scholarly journals Targeting Smartphone Use While Driving: Drivers’ Reactions to Different Types of Safety Messages

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13241
Author(s):  
Laura Šeibokaitė ◽  
Rasa Markšaitytė ◽  
Auksė Endriulaitienė ◽  
Justina Slavinskienė ◽  
Dainora Šakinytė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Video Clip ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Role Modelling ◽  
Safe Behavior ◽  
Threat Appeals ◽  
Smartphone Use

Only a few previous studies analyzed the effectiveness of road safety messages targeting smartphone use while driving and only several of them used messages from an ongoing road safety campaign. Thus, contributing to the field, this study aimed at testing the effectiveness of two types of social messages (threat appeal and threat appeal together with safe behavior role modelling) targeting smartphone use while driving. Ninety-three drivers were randomly assigned to two experimental (n1 = 26; n2 = 37) and one control (n = 29) groups. Each experimental group was presented with one 30 s length video message to reduce or stop smartphone use while driving. Messages differed in terms of threat appeal and modelling of safe behavior. The control group was presented with a 30 s length video clip showing neutral driving related content. The results revealed that threat appeals (alone or together with a safe role model) resulted in less positive emotions when compared to the control group’s reported emotional reactions. The message with threat appeal only also resulted in more negative emotions compared to the control group. With regards to behavioral intentions, road safety messages used in this study had minor effectiveness: the threat appeal message reduced the intentions to use smartphones while driving, only when previous behavior has been controlled. In sum, messages targeting smartphone use while driving were effective at least to some extent in changing drivers’ emotions and intentions not to be involved in targeted behavior, but the effect was minor and threat appeal only showed higher effectiveness.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL ADS TARGETING DRUNK DRIVING

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dainora Šakinytė ◽  
◽  
Rasa Markšaitytė ◽  
Laura Šeibokaitė ◽  
Auksė Endriulaitienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Drunk Driving ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Attitude Questionnaire ◽  
Risky Driving ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Car Wash ◽  
Threat Appeals ◽  
Social Marketing Campaigns

"Social advertisements with threat appeals are widely used to reduce drunk driving. However, research on the effectiveness of such advertising is limited. This study aimed to evaluate, what emotions cause threat appeal ads targeting drunk driving and whether these ads change risky driving attitudes. 41 students (17.1 percent males; mean age 20.9 years; 53.7 percent had a driving license) voluntarily participated in the experimental study. Every participant was randomly assigned to one of three groups: two experimental (watched one of two TV ads with threat appeals) or control group (watched car wash ad with no threatening stimuli). After watching one of three ads, all participants were asked to evaluate seven emotions and to fill in Driving Attitude Questionnaire (DAQ). Results revealed that both road safety threat appeal ads targeting drunk driving did not arouse any stronger fear emotions or differences in driving attitudes compared to control group. Both experimental groups didn’t differ in emotions or attitudes as well. No difference in emotions and attitudes was found when comparing the reaction of participants who have seen the specific ad before the experiment and those who haven’t. The fact of being a licensed driver was also not related to the level of reported emotions or attitude differences in both experimental groups. The study results reveal that the possible effectiveness of threat appeal ads from ongoing social marketing campaigns on reducing drunk driving is questionable and further studies are needed."

Involuntary Memories of War-Related Scenes in Veterans With PTSD

2021 ◽  
pp. 216770262199454
Author(s):  
Søren Risløv Staugaard ◽  
Annette Kjær Fuglsang ◽  
Dorthe Berntsen
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Response ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Affect Intensity ◽  
General Control ◽  
Retrieval Task ◽  
Involuntary Memories ◽  
Over Time

Studies suggest that general control deficits and elevated affect intensity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) extend beyond memory for the index trauma. However, few researchers have pursued this possibility experimentally by examining memory for novel events. We used an experimental design to measure the frequency and characteristics of involuntary memories over time. Veterans with and without PTSD saw pictures of neutral and war-related scenes. Half of the participants completed an involuntary-retrieval task immediately after encoding, whereas the other half completed the retrieval task after 1 week. Veterans with PTSD had stronger emotional reactions to their involuntary memories of the scenes regardless of their original valence. The emotional impact and specificity of the memories did not diminish over time in PTSD veterans but did so in the control group. The findings are consistent with an increased emotional response to a range of memories that include—but are not limited to—memories of traumatic events.

scholarly journals Humor and Hunger Affect the Response Toward Food Cues

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Froehlich ◽  
Larissa Samaan ◽  
Rie Matsuzaki ◽  
Soyoung Q Park
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Cueing Task ◽  
Disengagement Of Attention ◽  
Engagement And Disengagement ◽  
Underlying Processes

