scholarly journals A Study on Selecting Greenhouse Gas Reduction Options: A Simulation Analysis for Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13530
Author(s):  
Anh Quynh Tang ◽  
Takeshi Mizunoya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Subsidy Rate

When it comes to greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, both bottom-up and top-down policies have limitations. Bottom-up policies are region-specific and cannot be applied at the national level. Top-down policies may not balance the considerations of economic growth and the environment. Therefore, a combined approach is necessary. This Vietnamese case study investigates optimal GHG mitigation options for both economic development and emission reduction by simulating four scenarios characterized by the different carbon tax and subsidy rates. Interventions, like replacing old buses with low-carbon buses and conventional electricity generation with solar power, are considered in a dynamic input–output framework. The objective function is Green GDP—industries’ total value added reflecting GHG emissions’ social cost. The simulation model comprises four cases: business as usual, low subsidy rate (up to 10%), medium subsidy rate (up to 20%), and high subsidy rate (up to 30%), which are analyzed on parameters, including economic development, GHG emissions, and development of innovative sectors, like transportation and electricity. In three cases with different subsidy rates, the optimal carbon tax is simulated at the rate of USD 1/tCO2 equivalent, the lowest rate among the world’s current carbon prices. In addition, the medium subsidy (up to 20%) option yields the most competent scheme, with the highest GHG emission reduction and economic development effectiveness.

Comparison of top-down and bottom-up estimates of sectoral and regional greenhouse gas emission reduction potentials

Energy Policy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 5125-5139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlef P. van Vuuren ◽  
Monique Hoogwijk ◽  
Terry Barker ◽  
Keywan Riahi ◽  
Stefan Boeters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction

Research on Environmental Tax to Affect the Economic Development and GHG Mitigation in Beijing, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 522-524 ◽  
pp. 1871-1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zou ◽  
Jun Nian Song ◽  
Takeshi Mizunoya ◽  
Helmut Yabar ◽  
Yoshiro Higano
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Emissions Mitigation ◽  
The Impact

As the most industrialized and urbanized region, Beijing plays as a demonstration role to show the impact of environmental policies on the economy development and GHG mitigation. In this paper, we constructed a dynamic input-output model introducing the different levels of environmental taxes. It not only can choose the optimal tax level, explore the relationships between economy and environment, but also can analyze the future trends of the economy and GHG intensity from 2010 to 2025. The objective function is the maximized GRP, subject to GHG emissions constraint and a series of subjective functions. The simulation results illustrated that with the GHG emissions constraint as 1.5 times of the 2010 level, carbon tax as 50 CNY/t CO2-e is effective to promote the economic development and GHG emissions mitigation. Annual growth rate of GRP can be up to 6.1%. The economic growth rate increases 0.3% compared with the condition when not introducing the policies. In 2025, the GHG intensity will be 43.5 t CO2-e/million CNY, 38.8% reduced compared with the 2010 level. This research proves that the proposed environmental tax is effective to promote the economic development and GHG mitigation.

scholarly journals Quantifying greenhouse-gas emissions from atmospheric measurements: a critical reality check for climate legislation

2011 ◽  
Vol 369 (1943) ◽  
pp. 1925-1942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray F. Weiss ◽  
Ronald G. Prinn
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Inverse Modelling ◽  
Carbon Equivalent ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Regional Emissions

Emissions reduction legislation relies upon ‘bottom-up’ accounting of industrial and biogenic greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions at their sources. Yet, even for relatively well-constrained industrial GHGs, global emissions based on ‘top-down’ methods that use atmospheric measurements often agree poorly with the reported bottom-up emissions. For emissions reduction legislation to be effective, it is essential that these discrepancies be resolved. Because emissions are regulated nationally or regionally, not globally, top-down estimates must also be determined at these scales. High-frequency atmospheric GHG measurements at well-chosen station locations record ‘pollution events’ above the background values that result from regional emissions. By combining such measurements with inverse methods and atmospheric transport and chemistry models, it is possible to map and quantify regional emissions. Even with the sparse current network of measurement stations and current inverse-modelling techniques, it is possible to rival the accuracies of regional ‘bottom-up’ emission estimates for some GHGs. But meeting the verification goals of emissions reduction legislation will require major increases in the density and types of atmospheric observations, as well as expanded inverse-modelling capabilities. The cost of this effort would be minor when compared with current investments in carbon-equivalent trading, and would reduce the volatility of that market and increase investment in emissions reduction.

scholarly journals Limitations of the radon tracer method (RTM) to estimate regional greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions – a case study for methane in Heidelberg

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 17907-17926
Author(s):  
Ingeborg Levin ◽  
Ute Karstens ◽  
Samuel Hammer ◽  
Julian DellaColetta ◽  
Fabian Maier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Inversion Layer ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Tracer Method ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Annual Variations

