scholarly journals Controversy over the Use of “Shade Covers” to Avoid Water Evaporation in Water Reservoirs

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11234
Author(s):  
Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Shade Cloth ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Current Concerns ◽  
Water Quality Deterioration

Water scarcity and sustainability are main current concerns affecting billions of people worldwide. Apart from policies designed to guarantee water supply, technologies and procedures have been developed to optimize the uses of water and water recycling as well as to minimize water scarcity. Among these technologies, those based on the use of bioinspired fibres, membranes, nanomaterials, liquid-liquid extraction methods using ionic liquids or approaches involving plants or microbes have been successfully carried out. One of the main problems associated with most of these technologies is the high cost of their implementation and maintenance. Consequently, other cheaper strategies have been explored, such as the use of shade covers. The objective of this work is to summarize the most recent findings on the use of shade covers (suspended shade cloth covers and shade objects) on water reservoirs, mainly agricultural water reservoirs (AWRs). Reflections on the investment-benefit relationship of this technological proposal are also herein discussed. Apart from traditional shade cloth clover, more recently, other covers like shade balls/squares/hexagons (shady objects) have also been proposed as promising approaches to save water and keep its quality. However, the manufacturing of shady objects, mainly made of polyethylene plastic, results in: (i) high cost (high energy cost and use of raw materials like crude oil and natural gas); (ii) significant production of residues, and (iii) visual environmental pollution. The main conclusion reached from this review is that the controversy over the use of shade covers continues in the spotlight of scientists, water managers, and related companies; although this approach saves water and prevents water quality deterioration, a large number of recalcitrant residues are produced, not only during their production, but also when they must be replaced due to deterioration.

Development of a Semi-Wet Process for Ceramic Floor Tile Granule Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Hasan Ergin ◽  
Mert Kiliç ◽  
Emrah Durgut ◽  
Kagan Kayaci ◽  
Ali Altintaş ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Spray Dryer ◽  
New Production ◽  
Wet Process ◽  
Gas Consumption

In ceramic tile manufacturing industry, the wet process including wet grinding and spray drying, is widely used for preparing granule. However, due to the high energy consumption for the water evaporation in spray dryer, it has become a major problem in wet process. In recent years, there have been vast amount of researches for developing of dry granulation processes in that granule size distributions cause quality problems in the final products.In this research, it is aimed to develop a new production system, called as Semi-Wet Process. The new system consists of a horizontal dryer, dry ball mill, separator and an additional high speed mixture. The raw-materials having low humidity are ground to the required fineness in dry size reduction process. The other components of recipe, that are prepared in conventional wet process, are mixed with the dry prepared powder in the mixing slurry tank. The addition of dry powder reduces the water ratio of final suspension. Hence, the natural gas consumption of the water evaporation in spray dryer is reduced substantially.The industrial application of the developed Semi Wet System was carried out in Kaleseramik Factory in Turkey, where 28% reduction on gas consumption has been achieved.

MANUFACTURING GASEOUS PRODUCTS BY PYROLYSIS MICROALGAE BIOMASS

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
N. I. Chernova ◽  
S. V. Kiseleva ◽  
O. M. Larina ◽  
G. A. Sytchev
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Solid Residue ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Pyrolysis Liquid ◽  
Pyrolysis Gases

