A Survey of Household Water Use and Groundwater Quality Index Assessment in a Rural Community of Cambodia

To propose an efficient system for addressing water scarcity in a rural area through groundwater use, the information on water consumption and interpretation of groundwater quality are essential for estimating the optimal preparation of the comprehensive water system. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the current household domestic water consumption and groundwater quality index of currently accessed wells in a small rural community of Preyveng province, Cambodia as a practical and beneficial as well as a model for the water resource sector in rural areas. The questionnaire survey was designed as the main instrument for collecting the household water use as face-to-face interviews. The result showed that the average daily water consumption in the Preal commune is about 71 L per capita, which is almost two times lower than the minimum water quantity recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), 150 L/day per capita. Moreover, 100% of the households in this commune heavily rely on groundwater wells for domestic water use and more than 50% confirmed that they used raw groundwater as drinking water without a proposer treatment system. Approximately 70% of the people in Preal wishes to have a clean water supply and more than 80% of the household had a positive willingness to pay for clean water supply. In terms of groundwater quality in the Preal commune, it is mainly contaminated by iron, arsenic, fluoride, and manganese, which are mainly associated with human health effects from daily consumption. About 75% of groundwater wells are presented in poor conditions and were unsuitable for drinking purposes. Lastly, the suitable water treatment and supply should be considered in order to reduce the effects on people’s health as well as to improve living conditions.

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Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Use Efficiency in China

Water ◽

10.3390/w11122620 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2620 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Wenge Zhang ◽

Xianzeng Du ◽

Anqi Huang ◽

Huijuan Yin

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Value Added ◽

Domestic Water ◽

Projection Direction ◽

Domestic Water Consumption ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Per Capita

Proper water use requires its monitoring and evaluation. An indexes system of overall water use efficiency is constructed here that covers water consumption per 10,000 yuan GDP, the coefficient of effective utilization of irrigation water, the water consumption per 10,000 yuan of industrial value added, domestic water consumption per capita of residents, and the proportion of water function zone in key rivers and lakes complying with water-quality standards and is applied to 31 provinces in China. Efficiency is first evaluated by a projection pursuit cluster model. Multidimensional efficiency data are transformed into a low-dimensional subspace, and the accelerating genetic algorithm then optimizes the projection direction, which determines the overall efficiency index. The index reveals great variety in regional water use, with Tianjin, Beijing, Hebei, and Shandong showing highest efficiency. Shanxi, Liaoning, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Henan, Shanxi, and Gansu also use water with high efficiency. Medium efficiency occurs in Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Hainan, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Low efficiency is found for Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Xinjiang. Tibet is the least efficient. The optimal projection direction is a* = (0.3533, 0.7014, 0.4538, 0.3315, 0.1217), and the degree of influence of agricultural irrigation efficiency, water consumption per industrial profit, water used per gross domestic product (GDP), domestic water consumption per capita of residents, and environmental water quality on the result has decreased in turn. This may aid decision making to improve overall water use efficiency across China.

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Household water use: a Portuguese field study

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2007.098 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 7 (5-6) ◽

pp. 193-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

P. Vieira ◽

M. do C. Almeida ◽

J.M. Baptista ◽

R. Ribeiro

Keyword(s):

Field Study ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Domestic Water ◽

Household Water ◽

Main Components ◽

Definition Of

Household water use structure can vary significantly depending on several factors like personal habits, socio-economic, cultural and climatic conditions. In the absence of Portuguese data on domestic water consumption, a field study was carried out in order to obtain information that could help support the definition of water conservation measures within the scope of the Portuguese National Program for the Efficient Use of Water. The paper describes the methodology and results obtained in this study, which involved approximately 100 participants that made a characterization of their appliances and detailed recordings of all water uses. Results allowed for the determination of average values of usage duration and frequency for each appliance, total volume consumed per water appliance and per capita water consumption. In terms of consumption structure, it was found that showering and bathing were the main components (36±13%) followed by taps (29±10%) and toilet flushing (21±7%).

