnken analysis technique. The result that was obtained from the study are optimised diameter of inlet/snorkel, volume of airbox, diameter of throttle body and length of intake runner are 81.07 mm, 1.04 L, 44.63 mm and 425 mm, respectively. By using these parameters values, the maximum engine performance and minimum fuel consumption are 93.3732 Nm and 21.3695×10-4 kg/s, respectively. This study has fully accomplished its aim to determine the significant parameters that influenced the performance of airbox and optimised the parameters so that a high engine performance and fuel efficiency can be produced. The success of this study can contribute to a better design of an airbox.

scholarly journals Effect of Methanol/Water Mixed Fuel Compound Injection on Engine Combustion and Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4491
Author(s):  
Changchun Xu ◽  
Haengmuk Cho
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Combustion Mechanism ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Concentration Ratios

Due to the recent global increase in fuel prices, to reduce emissions from ground transportation and improve urban air quality, it is necessary to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Water, methanol, and a mixture of the two were added at the pre-intercooler position to keep the same charge and cooling of the original rich mixture, reduce BSFC and increase ITE, and promote combustion. The methanol/water mixing volume ratios of different fuel injection strategies were compared to find the best balance between fuel consumption, performance, and emission trends. By simulating the combustion mechanism of methanol, water, and diesel mixed through the Chemkin system, the ignition delay, temperature change, and the generation rate of the hydroxyl group (−OH) in the reaction process were analyzed. Furthermore, the performance and emission of the engine were analyzed in combination with the actual experiment process. This paper studied the application of different concentration ratios of the water–methanol–diesel mixture in engines. Five concentration ratios of water–methanol blending were injected into the engine at different injection ratios at the pre-intercooler position, such as 100% methanol, 90% methanol/10% water, 60% methanol/40% water, 30% methanol/70% water, 100% water was used. With different volume ratios of premixes, the combustion rate and combustion efficiency were affected by droplet extinguishment, flashing, or explosion, resulting in changes in combustion temperature and affecting engine performance and emissions. In this article, the injection carryout at the pre-intercooler position of the intake port indicated thermal efficiency increase and a brake specific fuel consumption rate decrease with the increase of water–methanol concentration, and reduce CO, UHC, and nitrogen oxide emissions. In particular, when 60% methanol and 40% water were added, it was found that the ignition delay was the shortest and the cylinder pressure was the largest, but the heat release rate was indeed the lowest.

scholarly journals Structure Prediction of Rare Earth Doped BaO and MgO Containing Aluminosilicate Glasses–the Model Case of Gd2O3

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Zekri ◽  
Andreas Erlebach ◽  
Andreas Herrmann ◽  
Kamel Damak ◽  
Christian Rüssel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Simulated Annealing ◽  
Atomic Structure ◽  
Structure Prediction ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Aluminosilicate Glasses ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Medium Range ◽  
Rare Earth Doped

The medium-range atomic structure of magnesium and barium aluminosilicate glasses doped with Gd2O3 as a model rare earth oxide is elucidated using molecular dynamics simulations. Our structure models rationalize the strong dependence of the luminescence properties of the glasses on their chemical composition. The simulation procedure used samples’ atomic configurations, the so-called inherent structures, characterizing configurations of the liquid state slightly above the glass transition temperature. This yields medium-range atomic structures of network former and modifier ions in good agreement with structure predictions using standard simulated annealing procedures. However, the generation of a large set of inherent structures allows a statistical sampling of the medium-range order of Gd3+ ions with less computational effort compared to the simulated annealing approach. It is found that the number of Si-bound non-bridging oxygen in the vicinity of Gd3+ considerably increases with growing ionic radius and concentration of network-modifier ions. In addition, structure predictions indicate a low driving force for clustering of Gd3+, yet no precise correlation between the atomic structure and luminescence lifetimes can be conclusively established. However, the structure models provided in this study can serve as a starting point for future quantum mechanical simulations to shed a light on the relation between the atomic structure and optical properties of rare earth doped aluminosilicate glasses.

scholarly journals Efficiency evaluation of using lubricants with fullerene compositions during operation of trucks in the urban driving cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-139
Author(s):  
Andriy Kravtsov ◽  
Mykola Karnaukh ◽  
Lubomir Slobodyan
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Transmission Oil ◽  
Operation Period ◽  
Winter Operation

The assessment of a car fuel efficiency during operation using lubricants (motor and transmission oils) with fullerene compositions in a urban driving cycle is executed. Fullerene compositions were added to the engine and transmission oil at a mass concentration 10%. The guiding document that defines the procedure for testing vehicles for fuel efficiency is GOST 20306-90. Urban driving cycle tests were carried out on a truck ZIL-5301 "Bull" at an outside air temperature of +20°С (summer operation period) and at an outside air temperature of -5°С (winter operation period). It is established that operating a car in the urban driving cycle using of fullerene composition in both engine and transmission oils reduces the fuel consumption of the car by 14.54 ... 17.45% in the summer period. The value of 17.45% corresponds to the mileage of the car without cargo (m = 0), and the value of 14.54% – to the mileage with a cargo (m = 3000 kg). The coefficient of variation of the measured value of fuel consumption was 0.039 ... 0.042. This allows us to conclude that the measurement error is in the range of 3.9 ... 4.2%. When operating the car in the urban driving cycle in the winter operation period, the use of fullerene composition (mass concentration 10%) Simultaneously in the engine oil and transmission oil reduces fuel consumption by 13.24 ... 15.15%. The value of 15.15% corresponds to the mileage of the car without cargo (m = 0), and the value of 13.24% – mileage with cargo (m = 3000 kg). The coefficient of variation of the measured value of fuel consumption was 0.039 ... 0.044. This allows us to conclude that the measurement error is in the range of 3.9 ... 4.4%.

