scholarly journals Fusarium Toxins in Chinese Wheat since the 1980s

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiu ◽  
Xu ◽  
Shi
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fusarium Toxins ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
The Stability

Wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium species, is a widespread and destructive fungal disease. In addition to the substantial yield and revenue losses, diseased grains are often contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins, making them unsuitable for human consumption or use as animal feed. As a vital food and feed ingredient in China, the quality and safety of wheat and its products have gained growing attention from consumers, producers, scientists, and policymakers. This review supplies detailed data about the occurrence of Fusarium toxins and related intoxications from the 1980s to the present. Despite the serious situation of toxin contamination in wheat, the concentration of toxins in flour is usually lower than that in raw materials, and food-poisoning incidents have been considerably reduced. Much work has been conducted on every phase of toxin production and wheat circulation by scientific researchers. Regulations for maximum contamination limits have been established in recent years and play a substantial role in ensuring the stability of the national economy and people's livelihoods.

scholarly journals Survey of Freshly-Harvested Oat Grains from Southern Brazil Reveals High Incidence of Type B Trichothecenes and Associated Fusarium Species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Pinheiro ◽  
Caio Henrique Tadashi Iwase ◽  
Elem Caramês ◽  
BRUNO G. BERTOZZI ◽  
Lorena Carnielli-Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fusarium Sambucinum ◽  
Type B ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
New Information ◽  
As Species ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum Species Complex

Oats are a nutrient rich cereal used for animal feed and growing in human consumption. This cereal can be affected by Fusarium spp., causing the disease Fusarium Head Blight. This disease is caused mainly by species within the Fusarium graminearum species complex, and are also responsible for producing mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate fungal diversity in Brazilian oat samples, focusing on the Fusarium sambucinum species complex and the presence of type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol and its derivatives, and nivalenol) from two different regions; Paraná (PR) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). The isolated fungi from oat grains were identified as species from the genera: Fusarium, Phoma and Alternaria. The majority of Fusarium isolates belonged to the Fusarium sambucinum species complex; identified as F. graminearum s.s., F. meridionale and F. poae. In the RS region, F. poae was the most frequent fungus, while FGSC was the most frequent in the PR region. The majority of F. graminearum s.s. isolates were of the 15-ADON genotype, while some 3-ADON genotypes were identified; however, F. meridionale and F. poae were all of the NIV genotype. Mycotoxin analysis revealed that 92% and 100% of the samples from PR and RS were contaminated with type B trichothecenes, respectively. The oats from PR were predominantly contaminated with DON, whereas NIV was predominant in oats from RS. Analysis showed that 24% of the samples were contaminated with DON at levels higher than Brazilian regulations. Co-contamination of DON, its derivatives and NIV was observed in 84% and 57.7% of the samples from PR and RS, respectively. The results provide new information on Fusarium contamination in Brazilian oats, highlighting the importance for further studies on mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains – An Update

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora A. Foroud ◽  
Danica Baines ◽  
Tatiana Y. Gagkaeva ◽  
Nehal Thakor ◽  
Ana Badea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Genetics Of Resistance ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Host Tissues

Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins produced by fungi from the order Hypocreales, including members of the Fusarium genus that infect cereal grain crops. Different trichothecene-producing Fusarium species and strains have different trichothecene chemotypes belonging to the Type A and B class. These fungi cause a disease of small grain cereals, called Fusarium head blight, and their toxins contaminate host tissues. As potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis, trichothecenes pose a health risk to human and animal consumers of infected cereal grains. In 2009, Foroud and Eudes published a review of trichothecenes in cereal grains for human consumption. As an update to this review, the work herein provides a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary review of the Fusarium trichothecenes covering topics in chemistry and biochemistry, pathogen biology, trichothecene toxicity, molecular mechanisms of resistance or detoxification, genetics of resistance and breeding strategies to reduce their contamination of wheat and barley.

scholarly journals Presence of deoxynivalenol in winter wheat treated with fungicides

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
J. Levic ◽  
S. Stankovic ◽  
T. Petrovic ◽  
V. Mandic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Grain Moisture

Natural occurrence of Fusarium spp. and concentrations of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in the grain of the winter wheat moderately susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB) has been studied. Grain samples were collected from wheat crops intended mainly for human consumption. All wheat crops were treated with fungicides before (a.i. flutriafol - formulated as Fluoco, applied in dose of 0.5 l ha-1) and during the flowering phase of growing (a.i. thiophanate-methyl + epoxiconazole formulated as Eskorta plus and a.i. thiophanate-methyl formulated as Funomil, applied in doses of 0.75 and 0.5 l ha-1, respectivily). Among of Fusarium species only F. graminearum, as a well known producer of DON, was identified. This fungus was identified in 15 of 19 samples (78.9%) with incidence in positive samples of 2 to 28% (average, 14.0%). Presence of DON was established in 13 of a total 19 investigated wheat grain samples (68.4%). In positive samples DON was detected in concentrations from 69 to 918 ?g kg-1 (average, 478 ?g kg-1). DON showed a significant and positive correlation at P?0.05 with grain moisture content (r = 0.52*). Between the frequency of F. graminearum and concentration of DON and between the frequency of F. graminearum and grain moisture content, positive correlation was determined, but without statistical significance (r = 0.44 and r = 0.29, respectively).

