scholarly journals Drivers of Protein Consumption: A Cross-Country Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7399
Author(s):  
Vania Andreoli ◽  
Marco Bagliani ◽  
Alessandro Corsi ◽  
Vito Frontuto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Protein Consumption ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

Consumption and production of proteins derived from animals have more significant environmental and health impacts than proteins derived from plants. This raises concerns mainly in consideration of the predictable increased consumption of animal proteins at the expense of vegetal ones due to growing income, especially in developing countries. Animal protein consumption, and particularly meat consumption, seems to start to decrease at a high level of income, which may suggest that economic growth solves or attenuates the environmental and health problems of animal food consumption. To test this possibility, the relationship between per capita income and animal and vegetal protein consumption is explored. Using a cross-country regression for 142 countries in 2017, animal-based protein, meat protein, and vegetal-based protein consumption are specified as dependent variables. In addition to per capita income, other potential drivers of protein choices, including ecological, demographic and social factors are controlled for. Apart from income, which still seems to be the most important driver of any type of protein consumption, the results suggest that protein consumption from animal sources and meat sources have different determinants. Though there is actually some evidence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita income and animal protein consumption, the peak is at such high levels as to make economic growth irrelevant to curb animal protein consumption.

Economic growth and energy consumption nexus in Pakistan

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqas Ahmed ◽  
Khalid Zaman ◽  
Sadaf Taj ◽  
Rabiah Rustam ◽  
Muhammad Waseem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThis study aims to examine the relationship between electricity consumption per capita (ELEC) and real per capita income (Y), as the direction of causation of this relationship remains controversial in the existing literature. It also seeks to explore the relationship between energy consumption per capita (ENC) and real per capita income, over a 34‐year period (between 1975 and 2009).Design/methodology/approachThe study uses Johansen cointegration technique to determine the short‐ and long‐run relationship between the variables. The authors also utilize Granger causality test to determine the causal relationship between the selected variables.FindingsThe study provides evidence of bi‐directional causality between the electricity consumption per capita and real per capita income on one hand; and energy consumption per capita and real per capita income on the other hand as the direction of causality has significant policy implications.Research limitations/implicationsThis study does not include all dimensions of the energy growth, but is limited to the three variables which the authors consider to be critical to economic development, including energy consumption, electricity consumption and economic growth.Originality/valueThe study uses a sophisticated econometric technique with additional tests of forecasting framework to examine the effect of energy demand on economic growth over a period of the next ten years, i.e. 2010‐2019, in the context of Pakistan. The impulse response describes the reaction of the system as a function of independent variable that parameterizes the dynamic behavior of the system.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Economic Growth and Income Distribution: The Case of Transition Economies

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilek Özdemir ◽  
Ömer Selçuk Emsen ◽  
Ayşen Hiç Gencer ◽  
Cemil Hakan Kılıç
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

In the literature on economic growth, Kuznets curve shows the relationship between growth and income distribution. According to the Kuznets curve, as per capita income rises, income distribution would first become more unequal, and then less unequal. This means that, in a less developed country poverty is shared; in a developing country the difference between the rich and the poor becomes wider; and in a developed country richness is shared. In economies in transition, from socialism to market economy, however, income distribution should be less unequal because of the socialist system. But during the transition, there occurred recessions that led to falls in income. Therefore, during the transition process, as income decreased, income distribution became more unequal. In this study, the relationship between per capita income and income distribution on the transition economies are investigated by means of panel data analysis. The results obtained are then compared with the Kuznets curve.

scholarly journals Decentralization and Its Impact on Growth in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-151
Author(s):  
Fernanda Andrade de Xavier ◽  
Aparna P. Lolayekar ◽  
Pranab Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
National Growth

We study the effect of revenue decentralization (RD) and expenditure decentralization (ED) on sub-national growth in India from 1981–1982 to 2015–2016 for 14 large (non-special-category) states. Our study provides evidence that both RD and ED play a defining role in India’s sub-national growth in this three-and-a-half-decade period. We use a panel data model with fixed effects (FE) and Driscoll and Kraay standard errors that control for heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation and cross-sectional dependence. To test for causality between growth and decentralization, we use the Granger non-causality test. The regression analysis is supplemented with the distribution dynamics approach. We find that: (a) While decentralization Granger-caused economic growth, the reverse causality effect of growth on decentralization was not significant; (b) Economic growth increased significantly after liberalization; (c) Decentralization, capital expenditure and social expenditure had significant positive impacts on economic growth; and (d) States that had high levels of decentralization also had high levels of per capita income, while states that had low decentralization also exhibited low per capita income.

scholarly journals DOES EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION LEAD TO INCOME CONVERGENCE? EVIDENCE FROM CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-346
Author(s):  
Vaseem Akram ◽  
Badri Narayan Rath
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Per Capita

In this study, we examine the role of export diversification in the convergence of per capita income (output). By applying the dynamic system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator to a panel dataset consisting of 95 countries, we find evidence of both absolute and conditional divergence for the full sample and the subsamples based on income and regions. Thus, our findings suggest that, although high export diversification boosts the per capita income (output), it does not significantly reduce per capita income (output) gap between rich and poor countries.

