R&D Expenditure for New Technology in Livestock Farming: Impact on GHG Reduction in Developing Countries

The achievement of the objectives of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has increasingly received attention and support from decision makers and research by scholars. The livestock sector has always been one of the major sources of GHG emissions, especially in developing countries that do not have green technologies to improve the management of livestock waste. In order to achieve an absolute reduction in emissions, developed countries have applied a wide range of mitigation options; however, there are few studies from the developing world, although greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries have registered a rapid growth. Therefore, this research aims to assess and understand whether public R&D investments can affect emissions deriving from the livestock sector in developing countries. We made use of the FAOSTAT data (FAO Statistical Databases United Nations) and ASTI data set (Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators), collecting data from 29 Africa countries, in 2014 (latest data available). The data were analyzed by means of a Generalized Propensity Scores (GPS) approach, an increasingly widespread technique that is more robust than regression models, especially in small datasets. Our analysis suggests that the livestock sector in these countries shows an improvement in its relationships with the environment and GHG emission levels when the level of public R&D (Research and Development) investment on agriculture is greater. Therefore, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by investing in research and development can lead to more efficient and sustainable resource management for developing countries.

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Reducing Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Meet Climate Targets—A Comprehensive Quantification and Reasonable Options

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14175260 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (17) ◽

pp. 5260

Author(s):

Christoph Kern ◽

Andreas Jess

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Road Transport ◽

End Users ◽

Electricity Sector ◽

Electricity Production ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Climate Targets ◽

Ghg Reduction

A model is presented which covers the global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions) and the energy consumption (fuels, electricity) in five sectors of end users, industry, transport, buildings, agriculture, and fugitive emissions. The electricity sector is also considered, but the associated GHG emissions are reallocated to the five end users. Different GHG reduction measures were calculated ranging from substitution of coal for electricity generation by renewables, electrification of road transport and buildings, restructuring of the sector industry to finally a 50% reduction of both food waste and meat consumption. To elucidate the consequences of global warming, future emission scenarios were also incorporated. One major conclusion is that the world can only reach the 2-degree climate target if electricity is only produced by renewables, and if transportation, buildings, and the industry are completely electrified by 2050. Compared to today, the electricity production by renewables will then rise by a factor of 11, and the total electricity demand by a factor of 2.4.

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Mitigation Strategies for Reduction of Embodied Energy and Carbon, in the Construction Systems of Contemporary Quality Architecture

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11143806 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (14) ◽

pp. 3806 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Enrico Sicignano ◽

Giacomo Di Ruocco ◽

Roberta Melella

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Building Materials ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Embodied Energy ◽

Design Strategies ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Wide Range

The criticality related to the consumption of operational energy and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of existing buildings is clearly decreasing in new buildings due to the strategies tested and applied in recent years in the energy retrofit sector. Recently, studies have been focusing on strategies to reduce environmental impacts related to the entire life cycle of the building organism, with reference to the reduction of embodied energy (and related greenhouse gas emissions) in building materials. As part of EEA’s European EBC project, Annex 57, a wide range of case studies have been promoted with the aim of identifying design strategies that can reduce the embodied energy and related greenhouse gas emissions of buildings. The aim of this paper is to investigate the most common construction systems in the construction industry (concrete, steel, wood) through the analysis of three contemporary architectural works, with the aim of identifying the predisposition for environmental sustainability of each technological system, thus guiding the operators in the sector towards design choices more compatible with the environmental requirements recommended by European legislation.

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Greenhouse gas emissions from the water–air interface of a grassland river: a case study of the Xilin River

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81658-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xue Hao ◽

Yu Ruihong ◽

Zhang Zhuangzhuang ◽

Qi Zhen ◽

Lu Xixi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Land Use ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Sand Land ◽

