scholarly journals Analysis of the Applicable Rate of Environmental Tax through Different Tax Rate Scenarios in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4233
Author(s):  
Biao Hu ◽  
Hongjia Dong ◽  
Ping Jiang ◽  
Jingan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Abatement Cost ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Neutrality ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pollutant Discharge

Faced with increasing conflicts between economic and environmental development, it is extremely urgent to promote the green growth of enterprises. As an incentive environmental regulation measure, an environmental tax has been proven to effectively alleviate environmental problems and reduce corporate pollutant emissions. From the perspective of environmental tax equity and efficiency, this study collects more than 100,000 enterprises’ pollutant-discharge and pollutant-discharge fee data from 4300 pollutant disposal enterprises in Yunnan Province, China in 2017. The study analyzes the marginal abatement cost (MAC) of water pollution and air pollution in key industries by using the MAC accounting method. Under the three scenarios of low, medium and high tax rates set by the study, the study evaluates the applicable tax rates of environmental tax of enterprises under different tax rates. The main findings of the study are: (1) the MAC of pollutants in various industries is quite different in different industries; (2) the environmental tax rate of 2018 is generally low and is not enough to encourage enterprises to reduce more pollution; (3) most enterprises will not invest a large amount of funds to carry out technological transformation for green production, without the government’s mandatory environmental regulation measure. The study recommends that the government needs to increase the environmental tax rate, gradually approach the cost of corporate pollutant-treatment and force the technological transformation of enterprises. At the same time, the government itself needs to do a good job of tax neutrality, increase the compensation for environmental protection behaviors of enterprises, and encourage green development of enterprises. Finally, the taxation supervision should be strengthened, and the tax violations of enterprises should be checked strictly for avoidance of tax cuts against rules.

scholarly journals The Impact of Environmental Regulation on the Location of Pollution-Intensive Industries in China under Agglomeration Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4045
Author(s):  
Yinhao Wu ◽  
Shumin Yu ◽  
Xiangdong Duan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Agglomeration Effect ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pollutant Discharge ◽  
The Impact

Pollution-intensive industries (PIIs) have both scale effect and environmental sensitivity. Therefore, this paper studies how environmental regulation (ER) affects the location dynamics of PIIs under the agglomeration effect. Our results show that, ER can increase the production costs of pollution-intensive firms (PIFs) by internalizing the negative impact of pollutant discharge in a region, and thus, directly reduces the region’s attractiveness to PIFs. Meanwhile, ER can indirectly reduce the attractiveness of a region to PIFs by reducing the externality of the regional agglomeration effect. Moreover, these influences are regulated by the level of local economic development. Based on the moderated mediating effect model, we find evidence from the site selection activities of newly built chemical firms in cities across China. The empirical test shows that compared with 2014, the proportion of the direct effect of ER to the total effects significantly decreased in 2018, while the proportion of indirect effects under the agglomeration effect increased significantly. Our findings provide reference for the government to design effective environmental policies to guide the location choice of new PIFs.

scholarly journals A Model of the Interaction of Health and Healthcare for the Wellbeing of Heterogeneous Individuals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Anita King
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Inequality Aversion ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Health Production ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Health Level ◽  
The Government

<p>A model is proposed here to investigate how the relationships between health, production, and wellbeing contribute to the achievement (or otherwise) of potential government objectives. This model uses a basic general equilibrium framework with heterogeneous individuals and two goods (healthcare and other). Public health and publically and privately provided healthcare affect health level, which in turn affects productivity. Several different potential objectives of the government agent are investigated, which determine the distribution of public healthcare. The model is solved numerically to understand the effects of the choices of government objectives including the level of inequality aversion and varying tax rates. For governments with high inequality aversion that maximise social welfare from utility, a non-zero tax rate may be optimal, even with high levels of public health.</p>

scholarly journals Tax Competition and Asymmetric Countries

Ekonomika ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Jevcak
Keyword(s):  
Open Economy ◽  
Small Open Economy ◽  
National Income ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Public Inputs ◽  
Tax Harmonisation ◽  
Capital Tax ◽  
The Government