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Seasonal Variation of Rainy and Dry Season Per Capita Water Consumption in Freetown City Sierra Leone

Water ◽

10.3390/w13040499 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 499

Author(s):

Salmatta Ibrahim A ◽

Fayyaz Ali Memon ◽

David Butler

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Low Income ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Predictor Variable ◽

Dry Season ◽

Data Set ◽

Per Capita ◽

End Use

Ensuring a sustainable urban water supply for developing/low-income countries requires an understanding of the factors affecting water consumption and technical evidence of individual consumption which can be used to design an improved water demand projection. This paper compared dry and rainy season water sources available for consumption and the end-use volume by each person in the different income groups. The study used a questionnaire survey to gather household data for a total of 398 households, which was analysed to develop the relationship between per capita water consumption characteristics: Socio-economic status, demographics, water use behaviour around indoor and outdoor water use activities. In the per capita water consumption patterns of Freetown, a seasonal variation was found: In the rainy season, per capita water consumption was found to be about 7% higher than the consumption for the full sample, whilst in the dry season, per capita water consumption was almost 14% lower than the full survey. The statistical analysis of the data shows that the average per capita water consumption for both households increases with income for informal slum-, low-, middle- and high-income households without piped connection (73, 78, 94 and 112 L/capita/day) and with connection (91, 97, 113 and 133 L/capita/day), respectively. The collected data have been used to develop 20 statistical models using the multiple linear stepwise regression method for selecting the best predictor variable from the data set. It can be seen from the values that the strongest significant relationships of per capita consumption are with the number of occupants (R = −0.728) in the household and time spent to fetch water for use (R = −0.711). Furthermore, the results reveal that the highest fraction of end use is showering (18%), then bathing (16%), followed by toilet use (14%). This is not in agreement with many developing countries where toilet use represents the largest component of indoor end use.

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The Water Footprint of Kathmandu Metropolitan City

Journal of Natural History Museum ◽

10.3126/jnhm.v28i0.14170 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 73-80

Author(s):

Mohan Bikram Shrestha ◽

Udhab Raj Khadka

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Water Footprint ◽

Industrial Water ◽

Total Water ◽

Domestic Water ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Water Project ◽

Metropolitan City ◽

Industrial Water Use ◽

Per Capita

The water footprint is consumption-based indicator of water use. Water footprint is defined as the total volume of both indirect and the direct freshwater used for producing goods and services consumed by individuals or inhabitants of community. There are many studies regarding the direct water use but studies incorporating both direct and indirect water use is deficient. This study tries to estimate total volume of water based on the consumption pattern of different commodities by individuals of Kathmandu Metropolitan city using extended water footprint calculator. The average water footprint of individuals appears to be 1145.52 m3/yr. The indirect and direct water footprint appears to be 1070.82 Mm3/yr and 46.59 Mm3/yr respectively which cumulatively give the total water footprint of Kathmandu Metropolitan City of 1117.40 Mm3/yr. This volume is equal to 2.27 times the annual flow the River Bagmati. The indirect water footprint includes food water footprint of 1055.60 Mm3/yr or 2.14 times the annual flow and industrial water use of 15.22 Mm3/yr or 0.03 times the annual flow while the direct water footprint includes domestic water use of 46.59 Mm3/yr or 0.09 times the annual flow. In food water footprint, cereals consumption shared the highest contribution of 34.82% followed by meat consumption with share of 32.62% in total water footprint. Per capita per day water use of inhabitants appears to be 3138 liters which includes water use in food items of 2965 liters, industrial water use of 43 liters and domestic water use of 131 liters. The per capita per day domestic water use is 90 liters more than supplement of 41 liters by the water operator of Kathmandu Valley. Per capita per day domestic water use is already 5 liters more than expected improvement in water supplement of 126 liters per capita per day in 2025 after accomplishment of Melamchi water project. And, it is expected to increase further observing the rapid urbanization of Kathmandu Metropolitan City. The study showed water footprint of individuals is directly related to food consumption behavior, life style and services used therefore it is necessary to initiate water offsetting measures at individual level and water operator to find environmentally sustainable alternatives along with ongoing water project to fulfill demand. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 28, 2014: 73-80

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Research on evaluation of China's water-resource utilization efficiency based on DEA-Tobit two-stage model