The omnipresence of food cues in everyday life has been linked to troubled eating behavior and rising rates of obesity. While extended research has been conducted on the effects of negative emotions and stress on food consumption, very little is known about how positive emotions affect eating and particularly attention toward food cues. In the present study, we investigated whether humor impacts attentional bias toward food and whether it will affect preferences for healthy and unhealthy food items, depending on the hunger state. To do so, a group of randomly assigned participants watched funny video clips (humor group, N = 46) or neutral ones (control group, N = 49). Afterwards, they performed a modified Posner cueing task with low or high caloric food images serving as cues. We found a significant group × hunger interaction. Compared to the control group, the humor group responded more slowly to food cues when hungry, whereas the opposite was true when participants were satiated. Additionally, our results suggest that hunger possibly directs attention away from healthy food cues and toward unhealthy ones. No group differences were found with respect to food preferences and engagement and disengagement of attention. We discuss the potential of humor in counteracting aversive consequences of hunger on attention allocation toward food. We propose an underlying mechanism involving a combined reduction in cortisol levels and a decrease in activation of the reward system. However, given the novelty of the findings, further research is warranted, both to replicate the results as well as to investigate the suggested underlying processes.

scholarly journals It’s Contagious! The Effects of Gamifying Refutation Texts on Emotions and Learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Trevors
Keyword(s):  
Public Engagement ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Correct Information ◽  
Public Engagement With Science ◽  
Refutation Texts

The current study investigated the effects of gamifying refutations on emotions and learning. Refutations have a substantial body of evidence supporting their use to correct misconceptions, yet reduced efficacy has been observed for some topics that induce negative emotional reactions. We tested whether gamification could mitigate these limits given that it capitalizes on positive affective engagement. From May to December 2020, approximately 200,000 individuals were recruited from social media in Canada to engage with a non-game interactive survey as a control or a fully gamified platform focused on correcting COVID-19 misconceptions. Gamification resulted in higher levels of happiness and anxiety and lower levels of anger and skepticism in response to having misconceptions corrected by refutations. Further, participants who engaged with gamified refutations retained correct information after a brief period. Finally, positive emotions and anxiety positively predicted and negative emotions largely negatively predicted retention and support for related public health policies. Implications for scaling up and reinforcing the benefits of refutations for public engagement with science are discussed.

scholarly journals Perception of Non-Verbal Prosody in Children with ASD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra V. Maslennikova ◽  
Galina V. Portnova ◽  
Olga V. Martynova
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Target Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Spectrum Density ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Important Marker

AbstractParalinguistic features of the speaker, such as prosody, temp, loudness, and dynamics, are an important marker of a person’s emotional state. The deficit of processing of emotional prosody could be preferably associated with the impairments in individuals with ASD’s social behavior. The following two groups of children participated in our study: 30 preschoolers from 4 to 6 years old in the target group (39.1 ± 6.4 scores by Childhood Autism Rating Scale), 24 preschoolers of the control group from 4 to 6 years in the control group. The prosody stimuli were the combination of syllables, said with intonations of “joy,” “angry,” “sadness,” “fear,” and “calm.” Fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to analyze power spectrum density (PSD). The resulting normalized spectrum was integrated over unit width intervals in the range of interest (2 to 20 Hz with a step in 1Hz). Children with ASD, similarly to TD children, showed the most pronounced differenced of EEG in response to prosodics of fear and anger. The significant groups’ differences in PSD were detected for sad and joy intonations. Indexes of EEG differences between pleasure and painful intonations were significantly higher in the control group than children with ASD and between sadness and calm or joy and calm intonations. This paper makes up two main contributions: In general, we obtained that children with ASD have less response to a human voice’s emotional intonation. The physical characteristics of stimuli are more critical than a sign of emotions. The effect of EEG spectral power has hemisphere specialization in the healthy control group, but not in ASD children. Since spectral power for negative emotions in the target group is higher, we proposed that ASD children worse recognize positive emotions than negative emotions.

Don’t Know How I Feel About That

2020 ◽  
pp. 88-110
Author(s):  
Brian F. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Significant Aspect ◽  
Know How ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Moral Elevation

Chapter 5 investigates the importance of emotion and how it can be harnessed for good. We are not purely rational thinkers when it comes to politics, particularly as partisanship has become a more significant aspect of core concepts and identities. Chapter 5 focuses on how we often feel about politics and their emotional reactions to conversations. Common negative emotions— fear, anxiety, anger, and disgust—can be difficult to navigate but chapter 5 provides suggestions on how to approach emotionally charged situations to diffuse or to neutralize the negative emotions that can surround political discussions. The chapter also identifies positive emotions like hope and enthusiasm and strategies like moral elevation that can help to break through emotional barriers and to reframe discussions in ways that are more productive and respectful.

