Presence of deoxynivalenol in winter wheat treated with fungicides

Natural occurrence of Fusarium spp. and concentrations of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in the grain of the winter wheat moderately susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB) has been studied. Grain samples were collected from wheat crops intended mainly for human consumption. All wheat crops were treated with fungicides before (a.i. flutriafol - formulated as Fluoco, applied in dose of 0.5 l ha-1) and during the flowering phase of growing (a.i. thiophanate-methyl + epoxiconazole formulated as Eskorta plus and a.i. thiophanate-methyl formulated as Funomil, applied in doses of 0.75 and 0.5 l ha-1, respectivily). Among of Fusarium species only F. graminearum, as a well known producer of DON, was identified. This fungus was identified in 15 of 19 samples (78.9%) with incidence in positive samples of 2 to 28% (average, 14.0%). Presence of DON was established in 13 of a total 19 investigated wheat grain samples (68.4%). In positive samples DON was detected in concentrations from 69 to 918 ?g kg-1 (average, 478 ?g kg-1). DON showed a significant and positive correlation at P?0.05 with grain moisture content (r = 0.52*). Between the frequency of F. graminearum and concentration of DON and between the frequency of F. graminearum and grain moisture content, positive correlation was determined, but without statistical significance (r = 0.44 and r = 0.29, respectively).

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Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains – An Update

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11110634 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 634 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Nora A. Foroud ◽

Danica Baines ◽

Tatiana Y. Gagkaeva ◽

Nehal Thakor ◽

Ana Badea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Cereal Grains ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Breeding Strategies ◽

Genetics Of Resistance ◽

Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽

Head Blight ◽

Cereal Grain ◽

Host Tissues

Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins produced by fungi from the order Hypocreales, including members of the Fusarium genus that infect cereal grain crops. Different trichothecene-producing Fusarium species and strains have different trichothecene chemotypes belonging to the Type A and B class. These fungi cause a disease of small grain cereals, called Fusarium head blight, and their toxins contaminate host tissues. As potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis, trichothecenes pose a health risk to human and animal consumers of infected cereal grains. In 2009, Foroud and Eudes published a review of trichothecenes in cereal grains for human consumption. As an update to this review, the work herein provides a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary review of the Fusarium trichothecenes covering topics in chemistry and biochemistry, pathogen biology, trichothecene toxicity, molecular mechanisms of resistance or detoxification, genetics of resistance and breeding strategies to reduce their contamination of wheat and barley.

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Survey of Fusarium spp. Causing Wheat Crown Rot in Major Winter Wheat Growing Regions of China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-14-0422-re ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 99 (11) ◽

pp. 1610-1615 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Xiang-xiang Zhang ◽

Hai-yan Sun ◽

Cheng-mei Shen ◽

Wei Li ◽

Han-shou Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Head Blight ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Phylogenetic Structure ◽

Fusarium Crown Rot ◽

Fusarium Asiaticum ◽

Predominant Pathogen

Fusarium crown rot of wheat has become more prevalent in China. To investigate the phylogenetic structure of Fusarium causing wheat crown rot in China, wheat basal stems with symptoms of the disease were collected from 2009 to 2013 in Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Hebei, and Shandong provinces. In total, 175 Fusarium isolates were collected and their mycotoxin chemotypes and distribution were identified. Among the 175 isolates, 123 were Fusarium asiaticum; 95 of these were the chemotype 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-AcDON) and 28 were nivalenol (NIV). Thirty-seven isolates belonged to F. graminearum, which were all 15-AcDON. Smaller numbers of isolates consisted of F. acuminatum, F. pseudograminearum, and F. avenaceum. The virulence of F. asiaticum and F. graminearum isolates on wheat crowns and heads was comparable. The virulence of isolates of the DON and NIV chemotype were statistically similar, but DON tended to be more aggressive. The DON concentrations in grains from wheat heads inoculated with isolates causing either Fusarium head blight or crown rot were similar. In the five provinces, F. asiaticum of the 3-AcDON chemotype was the predominant pathogen causing crown rot, followed by F. graminearum. Recent changes in causal Fusarium species, chemotypes, and distribution in China are discussed.