Very High

AbstractGreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rivers and lakes have been shown to significantly contribute to global carbon and nitrogen cycling. In spatiotemporal-variable and human-impacted rivers in the grassland region, simultaneous carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions and their relationships under the different land use types are poorly documented. This research estimated greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4, N2O) emissions in the Xilin River of Inner Mongolia of China using direct measurements from 18 field campaigns under seven land use type (such as swamp, sand land, grassland, pond, reservoir, lake, waste water) conducted in 2018. The results showed that CO2 emissions were higher in June and August, mainly affected by pH and DO. Emissions of CH4 and N2O were higher in October, which were influenced by TN and TP. According to global warming potential, CO2 emissions accounted for 63.35% of the three GHG emissions, and CH4 and N2O emissions accounted for 35.98% and 0.66% in the Xilin river, respectively. Under the influence of different degrees of human-impact, the amount of CO2 emissions in the sand land type was very high, however, CH4 emissions and N2O emissions were very high in the artificial pond and the wastewater, respectively. For natural river, the greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir and sand land were both low. The Xilin river was observed to be a source of carbon dioxide and methane, and the lake was a sink for nitrous oxide.

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Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting agricultural management for climate change in developing countries: providing the basis for action

Global Change Biology ◽

10.1111/gcb.12361 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Stephen M. Ogle ◽

Lydia Olander ◽

Lini Wollenberg ◽

Todd Rosenstock ◽

Francesco Tubiello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Agricultural Management ◽

Gas Emissions

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Remotely sensed temperature is a proxy of greenhouse gas emissions in intact and managed peatlands

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-4474 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ain Kull ◽

Iuliia Burdun ◽

Gert Veber ◽

Oleksandr Karasov ◽

Martin Maddison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Water Table ◽

Ecosystem Respiration ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Remotely Sensed ◽

Water Table Depth ◽

Gas Emissions

Besides water table depth, soil temperature is one of the main drivers of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in intact and managed peatlands. In this work, we evaluate the performance of remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST) as a proxy of greenhouse gas emissions in intact, drained and extracted peatlands. For this, we used chamber-measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) data from seven peatlands in Estonia collected during vegetation season in 2017&#8211;2020. Additionally, we used temperature and water table depth data measured in situ. We studied relationships between CO2, CH4, in-situ parameters and remotely sensed LST from Landsat 7 and 8, and MODIS Terra. Results of our study suggest that LST has stronger relationships with surface and soil temperature as well as with ecosystem respiration (Reco) over drained and extracted sites than over intact ones. Over the extracted cites the correlation between Reco CO2 and LST is 0.7, and over the drained sites correlation is 0.5. In natural sites, we revealed a moderate positive relationship between LST and CO2 emitted in hollows (correlation is 0.6) while it is weak in hummocks (correlation is 0.3). Our study contributes to the better understanding of relationships between greenhouse gas emissions and their remotely sensed proxies over peatlands with different management status and enables better spatial assessment of GHG emissions in drainage affected northern temperate peatlands.

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The Paris Agreement’s Implications for Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate-Related Policies and Measures in Developing Countries

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3422593 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexander Zahar

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Policies And Measures ◽

Reporting And Verification

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News Briefs: Developing countries are taking surprisingly bold steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,

Environmental Science & Technology ◽

10.1021/es992599c ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 14A-14A

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Gas Emissions

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Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nickel Products

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13215664 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 5664

Author(s):

Wenjing Wei ◽

Peter B. Samuelsson ◽

Anders Tilliander ◽

Rutger Gyllenram ◽

Pär G. Jönsson

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Process Model ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Primary Energy ◽

Nickel Metal ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Nickel Smelting ◽

Ore Grade

The primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from nickel smelting products have been assessed through case studies using a process model based on mass and energy balance. The required primary energy for producing nickel metal, nickel oxide, ferronickel, and nickel pig iron is 174 GJ/t alloy (174 GJ/t contained Ni), 369 GJ/t alloy (485 GJ/t contained Ni), 110 GJ/t alloy (309 GJ/t contained Ni), and 60 GJ/t alloy (598 GJ/t contained Ni), respectively. Furthermore, the associated GHG emissions are 14 tCO2-eq/t alloy (14 tCO2-eq/t contained Ni), 30 t CO2-eq/t alloy (40 t CO2-eq/t contained Ni), 6 t CO2-eq/t alloy (18 t CO2-eq/t contained Ni), and 7 t CO2-eq/t alloy (69 t CO2-eq/t contained Ni). A possible carbon emission reduction can be observed by comparing ore type, ore grade, and electricity source, as well as allocation strategy. The suggested process model overcomes the limitation of a conventional life cycle assessment study which considers the process as a ‘black box’ and allows for an identification of further possibilities to implement sustainable nickel production.