This paper explores the consequences of a difference in the levels of public inputs accumulated over time in a small open economy model where capital tax revenues are used exclusively for the provision of public inputs, while the government sets the capital tax rate in way to maximise its country’s national income. It is shown that in this case the optimal capital tax rate in a country is a decreasing function of its stock of accumulated public inputs. The model thus implies that capital tax harmonisation could actually be detrimental to the so-called core EU member states as it could fix their capital tax rates at an in-optimally high levels and thus hinder their ability to dampen undesirable capital out- flows.

scholarly journals Penyesuaian Lapisan dan Tarif PPh Orang Pribadi: Agresif atau Progresif?

Owner ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 709-721
Author(s):  
Kalyana Mitta Kristanti
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Harmonization ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

In 2022, Indonesia would apply changes in tax brackets and rates for personal income tax. This adjustment is based on the Article 17 Paragraph 1 Tax Harmonization Law Number 7 of 2021. The government tries to accommodate the needs of the community through formulating process of this regulation. In particular, it provides convenience to the lower-middle income community and encourages an even distribution of income. People belonging to the high wealth income will be subject to the highest tariffs that have just been set through this law. Through a qualitative descriptive method in which data collection is carried out by taking from literature review; law, articles, books, and website, the author tries to analyze changes in brackets and rates of personal income tax. This study presents illustrations of the calculation to explain the difference in the amount of income tax payable before and after the implementation of the Tax Harmonization Law. In addition, the analysis of the principles of equity and democracy on the adjustment of layers and tax rates is elaborated in this paper. The results obtained explain that with the application of the new tax rate, taxpayers get a tax burden relief because the tax expense is lower due to the broadening of income range. However, wealthy taxpayers will pay more taxes because of the higher tax rates. This condition proves that the new tax rate supports vertical fairness in the taxation system. In addition, the implementation of regulations related to tax rates adjustment provides evidence that the implementation of democracy has been implemented. The adjustment of tax brackets and rates has a positive impact on the community and the government so that the allocation of tax revenues can run optimally to support the welfare of the community.

scholarly journals Faktor Penentu Tarif Pajak Efektif Pada Perusahaan Kesehatan: Sebelum dan Saat Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
Anindita D. Pinastika, Ferry Irawan
Keyword(s):  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Management ◽  
State Tax ◽  
Corporate Tax Rates ◽  
The Government

The pandemic of Covid-19 had attacked and contribute to the Indonesia’ economics negatively. State tax revenues could not be achieved given the restrictions on activities that were intensified to prevent the spread of virus. Incentives issued by the government are one of the factors causing the decline in state revenues, one of which is in the form of lowering corporate tax rates. The effective tax rate used in measuring corporate tax management is tested with related-parties transaction, profitability, leverage, and ownership structure variables. The effect of this variable is then compared in 2019 and 2020 to observe whether there is a difference before and during the pandemic. The research was conducted on health sector companiesas a sector that was positively affected by the pandemic. The results of the study show that leverage has an effect on the effective tax rate (ETR) in 2020 while ownership structure has an effect on the ETR in 2019. The effective tax rate of health sector companies, which allegedly decreased due to incentives from the government, has actually increased during the pandemic.

scholarly journals KEWENANGAN PEMERINTAH PROVINSI BALI DALAM PEMUNGUTAN PAJAK PROGRESIF

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 510
Author(s):  
Ida Bagus Prayoga
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Considerable Contribution ◽  
Progressive Tax ◽  
The Government