scholarly journals Bioactive Ingredients from Microalgae: Food and Feed Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Diana PATRAS ◽  
Corina V. MORARU ◽  
Carmen SOCACIU
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Bioactive Ingredients ◽  
Polyunsaturated Lipids

Microalgae (green or blue-green ones) are among the most important organisms on the world, with a versatile and adaptive metabolism. They are able to synthesize bioactive molecules (mainly secondary metabolites such as unsaturated fatty acids, pigments, amino acids) with biomedical applications, enhancement of the nutritional value of food, animal feed/aquaculture, as well with impact on the environmental protection ( as raw materials for biofuels). Last decade, by a targeted selection of wild microalgae strains, their cultivation in farms developed in parallel with the bioreactors’products. There are nowadays cultivated at industrial scale especially Dunaliella salina p., Spirulina platensis, Hematococcus pluvialis or Chlorella vulgaris as valuable resources of polyunsaturated lipids and sterols, proteins, polysaccharides, carotenoid pigments, vitamins, minerals with antioxidant, antibacterial or antiviral effects. This review presents a systematic approach on the recent literature data collected the last years, underlying their morphologic and biochemical potential, the advanced technologies to use the bioactive components of different microalgae, new formulations which incorporate, stabilize and store their bioactivity and increase the bioavailability of their components in food and feed. Although their morphologic and biochemical potential is well described, there are presented new data on their bioactive components and formulations using emerging technologies for new application approaches which aims their use as ingredients in added value products for food, cosmetics and feed industry, to be exploited for commercial use. This review updated the last findings in these areas, underlined the reason for the scientific and technological advances, due to their huge potential, not only in environment, energy, but more and more as ingredients for food and feed/ aquaculture products, in the future.

scholarly journals Prevalence of the Main Mycotoxins in Fodder Raw Materials and Their Characteristic

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-177
Author(s):  
E. Simonova ◽  
K. Kondrashkina ◽  
E. Rystsova ◽  
M. Bolshakova
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Aquatic Vertebrates

Mycotoxins are low molecular weight secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi. The most relevant groups of mycotoxins found in animal feed are produced by three genera of fungi: Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species. Animal feeds are routinely contaminated by mycotoxins from diverse sources. In most cases, the concentrations are low enough to ensure compliance with Maximum Permitted Levels. Poultry, pigs and also aquatic vertebrates are very sensitive to mycotoxins. Ruminants are, however, generally more resistant to the adverse effects of mycotoxins, since the rumen microbiota is capable of degrading mycotoxins. Mycotoxins cause huge economic damage, leading to increased costs for health and veterinary care, as well as reduce livestock production. The effects of long-term exposure of aflatoxins are associated with the reduction of weight gain, decreased milk or egg production, teratogenicity. Ochratoxin A causes renal toxicity and possesses carcinogenic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive and possibly neurotoxic properties. The main trichothecenes mycotoxins are T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol. Deoxynivalenol is primarily known for causing feed refusal, weight loss. It also causes lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, bloody diarrhea and severe dermatitis accompanied by hemorrhaging. Zearalenone and some of its metabolites, can competitively bind to oestrogen receptors leading to reproductive disorders and oestrogenic dysfunction, impairing fertility and increasing the frequency of stillbirths along with reducing sperm quality. Fumonisin causes carcinogenicity and cardiovascular toxic effects.

scholarly journals Toxin production ability of Bacillus cereus strains from food product of Ukraine

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pylypenko ◽  
L. Pylypenko ◽  
G. Yamborko ◽  
I. Marinova
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Plant Raw Materials

Potential pathogens of foodborne toxic infections – bacterial contaminants Bacillus cereus isolated from plant raw materials and food products from the Ukrainian region were investigated. When determining of the proportion of isolated bacilli from the plant samples, it was established that the epidemiologically significant microorganisms of Bacillus cereus as agents of food poisoning are the second largest. The average value of contaminated samples of Ukrainian plant raw materials and processed products with Bacillus cereus is 36,2 %. The ability of Bacillus cereus strains identified by a complex of morphological, tinctorial, cultural and biochemical properties, to produce specific emetic and enterotoxins was studied. Molecular genetic diagnosis and detection of the toxin-producing ability of isolated 42 Bacillus cereus strains showed both the possibility of their rapid identification and the presence of specific toxicity genes. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out with specific primers to detect toxicity determined of various bacilli genes: nheA, hblD, cytK, cesВ. The distribution of toxigenic genes is significantly different among the Bacillus cereus isolates from various sources. The nheA, hblD and cytK enterotoxin genes were detected in 100, 83,3 and 61,9 % of the investigated strains of Bacillus cereus, respectively. The cesB gene encoding emetic toxin was detected in 4,8 % of  strains. Molecular-genetic PCR-method confirmed that all the isolated strains belong to the Bacillus cereus group, and the ability to produce toxins can be attributed to five groups. The main toxins that produce the investigated Bacillus cereus strains were nhe and hbl enterotoxins encoded by the corresponding genes of nheA and hblD. The enterotoxic type of Bacillus cereus was predominant in Ukrainian region.  Studies of domestic plant food raw materials and products have confirmed the need to improve microbiological control of product safety by introducing accelerated specific diagnostics of contaminants by molecular genetics methods.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on the Use of Chitosan as an Eco-Friendly Alternative to Control Fusarium Growth and Mycotoxin Production on Maize and Wheat

