Current Readiness Status of Electric Vehicles in Indonesia: Multistakeholder Perceptions

As a net oil importer since 2004, Indonesia’s success in developing fuel economy and infrastructure for electric vehicles would be vital to ensuring energy security and decarbonization from the transport sector. Following the Presidential Regulation on the Acceleration Program for battery-based EV for Road Transportation in 2019, the Indonesian government provides incentives for the domestic production of EVs. However, as EV technology is relatively new for the domestic automotive industry in Indonesia, it needs to go through stages of development to achieve full readiness in society. This study analyses the key stakeholders’ perceptions of EV industries using the Japanese technology readiness assessment (J-TRA) to better understand the current readiness level of EVs in Indonesia. Primary data are collected through interviews with an EV start-up company, experts in the EV field, government officials in charge of the national EV projects, and EV end-users. Extensive literature related to success stories of EV adoption in other countries was conducted as the basis for this study. The results showed that key stakeholders agree that EV technology has reached a high readiness level in technology development. Most of the stakeholders voted that the readiness bottleneck is commercialization, safety, and integration parameters. Furthermore, an elaborate policy recommendation gathered from both literature reviews and interviews with related stakeholders is presented.

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Innovation Readiness Assessment toward Research Commercialization: Case of Surfactants for Food Processing

International Journal of Innovation ◽

10.5585/iji.v6i2.291 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 180-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arief Ameir Rahman Setiawan ◽

Anny Sulaswatty ◽

Yenny Meliana ◽

Agus Haryono

Keyword(s):

Food Processing ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Technology Development ◽

Readiness Assessment ◽

Innovation And Technology ◽

Readiness Level ◽

Technology Market ◽

Market Organization ◽

Further Development ◽

Glycerol Mono

Determining the readiness of research toward commercialization becomes significant issues encountered by the institution working on research, innovation and technology development. Particularly in food processing area, the issue is much more involving other aspects aside from technological matter, hence, an assessment tool should be consider these aspects altogether to capture integrated perspective. This study explored the use of Innovation Readiness Level to measures the maturity of research from the perspective of technology, market, organization, partnership and risk. Case of surfactant researches in the Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences will be deployed as examples of study. According to the assessment, it has been obtained the surfactant recommended for further development towards commercialization of R D results for food processing, i.e. Glycerol Mono Stearate (GMS), which has reached the level of IRL 3. This finding resulted some implications for improvements strategies to foster the research toward commercialization.

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Estimating Emission Load from Road Transportation within the Bhaktapur Municipality, Nepal

Journal of Environmental and Public Health ◽

10.1155/2020/2828643 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Prasidha R. Neupane ◽

Iswor Bajracharya ◽

Bhai R. Manandhar ◽

Meera Prajapati ◽

Hishila Sujakhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Clean Energy ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Primary Data ◽

Road Transportation ◽

Adverse Impacts ◽

Margin Of Error ◽

Clean Energy Technology

Vehicular emissions have been playing a pivotal role in deteriorating air quality in many urban parts of Nepal causing adverse impacts upon the health of commuters and pedestrians attributed to severe respiratory diseases. Primary data such as the number of vehicles (N) were obtained using two-hour peak (8 am to 10 am) and two-hour nonpeak (1 pm to 3 pm) count, after which average annual vehicle kilometer (VKT) and fuel economy (F) required for emission load estimation were obtained from vehicle survey using the simple random sampling method, sampling size taken statistically under 5% margin of error. Secondary data in this study include emission factors and derived equations from a published article. The vehicular emission load of Bhaktapur Municipality were found to be 3,310 tons/year including CO2, CO, NOx, HC, and PM10 of which CO2 accounts for 94.36% of total emissions followed by CO (4.39%), HC (0.72%), NOx (0.35%), and PM10 (0.18%), respectively. Significant positive correlation was found (r = 0.92, p = 0.002 ) between CO2 and PM10 (r = 0.87, p = 0.009 ), between CO2 and NOx (r = 0.90, p = 0.004 ), between CO and HC (r = 0.74, p = 0.05 ), and between NOx and PM10, respectively. The scenario analysis shows that the introduction of electric vehicles at different rates within the municipality can reduce the emissions to a significant amount. Exponential growth in vehicular gaseous pollutants potent to jeopardize the environment and welfare can become inevitable in the future if clean energy technology is not promoted early.

