scholarly journals Evolving Institutional Arrangements for Use of an Ecosystem Approach in Restoring Great Lakes Areas of Concern

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1532
Author(s):  
Peter J. Alsip ◽  
John H. Hartig ◽  
Gail Krantzberg ◽  
Kathleen C. Williams ◽  
Julia Wondolleck
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Strategic Partnerships ◽  
The Past ◽  
Beneficial Uses ◽  
Local Stakeholders ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The 1987 Canada-U.S. Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement required Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) be collaboratively generated between local stakeholders and government agencies to implement an ecosystem approach in cleaning up 43 historically polluted Areas of Concern (AOCs) throughout the Laurentian Great Lakes. The institutional arrangements that have emerged over the past 35 years to foster an ecosystem approach in RAPs are expected to have changed over time and be varied in some aspects—reflecting unique socio-ecological contexts of each AOC—while also sharing some characteristics that were either derived from the minimally prescribed framework or developed convergently. Here we surveyed institutional arrangements to describe changes over time relevant to advancing an ecosystem approach in restoring beneficial uses in the 43 AOCs. While eight AOCs evidenced little institutional change, the remaining 35 AOCs demonstrated a growing involvement of local organizations in RAPs, which has enhanced local capacity and ownership and helped strengthen connections to broader watershed initiatives. We also noted an expansion of strategic partnerships that has strengthened science-policy-management linkages and an increasing emphasis on sustainability among RAP institutions. Our study details how institutional arrangements in a decentralized restoration program have evolved to implement an ecosystem approach and address new challenges.

Wet-Weather Flow Management in the Great Lakes Areas of Concern

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Kok
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Flow Management ◽  
Beneficial Uses ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
Municipal Wastewaters ◽  
Wet Weather Flow ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Of Canada

Abstract Under the Government of Canada's Great Lakes Program, the Great Lakes Sustainability Fund and its predecessor programs (the Great Lakes Cleanup Fund and the Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund) were established to implement cleanup actions and strategies that would contribute to the restoration of beneficial uses in environmentally degraded areas (known as Areas of Concern) in the Great Lakes basin. The Great Lakes Sustainability Fund is administered by Environment Canada on behalf of eight Government of Canada departments. Contributing to impaired beneficial uses are municipal wastewaters generated from the urban centres in the Great Lakes Areas of Concern. These municipal wastewaters include treated sewage and wetweather discharges of combined sewer overflows and stormwater runoff. This paper provides an overview of the Municipal Wastewater Program of the federal government's Great Lakes Sustainability Fund and highlights the progress made to date under the program towards wet-weather flow management and the Program's role in developing and demonstrating sustainable approaches and technologies in the Great Lakes Areas of Concern.

scholarly journals Anti-Memorials and the Art of Forgetting: Critical Reflections on a Memorial Design Practice

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
SueAnne Ware
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Spectrum ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Design Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
Heroin Overdose ◽  
The Future ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Andreas Huyssen writes, ‘Remembrance as a vital human activity shapes our links to the past, and the ways we remember define us in the present. As individuals and societies, we need the past to construct and to anchor our identities and to nurture a vision of the future.’ Memory is continually affected by a complex spectrum of states such as forgetting, denial, repression, trauma, recounting and reconsidering, stimulated by equally complex changes in context and changes over time. The apprehension and reflective comprehension of landscape is similarly beset by such complexities. Just as the nature and qualities of memory comprise inherently fading, shifting and fleeting impressions of things which are themselves ever-changing, an understanding of a landscape, as well as the landscape itself, is a constantly evolving, emerging response to both immense and intimate influences. There is an incongruity between the inherent changeability of both landscapes and memories, and the conventional, formal strategies of commemoration that typify the constructed landscape memorial. The design work presented in this paper brings together such explorations of memory and landscape by examining the ‘memorial’. This article examines two projects. One concerns the fate of illegal refugees travelling to Australia: The SIEVX Memorial Project. The other, An Anti-Memorial to Heroin Overdose Victims, was designed by the author as part of the 2001 Melbourne Festival.