Motor vehicle tax is one source of revenue that give considerable contribution to the financing of government and regional development in bali Province. The imposition of a progressive tax rate on motor vehicles in Bali is the authorization from the Bali Provincial Regulation No. 1 of 2011. Own  motor vehicle tax is one type of provincial tax provided for in Law No 28 of 2009. The purpose of this paper  was to find out more about the  Motor Vehicle Tax in Bali. The issue in this study is how the rates charged in the collection of  Motor Vehicle Tax is charged at progressive field and how the reality of the new policy of the Government of Bali Province, whether the policy is the imposition of progressive tax rates are in accordance with the principles of taxation. Pajak kendaraan bermotor merupakan salah satu sumber pendapatan yang memberikan kontribusi yang cukup besar untuk pembiayaan pemerintah dan pembangunan daerah di  Provinsi Bali. Pengenaan tarif pajak progresif kendaraan bermotor di Bali adalah wewenang yang diperoleh dari Peraturan Provinsi Bali No. 1 tahun 2011. Pajak kendaraan bermotor sendiri merupakan salah satu jenis Pajak Provinsi yang diatur dalam UU No 28 tahun 2009. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut tentang Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor di Bali. Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana tarif yang dikenakan dalam pemungutan Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor  yang dikenakan tarif progresif dan bagaimana realitas kebijakan baru dari Pemerintah Provinsi Bali, apakah kebijakan tersebut adalah pengenaan tarif pajak progresif yang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip perpajakan.

scholarly journals Peraturan Perpajakan PP Nomor 23 Tahun 2018 sebagai Suntikan Hormon bagi Pelaku UMKM (?)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-121
Author(s):  
Ismayantika Dyah Puspasari ◽  
Zulistiani Zulistiani
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Business Value ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
The Government ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to analyze the positive impact of the issuance of Government Regulation no. 23 of 2018 on the growth of MSMEs in terms of capital, profits, and business value. The research method uses a qualitative phenomenological Tran-sendental approach to the concept of "I" with the affirmation of the existence of "I" distinguish one UMKM from another UMKM in seeing the impact of reducing tax rates. The results of this study are that both informants explicitly stated they felt supported by the government with a reduction in the {noema} tax rate so that for them it provided more benefits.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Game Research between the Government Environmental Regulation Intensities and the Pollution Emissions of Papermaking Enterprises

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Sen Zhang ◽  
Guangyuan Qin ◽  
Ling Wang ◽  
Baodong Cheng ◽  
Yuan Tian
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Environmental Regulations ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Successful Probability ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pollution Emissions

Environmental regulations of different intensities may have different impacts on polluting enterprises. The purpose of this article is to analyze how different environmental regulations affect the pollution discharge strategies of papermaking enterprises. By establishing an evolutionary game model between the government environmental regulation intensities and the pollutant emissions from papermaking enterprises, this thesis further solves the model and performs stability analysis and finally uses MATLAB to conduct simulation studies. And the researching results show that papermaking enterprises will take risks to choose the illegal pollutant discharge strategies when the illegal profits are large. Further analysis shows that the increase in the successful probability of the strong environmental regulations does not necessarily force papermaking enterprises to choose to comply with pollution discharge regulations. However, papermaking enterprises may choose to comply with discharge pollution regulations not only by increasing the successful probability of strong environmental regulations but also by increasing the rewards and punishments for papermaking enterprises as well as by increasing the probability of reporting violations of pollutants. Based on the above results, the author proposes several countermeasures, such as establishing a specialized pollution monitoring agency, encouraging third-party supervision, reporting pollution behaviors, and increasing penalties for polluting companies for violations. China is in a critical period of transition from rapid development to high-quality development. It will provide some reliable references for the construction of a green economy and an ecological economy that the characteristics and relationships between the intensity of government environmental regulations and corporate pollution emissions revealed in this article.

scholarly journals A Critique of The Laffer Curve

2021 ◽  
pp. 311-316
Author(s):  
Edward Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Laffer Curve ◽  
The Government ◽  
Von Mises