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Why we should invest further in the development of internal combustion engines for road applications

Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles ◽

10.2516/ogst/2020051 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 ◽

pp. 56 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luka Lešnik ◽

Breda Kegl ◽

Eloísa Torres-Jiménez ◽

Fernando Cruz-Peragón

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

High Energy ◽

Liquid Fuels ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Road Transportation ◽

Battery Capacity

The majority of on-road vehicles today are powered by internal combustion engines, which are, in most cases, burning petroleum-derived liquid fuels mixed with bio-components. The power to weight ratio of internal combustion engines combined with the high energy content of conventional fuels, which can be refilled easily in matter of minutes, makes them ideal for all kinds of road transportation. Since the introduction of EURO emissions norms, the emissions from the Transport sector in the European Union have undergone significant reduction. There are several alternatives to fossil fuels with similar properties, which can replace their usage in the Transport sector. The main focus of research in recent decades has been on biofuels, which can be produced from several sources. The production of biofuels is usually energy more intensive than production of fossil fuels, but their usage can contribute to emission reduction in the Transport sector. In recent years, a lot of effort was also put into promotion of electric vehicles as zero emissions vehicles. This statement should be reconsidered, since the greenhouse impact of electrical vehicles is not negligible. Conversely, in some cases, an electrical vehicle can have an even higher emission impact than modern vehicles with sophisticated internal combustion engines. This is characteristic for countries where the majority of the electricity is produced in coal power plants. With the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions in the Electricity Production sector, and with the increase of battery capacity, the role of electric vehicles in the Transport sector will probably increase. Despite significant research and financial investments in electric vehicles development, the transport sector in near future will be mostly powered by internal combustion engines and petroleum-derived liquid fuels. The amount of pollution from transport sector will be further regulated with stricter emission norms combined with smaller amount of alternative fuel usage.

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Small and Light Electric Vehicles: An Analysis of Feasible Transport Impacts and Opportunities for Improved Urban Land Use

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12198098 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (19) ◽

pp. 8098

Author(s):

Amelie Ewert ◽

Mascha Brost ◽

Christine Eisenmann ◽

Sylvia Stieler

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Urban Land Use ◽

Political Support ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Extensive Literature ◽

Climate Protection ◽

Sustainable Mobility ◽

Technology Application

Improvements in battery technology have resulted in small and light electric vehicles (LEVs) appearing on the market in Europe since 2011—however, their market share is still comparatively low. Low energy requirements and small size can potentially contribute to sustainable mobility in terms of climate protection and reduced local emissions. Our study evaluates how three-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles, categorised as L-Class according to Regulation (EU) No 168/2013, can contribute to more efficient use of space in urban areas. Evaluations of expert interviews, an extensive literature research, and analyses of the German national household travel survey (MiD) serve as the basis of the study. First, the substitution potential of trips through LEVs is explored using MiD data. Our findings show that between 17% and 49% of trips made and 6% to 30% of the distance covered by private trips can theoretically be substituted by LEVs. Thus, reorganisation of current land use offers potential and additionally, LEVs are an attractive and sustainable addition to other means of transport and contribute to achieving the climate protection goals of the transport sector. Due to the fact that technology application is restricted by travel behaviour and political support, our study discusses possible support by public bodies towards sustainable mobility. Here, the promotion of LEVs in combination with restrictive measures for cars is necessary.