Abstract. Correlations of nighttime atmospheric methane (CH4) and 222radon (222Rn) observations in Heidelberg, Germany, were evaluated with the radon tracer method (RTM) to estimate the trend of annual nocturnal CH4 emissions from 1996–2020 in the footprint of the station. After an initial 30 % decrease in emissions from 1996 to 2004, there was no further systematic trend but small inter-annual variations were observed thereafter. This is in accordance with the trend of total emissions until 2010 reported by the EDGARv6.0 inventory for the surroundings of Heidelberg and provides a fully independent top-down verification of the bottom-up inventory changes. We show that the reliability of total nocturnal CH4 emission estimates with the RTM critically depends on the accuracy and representativeness of the 222Rn exhalation rates estimated from soils in the footprint of the site. Simply using 222Rn fluxes as estimated by Karstens et al. (2015) could lead to biases in the estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes as large as a factor of 2. RTM-based GHG flux estimates also depend on the parameters chosen for the nighttime correlations of CH4 and 222Rn, such as the nighttime period for regressions and the R2 cut-off value for the goodness of the fit. Quantitative comparison of total RTM-based top-down flux estimates with bottom-up emission inventories requires representative high-resolution footprint modelling, particularly in polluted areas where CH4 emissions show large heterogeneity. Even then, RTM-based estimates are likely biased low if point sources play a significant role in the station footprint as their emissions may not be fully captured by the RTM method, for example, if stack emissions are injected above the top of the nocturnal inversion layer or if point-source emissions from the surface are not well mixed into the footprint of the measurement site. Long-term representative 222Rn flux observations in the footprint of a station are indispensable in order to apply the RTM method for reliable quantitative flux estimations of GHG emissions from atmospheric observations.

GHG mitigation potential of agricultural management practises on mineral and organic soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saara Lind ◽  
Marja Maljanen ◽  
Merja Myllys ◽  
Mari Räty ◽  
Sanna Kykkänen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Nutrient Quality ◽  
Effect On Yield

<p>Agricultural soils are a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To study these emissions, we are currently building three research platforms that consist of full eddy covariance instrumentation for determination of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange and fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide. These platforms will be completed with supporting weather, plant and soil data collection. Two of our platforms are sites on organic soils with a thick peat layer (>60 cm) and the third one is on a mineral soil (silt loam). To study the role of the grassland management practises at these sites, we have initiated ORMINURMI-project. Here, we will characterise the effects of ground water table (high vs. low), crop renewal methods (autumn vs. summer) and plant species (tall fescue vs. red glover grass) on greenhouse gas budgets of grass production. Also effect on yield amount and nutrient quality will be determined. In this presentation, we will present the preliminary data collected at these research platforms and our plans for the use of these data in the coming years.</p>

scholarly journals A Review of Geothermal Technologies and Their Role in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Abatement Cost ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
The Cost

Abstract A review of conventional, unconventional, and advanced geothermal technologies highlights just how diverse and multi-faceted the geothermal industry has become, harnessing temperatures from 7 °C to greater than 350 °C. The cost of reducing greenhouse emissions is examined in scenarios where conventional coal or combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plants are abated. In the absence of a US policy on a carbon tax, the marginal abatement cost potential of these technologies is examined within the context of the social cost of carbon (SCC). The analysis highlights that existing geothermal heat and power technologies and emerging advanced closed-loop applications could deliver substantial cost-efficient baseload energy, leading to the long-term decarbonization. When considering an SCC of $25, in a 2025 development scenario, geothermal technologies ideally need to operate with full life cycle assessment (FLCA) emissions, lower than 50 kg(CO2)/MWh, and aim to be within the cost range of $30−60/MWh. At these costs and emissions, geothermal can provide a cost-competitive low-carbon, flexible, baseload energy that could replace existing coal and CCGT providing a significant long-term reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study confirms that geothermally derived heat and power would be well positioned within a diverse low-carbon energy portfolio. The analysis presented here suggests that policy and regulatory bodies should, if serious about lowering carbon emissions from the current energy infrastructure, consider increasing incentives for geothermal energy development.

Anaerobic digestion: impact of future greenhouse gases mitigation policies on methane generation and usage

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.F. Greenfield ◽  
D.J. Batstone
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Ghg Mitigation

The debate as to whether carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gas emissions will become subject to increasing regulation, increased restrictions, and probably to some form of carbon tax, has moved from a simple “yes” or “no” to “when”. Wastewater treatment plants will be significantly impacted by increased energy costs and by specific regulations and/or penalties associated with emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. In this paper, the greenhouse gases emissions of different wastewater process options are estimated. The paper outlines the increasing need for wastewater treatment plants to factor greenhouse gas mitigation issues into their medium- as and long-term strategies, and identifies anaerobic enhouse as processes as being at the core of such strategies. Further, the paper identifies a number of key research challenges to be addressed if such strategies are to play a larger role in attenuating the likely impacts of GHG mitigation requirements on wastewater treatment plant design and operation.

scholarly journals Prioritising agri-environment options for greenhouse gas mitigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Warner ◽  
John Tzilivakis ◽  
Andrew Green ◽  
Kathleen Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Erosion Risk ◽  
Lower Priority

