scholarly journals Renewable Energy Options for a Rural Village in North Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahyun Kang ◽  
Tae Yong Jung
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Rural Village ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Energy Options ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Lead Acid

The national electrification rate of North Korea is extremely low and the situation in rural areas is even worse. Thus, this study designs a virtual electrification project for a rural village in North Pyongan and compares an off-grid energy system and on-grid system in terms of net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) to define the most cost-effective energy system. Using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER), this study designs two off-grid systems that apply different types of batteries—lead–acid and lithium-ion energy storage systems (ESS)—and determines the NPC and LCOE of the most cost-effective system. Then, it calculates the NPC and LCOE of grid extension by adding necessary costs required for generation, transmission, and distribution. The result shows that the hybrid energy system (HES) of solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines, lead–acid batteries, and diesel generators is the most cost-effective option for the selected location. The range of breakeven grid-extension distance is from 9.69 km to 20.57 km. The sensitivity analysis based on different discount rates shows that a higher discount rate means a shorter breakeven distance. This analysis suggests that deploying an HES is one way to improve the electrification rate for remote and rural areas in North Korea.

scholarly journals Feasibility study of hybrid energy system for off-grid electrification in rural areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Saadoon Abdul Hafedh
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Hybrid Energy System ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Rural Village ◽  
Photovoltaic Array ◽  
Cost Of Energy

Hybrid energy systems is an energy system which employs the combination of various renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, hydro, and hydrogen fuel) with conventional energy sources to supply electricity. These systems have become reliable and most cost-effective as compare to single-source energy system for rural electrification. The objective of the present study is to address the demand for electrification of remote rural village in eastern Iraq. The methodology is carried out for optimization of hybrid energy system comprising (Photovoltaic, battery, diesel generator) by using HOMER to minimize the cost of energy and the greenhouse gas emissions. For different configuration of energy sources, the capital cost, net present cost and cost of energy is determined for the optimized hybrid energy system on the basis of the electric consumption demand for the selected site. The simulation results show that the most techno-economic analysis for hybrid energy system can feed the  rural village in eastern Iraq to meet a daily load of 30 kW has consisted of 6 kW photovoltaic array, 7 kW power inverter, 20 units of battery (305 Ah and 6V) and 35 kW wind turbines. The optimized energy system has a cost of energy about $ 0.117/kWh and total net present cost  by about $14800. The environmental assessment of the hybrid system shows that the greenhouse gases emissions will reduce about 25ton CO2/year (16968 kg/year) in the local atmosphere.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment for Supporting Dimensioning Battery Storage Systems in Micro-Grids for Residential Applications

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6189
Author(s):  
Maria M. Symeonidou ◽  
Effrosyni Giama ◽  
Agis M. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Battery Storage ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Type Size ◽  
Energy And Climate Policy ◽  
Lead Acid

The current EU energy and climate policy targets a significant reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in the forthcoming years. Carbon pricing, embedded in the EU emissions trading system, aims at achieving emission reductions in a more evenly spread way and at the lowest overall cost for society, compared with other environmental policy tools, such as coal or electricity taxes, or incentives such as subsidies on renewables. Still, the implementation of the decarbonization policy depends on several technical parameters such as the type, size and connectivity of the energy system as well as economic restrictions that occur. Within this paper, an optimization tool will be presented, focusing on cleaner energy production and on the control and reduction of environmental impact regarding energy storage solutions. Various types of batteries are examined and evaluated towards this direction. Emphasis is given to setting new criteria for the decision-making process, considering the size of battery storage and the selection of the battery type based on the environmental impact assessment parameter. The objective function of the system is formulated so as to evaluate, monitor and finally minimize environmental emissions, focusing mainly on carbon emissions. Optimization is carried out based on mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP). Two of the main battery types compared are lead–acid and lithium-ion; both of them result in results worth mentioning regarding the replacement impact (seven times during system lifetime for lead–acid) and the total environmental impact comparison (lithium-ion may reach a 60% reduction compared to lead–acid). Case studies are presented based on representative scenarios solved, which underline the importance of choosing the appropriate scope for each case and demonstrate the potential of the tool developed, as well as the possibilities for its further improvement.

scholarly journals Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation for a PhotoVoltaic Based Single Stage Inverter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolisetti Kavya Santhoshi ◽  
Kuppusamy Mohanasundaram ◽  
Vishnu Kumar Kaliappan ◽  
Ravishankar Sathyamurthy
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Harmonic Distortion ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