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A review on powertrain subsystems and charging technology in battery electric vehicles: Current and future trends

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering ◽

10.1177/09544070211025906 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095440702110259

Author(s):

Kunal Wagh ◽

Pankaj Dhatrak

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Future Research ◽

Future Trends ◽

Road Transportation ◽

Market Prices ◽

Local Pollution ◽

Battery Electric Vehicles ◽

Global Emission ◽

Battery Technology

The transport industry is a major contributor to both local pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). The key challenge today is to mitigate the adverse impacts on the environment caused by road transportation. The volatile market prices and diminishing supplies of fuel have led to an unprecedented interest in battery electric vehicles (BEVs). In addition, improvements in motor efficiencies and significant advances in battery technology have made it easier for BEVs to compete with internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. This paper describes and assesses the latest technologies in different elements of the BEV: powertrain architectures, propulsion and regeneration systems, energy storage systems and charging techniques. The current and future trends of these technologies have been reviewed in detail. Finally, the key issue of electric vehicle component recycling (battery, motor and power electronics) has been discussed. Global emission regulations are pushing the industry towards zero or ultra-low emission vehicles. Thus, by 2025, most cars must have a considerable level of powertrain electrification. As the market share of electric vehicles increases, clear trends have emerged in the development of powertrain systems. However, some significant barriers must be overcome before appreciable market penetration can be achieved. The objective of the current study is to review and provide a complete picture of the current BEV technology and a framework to assist future research in the sector.

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Modelling Stochastic Electricity Demand of Electric Vehicles Based on Traffic Surveys—The Case of Austria

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14061577 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1577

Author(s):

Albert Hiesl ◽

Jasmine Ramsebner ◽

Reinhard Haas

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Length Distribution ◽

Electricity Demand ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Trip Purpose ◽

Entire Country ◽

Electricity Load ◽

The Individual ◽

Model Based Analysis

Battery-powered electric mobility is currently the most promising technology for the decarbonisation of the transport sector, alongside hydrogen-powered vehicles, provided that the electricity used comes 100% from renewable energy sources. To estimate its electricity demand both nationwide and in individual smaller communities, a calculation based assessment on driving profiles that are as realistic as possible is required. The developed model based analysis presented in this paper for the creation of driving and thus electricity load profiles makes it possible to build different compositions of driving profiles. The focus of this paper lies in the analysis of motorised private transport, which makes it possible to assess future charging and load control potentials in a subsequent analysis. We outline the differences in demand and driving profiles for weekdays as well as for Saturdays, Sundays and holidays in general. Furthermore, the modelling considers the length distribution of the individual trips per trip purpose and different start times. The developed method allows to create individual driving and electric vehicle (EV) demand profiles as well as averaged driving profiles, which can then be scaled up and analysed for an entire country.

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Investigation of the Impact of Large-Scale Integration of Electric Vehicles for a Swedish Distribution Network

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12244717 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 4717 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sylvester Johansson ◽

Jonas Persson ◽

Stavros Lazarou ◽

Andreas Theocharis

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Power Distribution ◽

Large Scale ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Distribution Network ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Smart Charging ◽

Large Scale Integration ◽

Scale Integration ◽

The Impact

Social considerations for a sustainable future lead to market demands for electromobility. Hence, electrical power distribution operators are concerned about the real ongoing problem of the electrification of the transport sector. In this regard, the paper aims to investigate the large-scale integration of electric vehicles in a Swedish distribution network. To this end, the integration pattern is taken into consideration as appears in the literature for other countries and applies to the Swedish culture. Moreover, different charging power levels including smart charging techniques are examined for several percentages of electric vehicles penetration. Industrial simulation tools proven for their accuracy are used for the study. The results indicate that the grid can manage about 50% electric vehicles penetration at its current capacity. This percentage decreases when higher charging power levels apply, while the transformers appear overloaded in many cases. The investigation of alternatives to increase the grid’s capabilities reveal that smart techniques are comparable to the conventional re-dimension of the grid. At present, the increased integration of electric vehicles is manageable by implementing a combination of smart gird and upgrade investments in comparison to technically expensive alternatives based on grid digitalization and algorithms that need to be further confirmed for their reliability for power sharing and energy management.