Childbirth Yesterday and Today: A Comparative Analysis of Women’s Experiences and Feelings through the Ages to the Present

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 100-109
Author(s):  
Grażyna Bączek ◽  
Joanna Jasińska
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Delivery Rooms ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: Perinatal care has undergone many changes over time. Therefore, women’s feelings and experiences will differ depending on the perinatal care provided at the time of childbirth. Time of childbirth and the perinatal care received are the main determinants in this process. However, one thing remains unchanged over time. Childbirth is considered one of the most notable events in the life of every woman.  The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of experiences and feelings shared by females giving birth in the past and the present in Poland. Material and methods: A questionnaire was designed specifically for this research project. It was a set of multiple choice (single answer) questions concerning childbirth conditions and perinatal care. Results were analyzed with a chi square test. Data was collected in 2016 in Poland. The questionnaire was distributed both in paper and electronic form. Results: The study group comprised of 671 females divided into three groups: childbirth before 2000, between 2001–2012, and after 2013. This time frame was associated with significant changes in perinatal care in Poland over the years. Changes in the delivery rooms have raised the comfort of childbirth, but progression of obstetrics resulted in greater medicalization of childbirth.

Financing the Ecosystem Approach: Trends in Great Lakes States and Areas of Concern

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-173
Author(s):  
Alicia Gebhardt ◽  
Greg Lindsey
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Great Lakes States ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Environmental Functions

State and local governments have prepared Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) for Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs). These RAPs are to incorporate an “ecosystem” approach that recognizes ecological interrelationships. The financial implications of this approach have gone largely unexamined. This article describes historical revenues and expenditures for environmental functions by state and local governments in the Great Lakes states and in AOCs. Its purposes are to identify some fiscal measures that will be affected by an ecosystem approach and to document trends in public finances among governmental units with responsibility for implementation of RAPs. Great Lakes state and local governments generally increased spending on ecosystem functions between 1977 and 1987; it will be shown that charge and utility revenues for ecosystem functions also increased, and that municipalities within AOCs generally have higher total expenditures than do their counterparts. Implications for financing of RAPs are also discussed.

Intersecting Generations: Burying the Old in a Neolithic Hunter-fisher Community

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Fahlander
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Past ◽  
Composite Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle ◽  
Over Time

This article explores the potential of studying the social dimensions of old age and aged bodies in the past. Because old age is relative to life-expectancy figures, diet and lifestyle, calendric years are avoided when defining old age. Instead a composite approach is advocated that includes, for example, traces of wear and joint diseases to identify a threshold between adulthood and a period of seniority. The approach is applied to the Middle Neolithic burial ground Ajvide on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. Eleven individuals (six men, five women, or 18 per cent of the 62 analysed burials) are regarded as ‘aged bodies’. At Ajvide a majority of these individuals are buried in graves that overlap earlier burials containing younger individuals of the same sex. It is argued that this pattern is due to eschatological ideas of ‘generational merging’ of bodies. This practice changes over time, which is suggested to be a part of the overall hybridization processes at the site.

scholarly journals The Primacy of the Nurse in New Zealand 1960s-1990s: Attitudes, Beliefs and Responses over Time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Barbara Gay Williams
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Effect Change ◽  
Public Records ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

<p>Exploring the past, and pulling ideas through to the present, to inform the future can make a valuable contribution to nurses and nursing in New Zealand. By gaining some understanding of the attitudes and beliefs nurses held, and how these influenced their responsiveness, we can learn what active responses might help inform our future. Nurses in New Zealand, as individuals and within the profession as a whole, reveal the primacy of the nurse – nurses who have made and can continue to make a difference to the health of the peoples of New Zealand. A hermeneutic process was used to interpret material, from international texts, national texts and public records over four decades, the 1960s to 1990s. This was supplemented and contrasted with material from twelve oral history participants. Analysis of the material led to the emergence of four themes: Nurses’ decision-making: changes over time; An emerging understanding of autonomy and accountability; Nurses as a driving force; and Creating a nursing future. These four themes revealed an overall pattern of attitudes, beliefs and responses of the New Zealand Registered Nurse. The themes surfaced major revelations about the primacy of the nurse in New Zealand, nurses confident in their ability to take the opportunity, seize the moment, and effect change. The contribution this thesis makes to the discipline of nursing is an understanding of how the nurse actively constructs the scope of a professional response to the context. The thesis demonstrates how nurses can learn from the past, that the attitudes and beliefs that underpin our active responses can either move us forward, or retard our progress. As nurses we can also learn that to move forward we need particular attitudes, beliefs and responses, that these are identifiable, and are key factors influencing our future, thus ensuring the continued primacy of the nurse.</p>

scholarly journals The Primacy of the Nurse in New Zealand 1960s-1990s: Attitudes, Beliefs and Responses over Time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Barbara Gay Williams
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Effect Change ◽  
Public Records ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