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2020.349 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Y. Yang

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Resource Utilization ◽

Water Resource ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Water Resource Utilization ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Per Capita ◽

Resource Utilization Efficiency

Abstract In the paper, Data Envelopment Analysis Tobit (DEA-Tobit) two-stage model was used to evaluate the efficiency of water-resource utilization, and regional differences and influencing factors water-resource utilization were analyzed. The results of the analysis of regional differences show that China's water-use efficiency is relatively low. Only Beijing, Shanghai, and Fujian have water-use efficiency higher than 0.8, whereas most other provinces and cities have an efficiency 0.3–0.8, there are regional differences in water-resource utilization efficiency in China, with the eastern region being higher than the central and western regions. The analysis of the influencing factors of regional differences in water-use efficiency found that per capita water resources, per capita domestic water use, and the proportion of primary and secondary industries all have a negative impact on the efficiency of water use, and per capita GDP has a positive impact on the efficiency of water use. Agricultural water consumption, industrial water consumption, domestic water consumption, and total ecological water consumption all have a negative impact on water-resource utilization efficiency, of which water consumption and industrial water consumption have a greater impact. Technological level and water-resource utilization efficiency have shown a significant positive correlation.

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An Improved Ecological Footprint Method for Water Resources Utilization Assessment in the Cities

Water ◽

10.3390/w12020503 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 503

Author(s):

Hui Li ◽

Fen Zhao ◽

Chunhui Li ◽

Yujun Yi ◽

Jiuhe Bu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

Ecological Footprint ◽

Yellow River ◽

The Yellow River ◽

Water Resources Carrying Capacity ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Per Capita

Economic development and increasing population density along the lower reaches of the Yellow river have challenged the river’s ability to meet human and ecological demand. The evaluation of the sustainability of water resources in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is of great significance for the achievement of high-quality development in the region. Based on an improved ecological footprint method considering soil water, the spatial and temporal evolution of the water resources ecological footprint and water resources carrying capacity and evaluates the utilization of water resources in the lower Yellow River are comprehensively evaluated. The results show that agricultural water consumption in the urban agglomerations in the lower reaches of the Yellow River occupies a major position in water consumption, accounting for more than 70%. In 2013–2017, the per capita water resources ecological footprint of the cities along the lower reaches of the Yellow River decreases every year, while the water resources carrying capacity is slightly fluctuating, but remains in a relatively stable state. The deficit situation has eased, falling by 54.52% in the past five years. The water use efficiency of the lower reaches of the Yellow River has increased every year, and the water resources conflict improved significantly, after the implementation of the new environmental policy in 2015. In terms of space, the cities with the smallest per capita ecological deficits include Zibo, Zhengzhou, and Laiwu City, and Dezhou, and Kaifeng and Binzhou City have the largest. Strict water resources management measures and water pollution prevention and control regulations should be formulated to improve the water use efficiency in these areas in order to solve the problem of water shortage.

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Mean water footprint of national consumption per capita (1996-2005)

10.29104/wins.l.0066.2018 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Chloé Meyer

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Industrial Production ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Water Footprint ◽

Domestic Water ◽

The Mean ◽

Per Capita ◽

Annual Water ◽

Table Data ◽

National Consumption

This layer presents estimations of the mean annual water footprint of national consumption per capita for the period 1996-2005. The water footprint is a measure of human’s appropriation of freshwater resources; it has three components: green, blue and grey. Estimations are given in cubic meter per capita per year. In the table, data are also available disaggregated per sectors: agricultural production, industrial production and domestic water use. A detailed description of the methodology and results can be found in the main report available here: http://temp.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report50-NationalWaterFootprints-Vol1.pdf . For more information, visit the Water Footprint Network website: http://temp.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/WaterStat Cost Use/Reuse

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How Trust and Risk Perception Affect Household Water Use

10.1093/acrefore/9780190632366.013.164 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Raymond Yu Wang ◽

Xiaofeng Liu

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Tap Water ◽

Demand Management ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Social Groups ◽