Stress during mechanical ventilation: benefit of having concrete objective information before cardiac surgery

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Kim ◽  
BJ Garvin ◽  
DK Moser
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nursing Interventions ◽  
Objective Information ◽  
Analgesic Medication ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Experimental Group

BACKGROUND: Negative emotional reactions and difficulty in communicating are common in patients receiving mechanical ventilation and may adversely affect recovery from cardiac surgery. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of providing concrete objective information about emotional stress and difficulty in communicating related to mechanical ventilation to Korean cardiac surgery patients. METHODS: A quasi-experimental 2-group design was used. The 22 subjects in the control group received the usual information; the 21 in the experimental group received concrete objective information in addition to the usual information. State anxiety, negative affect, use of sedative and analgesic medications, and difficulty communicating were compared between the 2 groups after surgery. RESULTS: Patients who received concrete objective information experienced less anxiety and negative mood during mechanical ventilation, less difficulty in communicating, and a shorter intubation time than did patients in the control group. The 2 groups did not differ in the amount of sedative or analgesic medication used per hour during mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing interventions that include concrete objective information help cardiac patients cope with the stresses associated with surgery and mechanical ventilation.

scholarly journals Role modelling in the training of hospital-based medical specialists: a validation study of the Role Model Apperception Tool (RoMAT)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miran Said ◽  
Ria H. G. A. Jochemsen-van der Leeuw ◽  
Bea Spek ◽  
Paul L. P. Brand ◽  
Nynke van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Validation Study ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Medical Specialists ◽  
Role Modelling

scholarly journals Ameliorative potential of Anacyclus pyrethrum extract in generalized seizures in rat: Possible cholinergic mediated mechanism

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-195
Author(s):  
Kenza Bezza ◽  
Zineb El Gabbas ◽  
Jawad Laadraoui ◽  
Mehdi Ait Laaradia ◽  
Sara Oufquir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anticonvulsant Activity ◽  
Video Clip ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anticonvulsant Effect ◽  
Onset Seizure ◽  
Generalized Seizures ◽  
Full Screen ◽  
Time Latency ◽  
Latency Duration

The present study evaluates the anticonvulsant activity of the roots of Anacyclus pyrethrum using pilocarpine-induced experimental model of epilepsy in rat, and to determine its possible anticonvulsant mechanism. Ethanol extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) or alkylamides (25 and 50 mg/kg) was administered orally 45 min before the injection of pilocarpine-induced (400 mg/kg) seizures. The possible anticonvulsant mechanism was investigated by testing the effect of atropine (2 mL/kg) and scopolamine (1 mg/kg). The scoring of seizure severity, seizures time latency, duration of total seizures and percentage of mortality protection were recorded. Ethanol extract and alkylamides prolonged the time of onset seizure and decreased the duration of seizures compared to control group (p<0.001). The seizure protection was 100%. The co-administered of ethanol extract of A. pyrethrum and alkylamides with atropine completely abolished the pilocarpine-induced seizures. Video Clip of Methodology: Anticonvulsant effect: 6 min 7 sec:  Full Screen   Alternate

scholarly journals Effects of the Preschool-Based Family-Involving DAGIS Intervention on Family Environment: A Cluster Randomised Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3387
Author(s):  
Carola Ray ◽  
Rejane Figueiredo ◽  
Riikka Pajulahti ◽  
Henna Vepsäläinen ◽  
Elviira Lehto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Cluster Randomised Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intervention Effects ◽  
Role Modelling ◽  
The Family

Interventions promoting young children’s healthy energy balance-related behaviours (EBRBs) should also examine changes in the family environment as this is an important determinant that may affect the effectiveness of the intervention. This study examines family environmental effects of the Increased Health and Wellbeing in Preschools (DAGIS) intervention study, and whether these effects differed when considering three parental educational level (PEL) groups. The DAGIS intervention was conducted in preschools and involving parents in Southern Finland from September 2017 to May 2018. It was designed as a randomised trial, clustered at preschool-level. Parents of 3–6-year-olds answered questionnaires recording PEL, parental role modelling for EBRBs, and the family environment measured as EBRBs availability and accessibility. Linear Mixed Models with Repeated Measures were used in order to detect intervention effects. Models included group by time interactions. When examining intervention effects separated by PEL groups, models with three-level interactions (group × time-points × PEL) were evaluated. There was an interaction effect for the availability of sugary everyday foods and drinks (p = 0.002). The analyses showed that the control group increased availability (p = 0.003), whereas in the intervention group no changes were detected (p = 0.150). In the analysis separated by PEL groups, changes were found only for the accessibility of sugary treats at home; the high PEL control group increased the accessibility of sugary treats (p = 0.022) (interaction effect: p = 0.027). Hence, results suggest that the DAGIS multicomponent intervention had a limited impact on determinants for children’s healthy EBRBs, and no impact was found in the low PEL group.

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