<p>Exploring the past, and pulling ideas through to the present, to inform the future can make a valuable contribution to nurses and nursing in New Zealand. By gaining some understanding of the attitudes and beliefs nurses held, and how these influenced their responsiveness, we can learn what active responses might help inform our future. Nurses in New Zealand, as individuals and within the profession as a whole, reveal the primacy of the nurse – nurses who have made and can continue to make a difference to the health of the peoples of New Zealand. A hermeneutic process was used to interpret material, from international texts, national texts and public records over four decades, the 1960s to 1990s. This was supplemented and contrasted with material from twelve oral history participants. Analysis of the material led to the emergence of four themes: Nurses’ decision-making: changes over time; An emerging understanding of autonomy and accountability; Nurses as a driving force; and Creating a nursing future. These four themes revealed an overall pattern of attitudes, beliefs and responses of the New Zealand Registered Nurse. The themes surfaced major revelations about the primacy of the nurse in New Zealand, nurses confident in their ability to take the opportunity, seize the moment, and effect change. The contribution this thesis makes to the discipline of nursing is an understanding of how the nurse actively constructs the scope of a professional response to the context. The thesis demonstrates how nurses can learn from the past, that the attitudes and beliefs that underpin our active responses can either move us forward, or retard our progress. As nurses we can also learn that to move forward we need particular attitudes, beliefs and responses, that these are identifiable, and are key factors influencing our future, thus ensuring the continued primacy of the nurse.</p>

scholarly journals Studying Cities in their Context

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-199
Author(s):  
Jan de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urban Demography ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Urban Functions

Urban historians have not transcended a fascination with specific places. Consequently, this field of historical inquiry has a relative lack of theoretical statements concerning sets of cities. Meanwhile, social scientists clearly have advanced many valuable theories and methods for the study of groups of cities; however, they largely have been concerned with projects of rationalization and models of modernization which truncate the past. This article suggests how definitions of urbanization, a few fundamentals of urban demography and geography, and theoretical analysis of urban functions and culture can help to define sets of cities while retaining the historian's sense of changes over time.

scholarly journals High-risk occupations for suicide

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1231-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Roberts ◽  
B. Jaremin ◽  
K. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Mortality Statistics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Occupational Mortality ◽  
Proportional Mortality ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundHigh occupational suicide rates are often linked to easy occupational access to a method of suicide. This study aimed to compare suicide rates across all occupations in Britain, how they have changed over the past 30 years, and how they may vary by occupational socio-economic group.MethodWe used national occupational mortality statistics, census-based occupational populations and death inquiry files (for the years 1979–1980, 1982–1983 and 2001–2005). The main outcome measures were suicide rates per 100 000 population, percentage changes over time in suicide rates, standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and proportional mortality ratios (PMRs).ResultsSeveral occupations with the highest suicide rates (per 100 000 population) during 1979–1980 and 1982–1983, including veterinarians (ranked first), pharmacists (fourth), dentists (sixth), doctors (tenth) and farmers (thirteenth), have easy occupational access to a method of suicide (pharmaceuticals or guns). By 2001–2005, there had been large significant reductions in suicide rates for each of these occupations, so that none ranked in the top 30 occupations. Occupations with significant increases over time in suicide rates were all manual occupations whereas occupations with suicide rates that decreased were mainly professional or non-manual. Variation in suicide rates that was explained by socio-economic group almost doubled over time from 11.4% in 1979–1980 and 1982–1983 to 20.7% in 2001–2005.ConclusionsSocio-economic forces now seem to be a major determinant of high occupational suicide rates in Britain. As the increases in suicide rates among manual occupations occurred during a period of economic prosperity, carefully targeted suicide prevention initiatives could be beneficial.

Why Has the Contemporaneous Linear Returns-Earnings Relation Declined?

2003 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Ryan ◽  
Paul A. Zarowin
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Bad News ◽  
Accounting Earnings ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Price ◽  
Annual Earnings ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

We investigate two explanations for the declining contemporaneous linear relation between annual stock returns and accounting earnings over the past 30 years: (1) earnings increasingly reflect news with a lag relative to stock prices and (2) earnings increasingly reflect good and bad news in an asymmetric fashion. We hypothesize and find that annual earnings have a weaker association with current price changes and a stronger association with lagged price changes over time. We hypothesize and find that annual earnings reflect current positive price changes less strongly and current negative price changes more strongly over time. We also find that asymmetry with respect to lagged price changes is increasingly important over time. Strikingly, we find that, since the mid-1980s, the aggregation of earnings over a four-year window increasingly does less to reduce the importance of lags and asymmetry.

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