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Composition and Predominance of Fusarium Species Causing Fusarium Head Blight in Winter Wheat Grain Depending on Cultivar Susceptibility and Meteorological Factors

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8040617 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 617

Author(s):

Tim Birr ◽

Mario Hasler ◽

Joseph-Alexander Verreet ◽

Holger Klink

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Meteorological Factors ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Head Blight ◽

Dna Amount ◽

Cultivar Susceptibility ◽

Dna Amounts

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most important diseases of wheat, causing yield losses and mycotoxin contamination of harvested grain. A complex of different toxigenic Fusarium species is responsible for FHB and the composition and predominance of species within the FHB complex are determined by meteorological and agronomic factors. In this study, grain of three different susceptible winter wheat cultivars from seven locations in northern Germany were analysed within a five-year survey from 2013 to 2017 by quantifying DNA amounts of different species within the Fusarium community as well as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) concentrations. Several Fusarium species co-occur in wheat grain samples in all years and cultivars. F. graminearum was the most prevalent species, followed by F. culmorum, F. avenaceum and F. poae, while F. tricinctum and F. langsethiae played only a subordinate role in the FHB complex in terms of DNA amounts. In all cultivars, a comparable year-specific quantitative occurrence of the six detected species and mycotoxin concentrations were found, but with decreased DNA amounts and mycotoxin concentrations in the more tolerant cultivars, especially in years with higher disease pressure. In all years, similar percentages of DNA amounts of the six species to the total Fusarium DNA amount of all detected species were found between the three cultivars for each species, with F. graminearum being the most dominant species. Differences in DNA amounts and DON and ZEA concentrations between growing seasons depended mainly on moisture factors during flowering of wheat, while high precipitation and relative humidity were the crucial meteorological factors for infection of wheat grain by Fusarium. Highly positive correlations were found between the meteorological variables precipitation and relative humidity and DNA amounts of F. graminearum, DON and ZEA concentrations during flowering, whereas the corresponding correlations were much weaker several days before (heading) and after flowering (early and late milk stage).

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Fusarium Toxins in Chinese Wheat since the 1980s

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11050248 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 248 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Qiu ◽

Xu ◽

Shi

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Toxin Production ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Fusarium Toxins ◽

Head Blight ◽

Food And Feed ◽

The Stability

Wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium species, is a widespread and destructive fungal disease. In addition to the substantial yield and revenue losses, diseased grains are often contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins, making them unsuitable for human consumption or use as animal feed. As a vital food and feed ingredient in China, the quality and safety of wheat and its products have gained growing attention from consumers, producers, scientists, and policymakers. This review supplies detailed data about the occurrence of Fusarium toxins and related intoxications from the 1980s to the present. Despite the serious situation of toxin contamination in wheat, the concentration of toxins in flour is usually lower than that in raw materials, and food-poisoning incidents have been considerably reduced. Much work has been conducted on every phase of toxin production and wheat circulation by scientific researchers. Regulations for maximum contamination limits have been established in recent years and play a substantial role in ensuring the stability of the national economy and people's livelihoods.

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Influence of localities and winter wheat cultivars on deoxynivalenol accumulation and disease damage by Fusarium culmorum

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-007-0005-8 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bernard Vančo ◽

Svetlana Šliková ◽

Valéria Šudyová

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Type I ◽

Conidial Suspension ◽

Type Ii ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Head Blight ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽

Positive Correlations

AbstractToxin B — trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most frequent Fusarium mycotoxin in Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease produced by Fusarium fungi. Thirty-one samples of naturally cultivated winter wheat were collected from different localities in Slovakia and evaluated for DON content, and after an artificial inoculation twelve of winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for FHB, fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) and DON content (resistance Type I and II) during two years. Plants were inoculated at anthesis with a conidial suspension of Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc. The highest mean contents of DON 1.641 ppm were found in produced potato region (PPR) and 1.654 ppm in produced sugar beet region (PSBR). A positive correlation was found between DON content and rainfall, and a negative correlation was found between content of DON and temperature. Lower positive correlations were found between the contents of DON in 2003 and 2004 in the resistance Type I and Type II in twelve artificially infected cultivars. The significant positive correlations in content of DON were found between resistance Type I and Type II in the years 2003 and 2004. The lowest content of DON was found in the cultivars Alka, Malyska and the highest one in the cultivars Vanda and Boka. The positive correlation between the content of DON and FDK (in %) in head (average 2003 and 2004 years) from artificially infected and analysed cultivars was statistically significant in both resistances Type I and Type II.