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Urban greenhouse gas emissions from the Berlin area: A case study using airborne CO2 and CH4 in situ observations in summer 2018

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-3363 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Theresa Klausner ◽

Mariano Mertens ◽

Heidi Huntrieser ◽

Michal Galkowski ◽

Gerrit Kuhlmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Capital City ◽

Detailed Knowledge ◽

Emission Flux ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Mixing Ratios

Urban areas are recognised as a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). The total amount of urban GHG emissions, especially for CH4, however, is not well quantified. Here we report on airborne in situ measurements using a Picarro G1301-m analyser aboard the DLR Cessna Grand Caravan to study GHG emissions downwind of the German capital city Berlin. In total, five aircraft-based mass balance experiments were conducted in July 2018 within the Urban Climate Under Change [UC]2 project. The detection and isolation of the Berlin plume was often challenging because of comparatively small GHG signals above variable atmospheric background concentrations. However, on July 20th enhancements of up to 4 ppm CO2 and 21 ppb CH4 were observed over a horizontal extent of roughly 45 to 65 km downwind of Berlin. These enhanced mixing ratios are clearly distinguishable from the background and can partly be assigned to city emissions. The estimated CO2 emission flux of 1.39 &#177; 0.75 t s-1 is in agreement with current inventories, while the CH4 emission flux of 5.20 &#177; 1.61 kg s-1 is almost two times larger than the highest reported value in the inventories. We localized the source area with HYSPLIT trajectory calculations and the high resolution numerical model MECO(n) (down to ~1 km), and investigated the contribution from sewage-treatment plants and waste deposition to CH4, which are treated differently by the emission inventories. Our work highlights the importance of a) strong CH4 sources in the surroundings of Berlin and b) a detailed knowledge of GHG inflow mixing ratios to suitably estimate emission rates.

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Comparison of RZWQM2 and DNDC Models to Simulate Greenhouse Gas Emissions under Combined Inorganic/Organic Fertilization in a Subsurface-Drained Field

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.13668 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 771-787

Author(s):

Qianjing Jiang ◽

Zhiming Qi ◽

Chandra A. Madramootoo ◽

Ward Smith ◽

Naeem A. Abbasi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Measured Data ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

N Management ◽

Better Than

HighlightsRZWQM2 was compared with DNDC to predict greenhouse gas emissions.RZWQM2 was applied to simulate the greenhouse gas emissions under manure application.RZWQM2 performed better than DNDC in simulating soil water content and CO2 emissions.Abstract. N management has the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Process-based models are promising tools for evaluating and developing management practices that may optimize sustainability goals as well as promote crop productivity. In this study, the GHG emission component of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2) was tested under two different types of N management and subsequently compared with the Denitrification-Decomposition (DNDC) model using measured data from a subsurface-drained field with a corn-soybean rotation in southern Ontario, Canada. Field-measured data included N2O and CO2 fluxes, soil temperature, and soil moisture content from a four-year field experiment (2012 to 2015). The experiment was composed of two N treatments: inorganic fertilizer (IF), and inorganic fertilizer combined with solid cattle manure (SCM). Both models were calibrated using the data from IF and validated with SCM. Statistical results indicated that both models predicted well the soil temperature, but RZWQM2 performed better than DNDC in simulating soil water content (SWC) because DNDC lacked a heterogeneous soil profile, had shallow simulation depth, and lacked crop root density functions. Both RZWQM2 and DNDC predicted the cumulative N2O and CO2 emissions within 15% error under all treatments, while the timing of daily CO2 emissions was more accurately predicted by RZWQM2 (RMSE = 0.43 to 0.54) than by DNDC (RMSE = 0.60 to 0.67). Modeling results for N management effects on GHG emissions showed consistency with the field measurements, indicating higher CO2 emissions under SCM than IF, higher N2O emissions under IF in corn years, but lower N2O emissions in soybean years. Overall, RZWQM2 required more experienced and intensive calibration and validation, but it provided more accurate predictions of soil hydrology and better timing of CO2 emissions than DNDC. Keywords: CO2 emission, Corn-soybean rotation, Inorganic fertilization, Manure application, N2O emission, Process-based modeling.

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