Solving Environmental Problems by Recycling the Cut Chalk To Lime in a Rotating Furnace

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
B.P. Yur’ev ◽  
V.A. Dudko
Keyword(s):  
Specific Heat ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Thermodynamic Calculation ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Heat Of Decomposition ◽  
Rotating Furnace ◽  
Optimal Fuel Consumption

A technology of processing chalk from the Lebedinskoye deposit into high quality lime by roasting in a rotary kiln is proposed. A procedure has been developed for the thermodynamic calculation of the specific heat of decomposition of carbonates contained in chalk. The material and heat balances of the operating rotary kiln have been compiled. All the main parameters of its operation and the optimal fuel consumption for chalk processing have been determined.

Improving Cost and Fuel Efficiency of Short Sea Ro-Ro Vessels through More Slender Designs - A Feasibility Study

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haakon Lindstad ◽  
Hans Jørgen Mørch ◽  
Inge Sandass
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
The Political ◽  
Fuel Cost ◽  
Hull Forms ◽  
Political Objective

Despite the political objective of decreasing road transport and transfer cargo to road and sea, short sea shipping is struggling. There is therefore a need for development of new short sea Ro-Ro vessels which use significantly less fuel per ton transported which can be built at a modest cost. This feasibility study has: First mapped the main characteristics of the current fleet, i.e. dimensions, capacities, installed power and designs speeds; Second investigated alternative combinations of main measurements to enable more slender hull forms which require less power and hence give fuel consumption and fuel cost per transported unit; Third, performed a case study to compare the economic and environmental performance of these slenderer designs, with traditional designs and road only solutions. This study shows the advantage of investigating a large number of alternative dimensions and capacities to identify the designs which reduces cost and fuel consumption. And that the best option is to design and build more slender vessels.

scholarly journals Experimental Analysis of Calculation of Fuel Consumption Rate by On-Road Mileage in a 2.0 L Gasoline-Fueled Passenger Vehicle

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaehyuk Lim ◽  
Yumin Lee ◽  
Kiho Kim ◽  
Jinwook Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Fuel Consumption Rate ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Consumption Value

The five-driving test mode is vehicle driving cycles made by the Environment Protection Association (EPA) in the United States of America (U.S.A.) to fully reflect actual driving environments. Recently, fuel consumption value calculated from the adjusted fuel consumption formula has been more effective in reducing the difference from that experienced in real-world driving conditions, than the official fuel efficiency equation used in the past that only considered the driving environment included in FTP and HWFET cycles. There are many factors that bring about divergence between official fuel consumption and that experienced by drivers, such as driving pattern behavior, accumulated mileage, driving environment, and traffic conditions. In this study, we focused on the factor of causing change of fuel efficiency value, calculated according to how many environmental conditions that appear on the real-road are considered, in producing the fuel consumption formula, and that of the vehicle’s accumulated mileage in a 2.0 L gasoline-fueled vehicle. So, the goals of this research are divided into four major areas to investigate divergence in fuel efficiency obtained from different equations, and what factors and how much CO2 and CO emissions that are closely correlated to fuel efficiency change, depending on the cumulative mileage of the vehicle. First, the fuel consumption value calculated from the non-adjusted formula, was compared with that calculated from the corrected fuel consumption formula. Also, how much CO2 concentration levels change as measured during each of the three driving cycles was analyzed as the vehicle ages. In addition, since the US06 driving cycle is divided into city mode and highway mode, how much CO2 and CO production levels change as the engine ages during acceleration periods in each mode was investigated. Finally, the empirical formula was constructed using fuel economy values obtained when the test vehicle reached 6500 km, 15,000 km, and 30,000 km cumulative mileage, to predict how much fuel consumption of city and highway would worsen, when mileage of the vehicle is increased further. When cumulative mileage values set in this study were reached, experiments were performed by placing the vehicle on a chassis dynamometer, in compliance with the carbon balance method. A key result of this study is that fuel economy is affected by various fuel consumption formula, as well as by aging of the engine. In particular, with aging aspects, the effect of an aging engine on fuel efficiency is insignificant, depending on the load and driving situation.

scholarly journals Development of a Practical Method to Estimate the Eco-Level of Driver Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jianbin Zheng ◽  
Yiping Wu
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Propagation Network

Motor vehicle’s fuel consumption is one of the main sources of energy consumption in road transportation and is highly influenced by driver performance in the process of driving. Eco-driving behavior has been proved to be an effective way to improve the fuel efficiency of vehicles. Essential to the efforts towards saving vehicle fuel is the need to estimate the eco-level of driver performance accurately and practically. Depending on on-board diagnostics and Global Position devices, individual vehicle’s instantaneous fuel consumption, engine revolution and torque, speed, acceleration, and dynamic location were collected. Back-propagation network was adopted to explore the relationship between vehicle fuel consumption and the parameters of driver performance. Taking 700 data samples in basic segments of urban expressways as our training set and 100 data samples as validation test, we found the optimal model structure and parameters through repeated simulation experiments. In addition to the average and standard deviation value, the fluctuation frequency of driver performance data was also viewed as influence factors in eco-level estimation model. The average estimation accuracy of our developed model has been tested to be 96.37%, which is quite higher than that of linear regression model. The study results provide a practical way to evaluate drivers’ performance from the perspective of fuel consumption and thus give basis for rewarding best drivers within eco-driving programs.

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