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A Comprehensive Emissions Model Combining Autonomous Vehicles with Park and Ride and Electric Vehicle Transportation Policies

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13094653 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 4653

Author(s):

Mohammed Obaid ◽

Arpad Torok ◽

Jairo Ortega

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Sustainable Transport ◽

Mode Shift ◽

Pollution Levels ◽

Park And Ride ◽

Model Combining ◽

Autonomous Electric Vehicles

Several transport policies reduce pollution levels caused by private vehicles by introducing autonomous or electric vehicles and encouraging mode shift from private to public transport through park and ride (P&R) facilities. However, combining the policies of introducing autonomous vehicles with the implementation of electric vehicles and using the P&R system could amplify the decrease of transport sector emissions. The COPERT software has been used to calculate the emissions. This article aims to study these policies and determine which combinations can better reduce pollution. The result shows that each combination of autonomous vehicles reduces pollution to different degrees. In conclusion, the shift to more sustainable transport modes through autonomous electric vehicles and P&R systems reduces pollution in the urban environment to a higher percentage. In contrast, the combination of autonomous vehicles has lower emission reduction but is easier to implement with the currently available infrastructure.

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Revisiting Olivine Phosphate and Blend Cathodes in Lithium Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

10.5772/intechopen.99931 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yujing Bi ◽

Deyu Wang

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Technology Development ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

High Energy ◽

High Energy Density ◽

And Performance ◽

Battery Technology ◽

Olivine Phosphate

As electric vehicle market growing fast, lithium ion batteries demand is increasing rapidly. Sufficient battery materials supplies including cathode, anode, electrolyte, additives, et al. are required accordingly. Although layered cathode is welcome in high energy density batteries, it is challenging to balance the high energy density and safety beside cost. As consequence, olivine phosphate cathode is coming to the stage center again along with battery technology development. It is important and necessary to revisit the olivine phosphate cathode to understand and support the development of electric vehicles utilized lithium ion batteries. In addition, blend cathode is a good strategy to tailor and balance cathode property and performance. In this chapter, blend cathode using olivine phosphate cathode will be discussed as well as olivine phosphate cathode.

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Application Of Act No. 22 Of 2009 As A Traffic Accidents Countermeasures Management In The Blora Police Law Area

Jurnal Daulat Hukum ◽

10.30659/jdh.v3i2.9373 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 259

Author(s):

Preliyanto Puji Utomo ◽

Bambang Tri Bawono

Keyword(s):

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Field Studies ◽

Warning Signs ◽

Primary Data ◽

Road Transportation ◽

Library Studies ◽

Accident Rates

The problems discussed in this study are efforts to tackle traffic accidents by law enforcers in the Blora Police Law Area and the application of Act No. 22 Of 2009 On Road Traffic and Transportation to accident rates in the Blora Police Law Area. The approach method used is sociological juridical, descriptive analytical research specifications. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Data collection methods are field studies and library studies. The data analysis method uses qualitative analysis. As a knife analysis, crime prevention theory and law enforcement theory are used. The results of the research show that the handling of traffic accidents by law enforcers in the Blora Police Law Area is carried out through preventive and repressive measures. Preventive efforts are carried out through routine patrol activities, zebra operations, counseling at schools and in the community and installing biilboard warning signs in accident-prone areas. The repressive effort is carried out through a series of investigative actions against traffic accidents which are guided by applicable laws and regulations. The application of Act No. 22 Of 2009 On Traffic and Road Transportation towards accident rates in the Blora Police Law Area is not optimal. The accident rate is still relatively high from year to year despite various efforts have been carried out. This is due to the lack of public awareness and legal culture of the community which does not support the programs implemented by the Blora Police Law Area in reducing the level of traffic accidents.Keywords: Implementation; Countermeasures; Traffic Accidents.

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