Recycled Water ◽

Household Water

Household water use accounts for an important portion of water consumption. Notably, different households may behave differently regarding how water is used in everyday life. Trust and risk perception are two significant psychological factors that influence water use behavior in households. Since trust and risk perception are malleable and subject to construction, they are useful for developing effective demand management strategies and water conservation policies. The concepts of trust and risk perception are multidimensional and interconnected. Risk perception varies across social groups and is often shaped by subjective feelings toward a variety of activities, events, and technologies. Risk perception is also mediated by trust, which involves a positive expectation of an individual, an organization, and/or an institution that derives from complex processes, characteristics, and competence. Likewise, different social groups’ trust in various entities involved in household water use is subject to the significant and far-reaching impact of risk perception. The complexity of the two notions poses challenges to the measurement and exploration of their effects on household water use. In many cases, risk perception and trust can influence people’s acceptance of water sources (e.g., tap water, bottled water, recycled water, and desalinated water) and their conservation behavior (e.g., installing water-saving technologies and reducing water consumption) in household water use. Trust can affect household water use indirectly through its influence on risk perception. Moreover, trust and risk perception in household water use are neither given nor fixed; rather, they are dynamically determined by external, internal, and informational factors. A coherent, stable, transparent, and fair social and institutional structure is conducive to building trust. However, trust and risk perception differ among groups with diverse household and/or individual demographic, economic, social, and cultural characteristics. Direct information from personal experiences and, more importantly, indirect information from one’s social network, as well as from mass media and social media, play an increasingly important role in the formation and evolution of trust and risk perception, bringing a profound impact on household water use in an era of information. Future directions lie in new dynamics of risk perception and trust in the era of information explosion, the coevolution mechanism of risk perception and trust in household water use, the nuanced impacts of different types of risks (e.g., controllable and uncontrollable) on household water use, and the interactive relations of risk perception and trust across geographical contexts.

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Study on Domestic Water Price and Water Saving Consciousness in Beibei District, Chongqing

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1015 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 448-453 ◽

pp. 1015-1018

Author(s):

Jun Ying Jin ◽

Lu Yang ◽

Wei Hua Zhang

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Water Saving ◽

Water Price ◽

Water Resource Development ◽

Monthly Income ◽

Social Investigation ◽

Domestic Water ◽

Local Residents ◽

Maximum Water

Water price is a better economic lever which may keep suitable water resource development. This study mainly focused on domestic water use and water-saving consciousness from the view of local residents and students through social investigation in Beibei district, Chongqing, and discussed the maximum water price accepted by people through analysis the ratio of monthly water consumption to monthly income, meanwhile, the awareness of saving water was analyzed. The results show that the maximum water price afforded by the residents is 0.56US$/m3.

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Influence of Community Factors on Water Saving in a Mega City after Implementing the Progressive Price Schemes

Water ◽

10.3390/w13081097 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1097

Author(s):

Shaohong Han ◽

Jizhi Zhou ◽

Zeyuan Liu ◽

Lijian Zhang ◽

Xin Huang

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Housing Price ◽

Principal Component ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Community Factors ◽

Management Fees ◽

Household Water ◽

Residential Water

A progressive price scheme (PPS) has been implemented in Shanghai since 2013 in consideration of residents’ ability to pay, and charges are based on the actual water consumption of the residents, in an effort to balance the rational allocation of water resources and the goal of saving water between rich and poor families. In the current work, the effect of the PPS for water use was evaluated based on the water use of 6661 households from 14 communities in Shanghai. It was found that the PPS did not reduce household water consumption when comparing the water consumption per household both before and after the implementation of the PPS policy. To investigate the weakness of the PPS, a principal component analysis (PCA) and a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were conducted to access the relationships between mean household water use and community factors such as housing price, management fees, and the number of parking sites. Moreover, a significant inverted U-shaped curve between housing price and water use was found, which demonstrates that rental households shared by several tenants were the main consumers of residential water, and they were not sensitive to the water price improvement in the PPS due to sharing water prices. Therefore, a proposal was made in this work to increase the proportion of water fee expenditure in the total household income and to use 3% as the benchmark for water affordability. Our results provided a new picture of residential water use in big cities and a method for saving and balancing urban water resources.

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