In December 1974, the economist Art Laffer had dinner at a Washington D.C. restaurant with Jude Wanniski, Donald Rumsfeld, and Dick Cheney. The tax rate was so high in the United States, Laffer argued, that reducing the tax rate would increase government tax revenue. As legend has it, he drew the Laffer Curve on a napkin to illustrate how reducing the tax rate would raise tax revenue. The Laffer Curve has been a mainstay of Supply-Side Economics ever since.The Laffer Curve relates government tax revenue to the tax rate. Figure 1 is the Laffer Curve (Laffer, 2004). The x-axis shows tax revenue and the y-axis shows the tax rate. The Laffer Curve plots the relationship between the tax rate and tax revenue. As figure 1 shows, tax revenue is maximized, or optimal at RO, when the tax rate is TO. [Fig 1: LAFFER CURVE] Further, the Laffer Curve illustrates that tax revenue decreases as the tax rate rises above the optimal tax rate. For example, imagine the tax rate is suboptimal at TS. At this tax rate, government revenue is suboptimal at RS. Even though the tax rate TS is higher than TO, tax revenue RS is actually lower than RO. In this case, government can increase tax revenue by reducing the tax rate. Generally, government can increase tax revenue by lowering the tax rate whenever the economy is located on the downward sloping part of the Laffer Curve. In short, the Laffer Curve suggests that extremely high taxes are counterproductive even from the government’s own perspective.Murray N. Rothbard stressed that Laffer’s analysis contains a hidden value judgement: maximizing government tax revenue is desirable. Rothbard writes,“Laffer assumes that what all of us want is to maximize tax revenue to the government. If—a big if—we are really at the upper half of the Laffer curve, we should then all want to set tax rates at that “optimum” point. But why? Why should it be the objective of every one of us to maximize government revenue? To push to the maximum, in short, the share of private product that gets siphoned off to the activities of government? I should think we would be more interested in minimizing government revenue by pushing tax rates far, far below whatever the Laffer Optimum might happen to be” (Rothbard, 1984: 17-18; Block, 2010).Economists who use the Laffer Curve conduct their analysis with a fixed curve. However, in a progressing economy, the Laffer Curve is constantly expanding. Put differently, the Laffer Curve is always shifting to the right in a progressing economy. Advocates of the Laffer Curve fail to realize that the position of the curve is far more important than the economy’s place on a given curve.The position of the Laffer Curve depends on the stock of accumulated capital. As economists underscore again and again, capital accumulation is the only way to raise overall living standards. Ludwig von Mises writes,“there is but one method available to improve the conditions of the whole population, viz., to accelerate the accumulation of capital as against the increase in population. The only method of rendering all people more prosperous is to raise the productivity of human labor, i.e., productivity per man hour, and this can be done only by placing into the hands of the worker more and better tools and machines.” (1951: 282)Significantly, capital accumulation and hence overall living standards depend on the tax rate. As economists have known for centuries, high taxes impair capital accumulation:“If the funds which the successful businessmen would have ploughed back into productive employments are [taxed and] used by the state for current expenditure or given to people who con-sume them, the further accumulation of capital is slowed down or entirely stopped. Then there is no longer any question of economic improvement, technological progress, and a trend toward higher average standards of living” (Mises, 1955: 51).

scholarly journals Income Tax Issues on the Omnibus Law and Its Implications in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Prianto Budi Saptono ◽  
Cyntia Ayudia
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Income Tax Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data

This research has two objectives. The first objective is to analyze the issue of income tax policy based on the idea of taxation omnibus law. In 2020, Law No. 36 of 2008 concerning Income Tax was amended twice as stipulated in Law No. 2 of 2020 and Law No. 11 of 2020 (Job Creation Law). The second objective is to analyze the implications of income tax policy changes on taxation practices in Indonesia. This research is a descriptive qualitative study using data collection techniques in documentation and literature studies. The research concludes that the omnibus law policy aims to encourage domestic investment funding. Income tax issues in Law No. 2 of 2020 include lowering the corporate income tax rate and imposing taxes on trade through an electronic system. Besides, the issue of income tax in Law No. 11 of 2020 includes tax subjects' determination, the territorial system's adoption, tax objects' exclusion, and changes to the provisions on dividends. The implication of the change in income tax policy on taxation practices is that taxes distort the economy. The delegation of regulations for reducing income tax rates to the government through government regulations creates legal uncertainty. Thus, it is necessary to have tax regulations with minimal complexity, not overlap, provide legal certainty, and further encourage voluntary tax compliance.

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