Purpose This paper aims to assess agri-environment (AE) scheme options on cultivated agricultural land in England for their impact on agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It considers both absolute emissions reduction and reduction incorporating yield decrease and potential production displacement. Similarities with Ecological Focus Areas (EFAs) introduced in 2015 as part of the post-2014 Common Agricultural Policy reform, and their potential impact, are considered. Design/methodology/approach A life-cycle analysis approach derives GHG emissions for 18 key representative options. Meta-modelling is used to account for spatial environmental variables (annual precipitation, soil type and erosion risk), supplementing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology. Findings Most options achieve an absolute reduction in GHG emissions compared to an existing arable crop baseline but at the expense of removing land from production, risking production displacement. Soil and water protection options designed to reduce soil erosion and nitrate leaching decrease GHG emissions without loss of crop yield. Undersown spring cereals support decreased inputs and emissions per unit of crop yield. The most valuable AE options identified are included in the proposed EFAs, although lower priority is afforded to some. Practical implications Recommendations are made where applicable to modify option management prescriptions and to further reduce GHG emissions. Originality/value This research is relevant and of value to land managers and policy makers. A dichotomous key summarises AE option prioritisation and supports GHG mitigation on cultivated land in England. The results are also applicable to other European countries.

A review of whole farm-system analysis in evaluating greenhouse-gas mitigation strategies from livestock production systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Rawnsley ◽  
Robyn A. Dynes ◽  
Karen M. Christie ◽  
Matthew Tom Harrison ◽  
Natalie A. Doran-Browne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
System Level ◽  
Food Demand ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Farm System ◽  
Global Food

Recognition is increasingly given to the need of improving agricultural production and efficiency to meet growing global food demand, while minimising environmental impacts. Livestock forms an important component of global food production and is a significant contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. As such, livestock production systems (LPS) are coming under increasing pressure to lower their emissions. In developed countries, LPS have been gradually reducing their emissions per unit of product (emissions intensity; EI) over time through improvements in production efficiency. However, the global challenge of reducing net emissions (NE) from livestock requires that the rate of decline in EI surpasses the productivity increases required to satisfy global food demand. Mechanistic and dynamic whole farm-system models can be used to estimate farm-gate GHG emissions and to quantify the likely changes in farm NE, EI, farm productivity and farm profitability as a result of applying various mitigation strategies. Such models are also used to understand the complex interactions at the farm-system level and to account for how component mitigation strategies perform within the complexity of these interactions, which is often overlooked when GHG mitigation research is performed only at the component level. The results of such analyses can be used in extension activities and to encourage adoption, increase awareness and in assisting policy makers. The present paper reviews how whole farm-system modelling has been used to assess GHG mitigation strategies, and the importance of understanding metrics and allocation approaches when assessing GHG emissions from LPS.

scholarly journals Informing urban climate planning with high resolution data: the Hestia fossil fuel CO2 emissions for Baltimore, Maryland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Scott Roest ◽  
Kevin R Gurney ◽  
Scot M Miller ◽  
Jianming Liang
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
The Self ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Atmospheric Monitoring

Abstract Background: Cities contribute more than 70% of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and are leading the effort to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through sustainable planning and development. However, urban greenhouse gas mitigation often relies on self-reported emissions estimates that may be incomplete and unverifiable via atmospheric monitoring of GHGs. We present the Hestia Scope 1 fossil fuel CO2 (FFCO2) emissions for the city of Baltimore, Maryland – a gridded annual and hourly emissions data product for 2010 through 2015 (Hestia-Baltimore v1.6). We also compare the Hestia-Baltimore emissions to overlapping Scope 1 FFCO2 emissions in Baltimore’s self-reported inventory for 2014. Results: The Hestia-Baltimore emissions in 2014 totaled 1487.3 kt C (95% confidence interval of 1,158.9 – 1,944.9 kt C), with the largest emissions coming from onroad (34.2% of total city emissions), commercial (19.9%), residential (19.0%), and industrial (11.8%) sectors. Scope 1 electricity production and marine shipping were each generally less than 10% of the city’s total emissions. Baltimore’s self-reported Scope 1 FFCO2 emissions included onroad, natural gas consumption in buildings, and some electricity generating facilities within city limits. The self-reported Scope 1 FFCO2 total of 1,182.6 kt C was similar to the sum of matching emission sectors and fuels in Hestia-Baltimore v1.6. However, 20.5% of Hestia-Baltimore’s emissions were in sectors and fuels that were not included in the self-reported inventory. Petroleum use in buildings were omitted and all Scope 1 emissions from industrial point sources, marine shipping, nonroad vehicles, rail, and aircraft were categorically excluded.Conclusions: The omission of petroleum combustion in buildings and categorical exclusions of several sectors resulted in an underestimate of total Scope 1 FFCO2 emissions in Baltimore’s self-reported inventory. Accurate Scope 1 FFCO2 emissions, along with Scope 2 and 3 emissions, are needed to inform effective urban policymaking for system-wide GHG mitigation. We emphasize the need for comprehensive Scope 1 emissions estimates for emissions verification and measuring progress towards Scope 1 GHG mitigation goals using atmospheric monitoring.

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