Algae biomass is considered as an alternative raw material for the production of biofuels. The search for new types of raw materials, including high-energy types of microalgae, remains relevant, since the share of motor fuels in the structure of the global fuel and energy balance remains consistently high (about 35%), and the price of oil is characterized by high volatility. The authors have considered the advantages of microalgae as sources of raw materials for fuel production. Biochemical and thermochemical conversion are proposed as technologies for their processing. This paper presents the results of the study of the pyrolysis of the biomass of clonal culture of blue-green microalgae / cyanobacteriumArthrospira platensis rsemsu 1/02-Pfrom the collection of the Research Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. An experiment to study the process of pyrolysis of microalgae biomass was carried out at the experimental facility of the Institute of High Temperatures RAS in pure nitrogen grade 6.0 to create an oxygen-free environment with a linear heating rate of 10 ºС / min from room temperature to 1000 ºС. The whole process of pyrolysis proceeded in the field of endothermy. The specific amounts of solid residue, pyrolysis liquid and gaseous products were experimentally determined. As a result of the pyrolysis of microalgae biomass weighing 15 g, the following products were obtained: 1) coal has the mass of the solid residue is 2.68 g, or 17.7% of the initial mass of the microalgae (while 9.3% of the initial mass of the microalgae remained in the reactor); 2) pyrolysis liquid – weight 3.3 g, or 21.9% of the initial weight; 3) non-condensable pyrolysis gases – weight 1.15 l. The specific volumetric gas yield (the amount of gas released from 1 kg of the starting material) was 0.076 Nm3/ kg. The analysis of the composition and specific volume yield of non-condensable pyrolysis gases formed in the process of pyrolysis, depending on temperature. It is shown that with increasing temperature, the proportion of highcalorie components of the gas mixture (hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide) increases. The calorific value of the mixture of these gases has been estimated.

Anthocyanins: Chemical Properties and Health Benefits: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siraj Salman Mohammad ◽  
Renata Oliveira Santos ◽  
Maria Ivone Barbosa ◽  
José Lucena Barbosa Junior
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
The Body ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction Properties ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Food Processes ◽  
Shed Light

: Anthocyanins are widely spread in different kinds of food, especially fruits and floral tissues, there is an extensive range of anthocyanin compounds reach more than 600 exist in nature. Anthocyanins can be used as antioxidants and raw material for several applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. Consequently, a plenty of studies about anthocyanins sources and extraction methods were reported. Furthermore, many studies about their stability, bioactive and therapeutic properties have been done. According to the body of work, we firstly worked to shed light on anthocyanin properties including chemical, antioxidant and extraction properties. Secondly, we reported the applications and health benefits of anthocyanin including the applications in food processes and anthocyanin characteristics as therapeutic and prophylactic compounds. We reviewed anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-fatness, oxidative Stress and lipid decreasing and vasoprotective effects of anthocyanins. In conclusion, because the importance of phytochemicals and bioactive compounds the research is still continuing to find new anthocyanins from natural sources and invest them as raw materials in the pharmaceutical and nutrition applications.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 nanocomposite by a novel method

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zhu ◽  
L. Ye ◽  
F. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Hot Pressing ◽  
Reaction Path ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Good Combination ◽  
High Energy Milling ◽  
Al2o3 Composite ◽  
Novel Method

A Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 nanocomposite was synthesized using Ti, Al, C and TiO2 as raw materials by a novel combination of high-energy milling and hot pressing. The reaction path of the 3Ti-8C-16Al-9TiO2 mixture of powders was investigated, and the results show that the transitional phases TiC, TixAly and Al2O3 are formed in high-energy milling first, and then TixAly is transformed to the TiAl phase during the hot pressing. Finally, a reaction between TiC and TiAl occurs to produce Ti3AlC2 and the nanosized Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 composite is synthesized. The Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 composite possessed a good combination of mechanical properties with a hardness of 6.0 GPa, a flexural strength of 600 MPa, and a fracture toughness (K1C) of 5.8 MPa?m1/2. The strengthening and toughening mechanisms were also discussed.

scholarly journals Prospects for optimizing the drying process of Virginia 202 tobacco leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
E. Е. Ulyanchenko ◽  
N. N. Vinevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Apply Physical ◽  
Natural Drying