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Zachetti ◽  
Eugenia Cendoya ◽  
María Nichea ◽  
Sofía Chulze ◽  
María Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Chitosan ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Preliminary Study

The objectives of the present study were to determine the combined effects of chitosan and water activity (aW) on growth and mycotoxin production in situ on the two most important Fusarium species (F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides) present on maize, and on F. graminearum, the main pathogen causing Fusarium head blight on wheat. Results showed that low-molecular-weight chitosan with more than 70% deacetylation at the lowest dose used (0.5 mg/g) was able to reduce deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin (FBs) production on irradiated maize and wheat grains. Growth rates of F. graminearum also decreased at the lowest chitosan dose used (0.5 mg/g), while F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum growth rates were reduced at 0.98 aW at the highest chitosan dose used (2 mg/g). Since mycotoxins are unavoidable contaminants in food and feed chains, their presence needs to be reduced in order to minimize their effects on human and animal health and to diminish the annual market loss through rejected maize and wheat; in this scenario, pre- and post-harvest use of chitosan could be an important alternative.

scholarly journals Potential Utilization of Edible Insects as an Alternative Source of Protein in Animal Diets in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Gałęcki ◽  
Łukasz Zielonka ◽  
Magdalena Zasȩpa ◽  
Joanna Gołȩbiowska ◽  
Tadeusz Bakuła
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
The Future ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Growing Population

The selection of high-protein raw materials that could be utilized in the production of animal feed is limited in Poland. The aim of this study was to analyze the needs and possibilities associated with the utilization of insect protein in animal nutrition in Poland. In the future, insects could become an effective solution to meeting the nutritional requirements of a growing population. Insect protein is already used in the production of fish feed in the European Union (EU). Legislative decisions on the introduction of this alternative feed source have to be based on the results of studies investigating the safety of insect protein for farmed animals. Diets containing insect protein and their influence on animals need to be thoroughly analyzed. In the future, insect farming could become a novel branch of agriculture, and it could create new opportunities for Polish farmers who were affected by the African swine fever (ASF) virus. Insect farms could create new jobs, promote innovative business development, and increase food and feed production. Entomophagy is a new and controversial concept for Polish consumers, but in the future, it could offer a viable solution to feeding the world's growing population.

Aflatoxins in Domestic and Imported Foods and Feeds

1989 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garnett E Wood
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Compliance Programs ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Corn Products ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Imported Foods

Abstract Aflatoxins, metabolic products of the molds Aspergillus flams and A. parasiticus, may occur in foods and feeds. These toxins cannot be entirely avoided or eliminated from foods or feeds by current agronomic and manufacturing processes and are considered unavoidable contaminants. To limit aflatoxin exposure, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has set action levels for these toxins in foods and feeds involved in interstate commerce. FDA continually monitors food and feed industries through compliance programs. This report summarizes data generated from compliance programs on aflatoxins for the fiscal year 1986. Commodities sampled included peanuts and peanut products, corn and corn products, tree nuts, cottonseed, milk, spices, manufactured products, and miscellaneous foods and feeds. Correlations were highest between aflatoxin contamination and geographical areas for corn/corn products and cottonseed/cottonseed meal. Higher incidences of aflatoxin contamination in corn and corn products designated for human consumption were observed in samples collected in the southeastern states (32 and 28%, respectively). A higher incidence of contamination was observed in corn designated for animal feed from Arkansas-Texas (74%) than from the southeastern states (47%). Only 3% of feed corn from corn belt states contained detectable aflatoxins. All aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed was collected in the Arizona-California area; 80% of cottonseed meal analyzed from this area also contained detectable levels of aflatoxins. No aflatoxin Mi was detected in any of the 182 samples of fluid milk and milk products examined. The percentage of samples that contain measurable levels of aflatoxins is expected to vary with commodities from year to year; thus, the 1986 information can be used as a baseline for comparison to determine the effectiveness of control efforts exerted by the food and feed industries.

Deoxynivalenol and fusarium species presence in raw materials for animal feed

2010 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. S342-S343
Author(s):  
F. Caloni ◽  
C. Cortinovis ◽  
M. Pasquali ◽  
F. Giraud ◽  
A.C. Gutleb
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fusarium Species
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