Abstract The work proposed in this paper focuses on providing an effective solution to shortage of power in rural areas with an effective technique implemented in an economically feasible way. The traditional Inverters used for either residential or commercial purposes consume electrical energy from the grid to fulfill the charging and discharging of the battery, which may lead to overloading. The shortcomings of the traditional inverters such as Non-Renewable nature of power sources, increased cost of manufacturing, and multi-stage conversion complexity, are considered by the researchers for improvement. As a result, an attempt has been made to provide a cost effective renewable energy system with single stage topology for AC power applications. Single stage power conversion with allowed shoot through state is used here to avoid additional components and reduce the switching losses. Unlike the traditional inverters, the Quasi Impedance Source Inverter that is brought forward can be utilized as a Standalone system or a capable backup at the time of power outages. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is applied to attain reduced harmonics which are measured by observing the harmonic pattern in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) curve. The lab results obtained through MATLAB simulation confirm the noteworthy diminution of THD level in the proposed system compared to the reported one. Usage of Photovoltaic (PV) Panel to tap energy with reduced stochastic fluctuations due to high filtering capacity of the proposed circuit, eliminating the need of additional filters, is the uniqueness of this technique.

Energy visibility of a modeled photovoltaic/diesel generator set connected to the grid

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid K. Abbas ◽  
Qusay Hassan ◽  
Marek Jaszczur ◽  
Zuhair S. Al-Sagar ◽  
Ali N. Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Economic Optimization ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The paper presents a technical and economic analysis for two energy systems (conventional and renewable) with grid connection. The investigation was carried out using an experimental measurement for the desired load and weather data (solar irradiance and ambient temperature), were 5.1 kWh the daily energy consumption as measured and 4.6 kWh/m2/day the annual average of the solar irradiance. The simulation process was done by using MATLAB and HOMER software at a 1 min time step resolution. The economic optimization objective presented for two energy system scenarios (i) photovoltaic/grid and (ii) diesel/grid, takes into account the economic aspects and component prices based on the Iraqi market and regulations. The diesel generator, very popular in rural areas, is designed to work during the same period as the photovoltaic system (only during day hours). The yearly operating hours were recorded at 4380 h/year, and energy generation was approx. 2349 kWh/year while fuel consumption was 1826 L/year. The results showed that the photovoltaic system in scenario (i) can generate about 7895 kWh, and for the diesel generator in scenario (ii), it can generate approximately 2346 kWh. Furthermore, for scenario (i) the levelized net present cost is $1079 and the cost of energy is about $0.035/kWh, while for scenario (ii) the levelized net present cost is $12,287 and the cost of energy is $0.598/kWh. The use of solar energy is highly recommended compared to diesel generators due to the lowest cost and delivery of energy to the grid. Furthermore, it can capture carbon dioxide by about 5295 kg/year.

Optimal sizing of photovoltaic—battery power systems in a remote region in Kerman, Iran

2009 ◽  
Vol 223 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Baniasad Askari ◽  
M Ameri
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Solar Array ◽  
Remote Region ◽  
Cost Of Energy

A solar energy system is an excellent solution for electrification of remote rural areas where the grid extension is difficult and not economical. This article presents a simple optimization method for calculating the optimum configurations of photovoltaic—battery (PV—bat) systems with high reliability and minimum cost. The proposed method has been applied to design a PV—bat system to supply a typical load requirement in a remote region in Kerman, Iran. To design an optimum stand-alone PV—bat system with high reliability and low costs, the optimization procedure, which is based on the annual electrical demand and solar radiation data, consists of two parts: the model of loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and the model of the levelized cost of energy. For the different desired LPSP requirements at given demand, the optimal numbers of solar array and battery hours of storage are obtained at the minimum system cost.

scholarly journals Performance optimization of a photovoltaic-diesel hybrid power system for Yanbu, Saudi Arabia

AIMS Energy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1260-1273
Author(s):  
Abshir Ashour ◽  
◽  
Taib Iskandar Mohamad ◽  
Kamaruzzaman Sopian ◽  
Norasikin Ahmad Ludin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Performance Optimization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic System

<abstract> <p>In the rural areas of Saudi Arabia, which are not connected to the national grid, electricity is supplied mainly from diesel generators. This is not just a non-renewable energy source, but it has also resulted in environmental damage and may be hazardous to human health. In order to mitigate the problem, integration with a solar photovoltaic system is proposed. A Photovoltaic-Diesel Hybrid System (PvDHS) was designed, analyzed, and optimized based on the climate data of Yanbu, Saudi Arabia. Measured local solar insolation and climate data were used in the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software with different system components and configurations in order to optimize the design that yields the best energy cost. A system consisting of a 3 kW photovoltaic system, a 2 kW diesel engine, a 1 kW converter, and 14 kWh batteries were identified to be the most cost-effective for the average daily electricity demand of 10.5 kWh. The total Net Present Cost (NPC) of this system is ＄17, 800, a reduction of 50% over the ＄35, 770 cost of the diesel-only system. The PvDHS useful electrical energy is found to be ＄0.36/kWh, while the Cost of Energy (COE) of the diesel-only system is ＄0.72/kWh. The system is expected to pay for itself in 2.8 years and reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 8110 kg per year.</p> </abstract>

scholarly journals Compensation Design Using RLS Algorithm for THD Reduction in a Solar PV Hybrid System