Cultivation and use of Virginia 202 broadleaf skeletal variety for the production of smoking tobacco has broad prospects. Problems of post-harvest processing of large leaves with a massive midrib consist in high energy costs with an artificial drying method or the provision of facilities for long-term natural drying. The aim of the research is to apply physical method of cutting the leaf midrib to intensify drying and to determine the effect of this technique on the quality indicators of raw materials. It has been found that the technique of cutting the midrib on the Virginia 202 variety contributes to a significant optimization of the drying process without reducing the quality of raw materials. The drying time of leaves with the combined method is reduced by 2,8 times, with the natural method – by 2,3 times, and the quality indicators of raw materials improve. Commercial quality is characterized by the yield of 1 commercial grade, for combined drying the yield of 1 grade has increased in comparison with the control sample by 27% and amounted to 86,5%, with natural drying – the increase in yield is 4%. Cutting the midrib increases the fiber yield by 3–5% and contributes to an increase in the volumetric-elastic properties of the fiber, providing an economical consumption of raw materials for the production of smoking articles, the consumption is 676,8–753,8 g/1000 pcs. The gustatory quality improves, raw materials with a cut midrib have optimal values of the ratio of carbohydrate-protein balance in the range of 1,08–1,5, the strength is preserved due to the lower consumption of nicotine during the shorter drying period, in comparison with drying the leaf without cutting the midrib. Cutting the midrib in Virginia 202 is cost effective.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF JET MIXERS FORPREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS FOR PRIMARY PROCESSING PLANTS OIL REFINING

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (68) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
A. Gumerov ◽  
G. Sidorov ◽  
R. Musaeva
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Repair Costs ◽  
Ansys Cfx ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Propeller Blades

In the oil and gas industry, bottom sediments are deposited in reservoirs, which reduce the efficiency of oil refining. The optimal yield of light oil products during primary oil refining was considered. To achieve high energy efficiency, it is necessary to compound the oil in the tank using agitators. The available propeller agitators are considered, and their shortcomings are revealed. The disadvantages include: high repair costs, the presence of an electric motor that increases the fire hazard of production, the occurrence of axial loads as a result of rotation and clogging of impurities in the propeller blades. A jet mixer can compensate for the disadvantages of propeller agitators. The simulation was performed using the ANSYS CFX software package. Models have been developed for: cyclic mixing; mixing with a propeller agitator; mixing with a jet agitator. A strength calculation was performed with the ANSYS-Static Structural module with imported data from ANSYS CFX for the propeller and jet agitator. It is revealed that the jet mixer, with its simple design and operation in comparison with other compounding methods, allows to achieve better mixing and lower loads on the tank.

scholarly journals Use of Steel and Polyolefin Fibres in the La Canda Tunnels: Applying MIVES for Assessing Sustainability Evaluation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos G. Alberti ◽  
Jaime C. Gálvez ◽  
Alejandro Enfedaque ◽  
Ana Carmona ◽  
Cristina Valverde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Value Function ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Concrete Slabs ◽  
Function Concept ◽  
Sustainability Evaluation ◽  
Value Model ◽  
The Value Function ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Construction involves the use of significant quantities of raw materials and entails high-energy consumption. For the sake of choosing the most appropriate solution that considers environmental and sustainable concepts, tools such as the integrated value model for sustainable assessment (Modelo Integrado de Valor para una Evaluación Sostenible, MIVES) used in Spain, plays a key role in obtaining the best solution. MIVES is a multi-criteria decision-making method based on the value function concept and the seminars delivered by experts. Such tools, in order to show how they may work, require application to case studies. In this paper, two concrete slabs manufactured with differing reinforcement during the construction of the La Canda Tunnels are compared by means of MIVES. The two concrete slabs were reinforced with a conventional steel-mesh and with polyolefin fibres. The results showed that from the point of view of sustainability, the use of polyolefin fibres provided a significant advantage mainly due to the lower maintenance required.

scholarly journals WEEE collection and CRM recovery trials: piloting a holistic approach for Scotland

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-718
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Sustainable Supply Chain ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