NON-LINEAR EFFECTS OF TERRORISM ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PAKISTAN: ACCOUNTING FOR CAPITAL PER WORKER AND STRUCTURAL BREAKS

2019 ◽  
pp. 1950014
Author(s):  
RONALD RAVINESH Kumar ◽  
SYED JAWAD HUSSAIN SHAHZAD ◽  
PETER JOSEF STAUVERMANN ◽  
NIKEEL Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Capital Share ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Per Capita

In this study, we examine the asymmetric effects of terrorism and economic growth in Pakistan over the period 1970–2016, while considering the role of capital per worker and structural breaks. We use the non-linear ARDL approach to establish the long-run association and to estimate the short-run and long-run effects accordingly. The results indicate the presence of asymmetries in both long and short run. Moreover, 1% decrease in terrorism results in an increase of per capita income by 0.02% in the long run and 0.001% in the short run. Assuming symmetry, the long run capital share is 0.47. In asymmetric relation, a 1% increase in capital share increases output by 0.55%, whereas a 1% decrease in capital stock decreases output by 0.26%. The break effects show that the years 1993 and 2004 have negative effects on growth. The vector error correction model-based causality results indicate a unidirectional causality from terrorism to per capita income. Overall, the results highlight that terrorism is growth retarding.

Does income matter in the happiness-corruption relationship?

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mak Arvin ◽  
Byron Lew
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Model ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Discernible Effect ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Cutoff Levels

Purpose – Empirical evidence on the relation between happiness (life satisfaction) and corruption is barely perceptible in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to closing this gap by presenting some estimates using a large cross-section of countries over the period 1996-2010. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical model allows both corruption and per capita income to enter as arguments of a happiness “production function”. The correlation between happiness and corruption is presumed to be non-linear. Findings – While the results do not support the existence of a Kuznets-type trajectory, the study finds that the level of per capita income determines whether happiness and corruption are related and in what way. The authors estimate cutoff income levels at which corruption has a discernible effect on happiness. The results show that corruption reduces happiness, but only for high-income countries – roughly the upper half of the income range in the sample. Practical implications – Results nullify the oft-asserted statement that happiness is negatively linked to corruption in all countries. The nature of correlation is more complex. Originality/value – The paper goes beyond simply testing whether happiness is related to corruption. It conjectures that the relationship between the two variables is non-monotonic. Thus, the analysis considers the notion that the association between happiness and probity is income dependent. A novel feature of the empirical model is that the estimated income cutoff levels are endogenously determined. That is, income thresholds are not pre-determined. The authors also test for the robustness of the results by addressing the issue of potential endogeneity of corruption.

scholarly journals The Relationships between Economic and Political Liberalization and the Kuznets Curve

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Nişancı ◽  
Ahmet Fatih Aydemir ◽  
Bengü Tosun ◽  
Ömer Selçuk Emsen
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
National Development ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Political Liberalization ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

Per capita income and income distribution are defined as classical Kuznets curve. From this view, the relationship between per capita income and income distribution is controlled variables and studies that take environmental pollution, financial depth, or trade volume into account are widely seen in the literature according to the study objectives. Respectively, these applications can be named first as environmental Kuznets and secondly as financial Kuznets. As parallel to this view, the studies that emphasize the relationship between export and income distribution are common in the literature, representing economic liberalization. It is also worth noting that political liberalization whether political rights or civil liberties, supports the trend that emerges like the Kuznets’ curve, according to the level of development of the countries. In this study, when the level of national development is taken into consideration, the relationships between per capita income and economic and political liberalization practices have been tested with econometric tests, whether they follow a classical, environmental, commercial or financial Kuznets-like situation. In addition to the classical, environmental, commercial and financial Kuznets, the existence of the “political liberalization practices” will be discussed in the literature in order to overlap the theoretical expectations and the results of this study. In the analysis of the 2012 horizontal cross-section of the country group with the highest Gini coefficient, Kuznets' “inverse U” view is reflected in both commercial and political liberalization dimensions.

scholarly journals ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH ON INEQUALITY IN INDIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Furqan Ali ◽  
Mohammad Asif
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The State ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

The rate of economic growth in India fluctuates with the world economic scenario. The developed countries being economically stable and highly advanced by technology, like U.S.A, France, Germany, Japan, and China faced the problem of economic crises. At the same time, the world comes to fluctuate their efficiency and empowerment to the leadership engagement in stabilizing the economy. In this paper, data taken from the Indian States as per capita income at the state level and compare it with all India average data. The Net State Domestic Product Per Capita Income (NSDPPCI), had taken on a current price for the short period 2011-2012 to 2016-2017. This paper compared the regional variation in state performance and compared the most riches states to inferior ones. The factors which affect economic performance are like stabilize the political stability in the state. We also focus comparison on the different political party announcements of the welfare scheme for the farmers and other poor people living in these states. Another factor like the level of education at states and center level, total population, and its growth rate, the public expenditure on the health sector. We measure income inequality, income distribution with the economic growth of India. KEYWORDS: Economic Growth; Inequality; Income Distribution; Political Stability.

scholarly journals UKURAN PASAR UKURAN PASAR (Market Size) DAN INVESTASI ASING LANGSUNG DI ASEAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Adi Lumadya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Direct Foreign Investment ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Per Capita

The main objective of this study was to examine the influence of some economic variables that include market size proxied with income per capita, economic growth, and exports to the Foreign Direct Investment in the member countries of ASEAN-9. The analytical tool used is the Least Squares Regression (Ordinary Least Square) and Panel Data. In the Data Panel will look for similarities in effect is Fixed (Fixed Effect) and the effect is Random (Random Effect). The results of the analysis are: Based on the analysis of OLS concluded that the variable size of the market (market size) were proxied with Per Capita Income (GDPP), Economic Growth (EG), and exports (EG) significantly affects the Direct Foreign Investment. Based on the analysis of Panel Data with Fixed Effect Method concluded that the variable size of the market (market size) were represented with per capita income (GDP), Economic Growth (EG), and exports (EG) significantly affects the Direct Foreign Investment. Based on the analysis of Panel Data with Random Effect method concluded that the variable size of the market (market size) were proxied with per capita income (GDP), Economic Growth (EG), and exports (EG) significantly affects the Direct Foreign Investment. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Fixed Effect, Random Effect

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