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Satyam Kumar Prasun ◽  
Sanjeev Jarariya ◽  
Avinash Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Rls Algorithm ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Complementary Nature ◽  
Compensation Design

PV and wind hybrid are found to be the most lucrative solution for the diminishing traditional energy sources. Whereas these alternatives sources of the energy have many remarkable rewards like cost of energy and feasibility etc. The attributes of these sources of being cost effective and stable are possible due to their complementary nature as compared to independent energy systems. Therefore, these systems have admirable capability to meet energy crisis up to some extent. The proposed word has designed a hybrid energy system fit for driving residential loads using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The work has proposed a compensator with RLS algorithm is place of traditional STATCOM device. The results has sown that the active power output available at the load terminal improved from 400 KW to 700KW. Also the work has analyzed THD level in voltage and current waveforms. The proposed RLS based compensator reduced the THD level in voltage to 0.81% and in current wave form to  1.26% . The model has also been integrated with the grid in order to make the system more reliable and efficient while driving loads

scholarly journals Comparison of Small-Scale Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Economic Indexes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahzad Nazir ◽  
Yeqin Wang ◽  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
Hafiz M. Sohail ◽  
Athraa Ali Kadhem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wind Energy Conversion

Wind energy is considered as one of the most prominent sources of energy for sustainable development. This technology is of interest owing to its capability to produce clean, eco-friendly, and cost-effective energy for small-scale users and rural areas where grid power availability is insufficient. Wind power generation has developed rapidly in the past decade and is expected to play a vital role in the economic development of countries. Therefore, studying dominant economic factors is crucial to properly approach public and private financing for this emerging technology, as industrial growth and energy demands may outpace further economic studies earlier than expected. In this study, a strategy-focused method for performing economic analysis on wind energy based on financial net present value, levelized cost of energy, internal rate of return, and investment recovery period is presented. Numerical and simulation results depict the most optimal and economical system from a 3 and a 10 kW wind energy conversion system (WECS). Moreover, the aforementioned criteria are used to determine which WECS range is the most suitable investment with the shortest payback period. Finally, an economically viable and profitable wind energy system is recommended.

scholarly journals GA Optimization Method for a Multi-Vector Energy System Incorporating Wind, Hydrogen, and Fuel Cells for Rural Village Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 3554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangping Chen ◽  
Wenping Cao ◽  
Lei Xing
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Rural Village

Utilization of renewable energy (e.g., wind, solar, bio-energy) is high on international and governmental agendas. In order to address energy poverty and increase energy efficiency for rural villages, a hybrid distribution generation (DG) system including wind, hydrogen and fuel cells is proposed to supplement to the main grid. Wind energy is first converted into electrical energy while part of the generated electricity is used for water electrolysis to generate hydrogen for energy storage. Hydrogen is used by fuel cells to convert back to electricity when electrical energy demand peaks. An analytical model has been developed to coordinate the operation of the system involving energy conversion between mechanical, electrical and chemical forms. The proposed system is primarily designed to meet the electrical demand of a rural village in the UK where the energy storage system can balance out the discrepancy between intermittent renewable energy supplies and fluctuating energy demands so as to improve the system efficiency. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used as an optimization strategy to determine the operational scheme for the multi-vector energy system. In the work, four case studies are carried out based on real-world measurement data. The novelty of this study lies in the GA-based optimization and operational methods for maximized wind energy utilization. This provides an alternative to battery energy storage and can be widely applied to wind-rich rural areas.

scholarly journals Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hybrid Mini-grid in Rural Areas: A Case Study of Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-29
Author(s):  
Tausif Ali ◽  
Hongzhong Ma ◽  
Ahmed Jaudat Nahian
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Battery System ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Using Data ◽  
System Sustainability ◽  
The Impact

A techno-economic analysis of a hybrid PV-Diesel mini-grid system in rural Bangladesh is presented in this study. The case-study is done using data from Patar Char village in Patuakhali district of Bangladesh, considering non-electrified households. HOMER simulation compares three system designs: Hybrid PV-Diesel-Battery, PV-Battery, and Diesel-Battery. Hybrid PV-Diesel-Battery system yielded optimum results in terms of the lower cost of energy (COE) of around USD 0.182/kWh. Overall carbon emission of this system is around 307 kg/year, which is lower than the Diesel-Battery system, but higher than PV-Battery system. A sensitivity analysis of PV-Diesel-Battery system is performed, by considering and varying some of the indicators to prove system sustainability and feasibility. The impact of price variability in diesel price, discount rate on COE, and total net present cost (TNPC) showed that PV-Diesel-Battery system is the most feasible option. Finally, a SWOT analysis is also presented to address participatory planning strategy of developing the hybrid energy system.

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