<p>Re-Tek UK and its partners, Enscape Consulting and the University of West of Scotland commenced trials for the collection and recovery of critical raw materials from waste electrical and electronic (WEEE) products in July 2016. Sponsored by the EU LIFE funded project ‘Critical Raw Material Closed Loop Recovery’ coordinated by WRAP with EARN, ERP UK Ltd, KTN Ltd and Wuppertal Institute as beneficiaries. The trials are aimed at boosting the recovery of critical raw materials (CRMs) from household waste electrical and electronic products (WEEE) and Information Communications Technology (ICT) in particular, after functioning equipment is separated out for re-use. The new collection models provided residents with the opportunity to drop-off unwanted electrical and electronic appliances at a time and place that suits them, through a collaborative approach which encourages local authorities, educational establishments, businesses, and Social Enterprises, etc to act as hub sites. Hubs were designed to minimize product damage and encourage drop-off, rather than hoarding. Extraction methods developed after the collection phase of the trial looked at the opportunity to recover cobalt, gold and silver from ICT products, with the potential to inform how a more sustainable supply chain could be developed in Scotland. The elements studied were selected to demonstrate financial opportunity (gold/silver) and a strategic priority material (cobalt) for long term supply. These are based on bioleaching and electrochemical recovery using novel carbon based electrode systems, and chemical processing methods using extraction techniques with an assessment of pilot performance and scale up challenges. Our report is on the state of progress towards practical solutions to WEEE and CRM recovery.</p>

scholarly journals A new approach to biomining: Bioengineering surfaces for metal recovery from aqueous solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesica Urbina ◽  
Advait Patil ◽  
Kosuke Fujishima ◽  
Ivan G. Paulino-Lima ◽  
Chad Saltikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Metal Binding ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Metal Recovery ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Metal Extraction ◽  
Copper Binding ◽  
Metal Binding Peptides ◽  
Binding Peptides

Abstract Electronics waste production has been fueled by economic growth and the demand for faster, more efficient consumer electronics. The glass and metals in end-of-life electronics components can be reused or recycled; however, conventional extraction methods rely on energy-intensive processes that are inefficient when applied to recycling e-waste that contains mixed materials and small amounts of metals. To make e-waste recycling economically viable and competitive with obtaining raw materials, recovery methods that lower the cost of metal reclamation and minimize environmental impact need to be developed. Microbial surface adsorption can aid in metal recovery with lower costs and energy requirements than traditional metal-extraction approaches. We introduce a novel method for metal recovery by utilizing metal-binding peptides to functionalize fungal mycelia and enhance metal recovery from aqueous solutions such as those found in bioremediation or biomining processes. Using copper-binding as a proof-of-concept, we compared binding parameters between natural motifs and those derived in silico, and found comparable binding affinity and specificity for Cu. We then combined metal-binding peptides with chitin-binding domains to functionalize a mycelium-based filter to enhance metal recovery from a Cu-rich solution. This finding suggests that engineered peptides could be used to functionalize biological surfaces to recover metals of economic interest and allow for metal recovery from metal-rich effluent with a low environmental footprint, at ambient temperatures, and under circumneutral pH.

Ti6Al4V Parts Produced by Electron Beam Melting: Analysis of Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Roughness

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 107-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Borrelli ◽  
S. Franchitti ◽  
C. Pirozzi ◽  
L. Carrino ◽  
L. Nele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Electron Beam Melting ◽  
Complex Shape ◽  
Electron Beam Welding ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Quality Certification

Additive manufacturing (AM), applied to metal industry, is a family of processes that allows complex shape components to be realized from raw materials in the form of powders. Electron beam melting (EBM) is a relatively new additive manufacturing (AM) technology. Similar to electron-beam welding, EBM utilizes a high-energy electron beam as a moving heat source to melt metal powder, and 3D parts are produced in a layer-building fashion by rapid self-cooling. By EBM, it is possible to realize metallic complex shape components, e.g. fine network structures, internal cavities and channels, which are difficult to make by conventional manufacturing means. This feature is of particular interest in titanium industry in which numerous efforts are done to develop near net shape processes. In the field of mechanical engineering and, in particular, in the aerospace industry, it is crucial for quality certification purpose that components are produced through qualified and robust manufacturing processes ensuring high product repeatability. The contribution of the present work is to experimentally identify the EBM job parameters (sample orientation, location of the sample in the layer and height in the build chamber) that influence the dimensional accuracy and the surface roughness of the manufactured parts in Ti6Al4V. The repeatability of EBM is investigated too.

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