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The effects of alteration of grain moisture content by wetting or drying on the test weight of four winter wheats

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600072051 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 187-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Fiona M. Pushman

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Test Weight ◽

Original Sample ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Original Moisture ◽

Grain Moisture ◽

Winter Wheat Varieties ◽

Original Moisture Content

SUMMARYThe rate of change in the test weight of four winter wheat varieties, with changing grain moisture content, was greater when the grain was wetted than when it was dried. The test weight of grain which had been dried and returned to its original moisture content was lower than that of the original sample.

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Effects of field-applied fungicides, grain moisture, and time on deoxynivalenol during postharvest storage of winter wheat grain

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.1139/cjps-2019-0075 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 100 (3) ◽

pp. 304-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carlos Bolanos-Carriel ◽

Stephen N. Wegulo ◽

Heather Hallen-Adams ◽

P. Stephen Baenziger ◽

Kent M. Eskridge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Grain Storage ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Head Blight ◽

Safe Level ◽

Grain Moisture ◽

Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽

Strobilurin Fungicide ◽

Moderately Resistant

Fusarium head blight, caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, results in major losses in wheat. In two separate field experiments, spikes of winter wheat cultivars ‘Overland’ (moderately resistant) and ‘Overley’ (susceptible) were sprayed at anthesis with the triazole fungicide Prosaro (prothioconazole + tebuconazole) or the strobilurin fungicide Headline (pyraclostrobin) or not sprayed. Following harvest, deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations were monitored during 120 d of grain storage at 10 °C, 40% relative humidity, and 10%, 16%, or 20% grain moisture. In ‘Overland’, DON decreased significantly at P = 0.05 from an average of 3.6 to 3.0 μg g−1 in the check and decreased from 2.7 to 2.2 μg g−1 in the Prosaro treatment. DON did not significantly decrease (4.4–4.1 μg g−1) in the Headline treatment. DON concentrations did not differ between 16% (3.1 μg g−1) and 20% (3.0 μg g−1) grain moisture. In ‘Overley’, DON increased significantly from 3.1 to 3.6 μg g−1 in the check and from 2.9 to 3.5 μg g−1 in the Headline treatment, but remained the same at 2.2 μg g−1 in the Prosaro treatment. DON concentrations were not different between 16% (3.2 μg g−1) and 20% (3.1 μg g−1) grain moisture but were significantly lower (2.7 μg g−1) at 10% grain moisture. These results indicate that the effects of fungicides applied at anthesis in the field can impact DON concentrations through grain storage. Triazoles are recommended over strobilurins to achieve this extended postharvest protection from DON, and grain moisture during storage should be below the maximum safe level of 13.5% at 10 °C.

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Fusarium infection and deoxynivalenol contamination in winter wheat

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah1501123k ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 123-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

V. Krnjaja ◽

Z. Tomic ◽

S. Stankovic ◽

T. Petrovic ◽

Z. Bijelic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Average Content ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Head Blight ◽

Integrated Monitoring ◽

Fusarium Infection ◽

The Mean

In this paper, the incidence of Fusarium-infected grain of winter wheat and the content of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) was studied in two Serbian cultivars Simonida and NS40S, both harvested in 2014. The level of Fusarium contamination of wheat grain was determined using phytopathological techniques based on the standard methodology while DON was detected by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). The incidence of Fusarium-infected grain ranged from 12 to 19% for Simonida and NS40S, respectively. Fusarium graminearum, as well-known producer of DON mycotoxin, was identified among Fusarium species. In addition, Alternaria spp. was isolated in high percentage, with an average incidence of 53% (Simonida) to 63% (NS40S).The average content of DON ranged from 424 ?g kg-1 to 1101 ?g kg-1 for Simonida and NS40S cultivars, respectively. Statistically insignificant negative correlation (r = - 0.18) was determined between Fusariuminfected grain and DON in the cultivar Simonida and statistically insignificant positive correlation (r = 0.11) in the cultivar NS40S. The mean levels of DON in studied wheat samples of both tested cultivars were not higher than the maximum permitted limit (1250 ?g kg-1) although the level of Fusarium-infected grain of both cultivars was relatively high. These results indicate that both wheat cultivars are susceptible to Fusarium infection and DON mycotoxin production in agro-ecological conditions of Serbia, but the cultivar NS40S being more susceptible compared to cultivar Simonida. In view of all stated above, regular health check of grains and developing strategies for integrated monitoring of incidence of Fusarium head blight are necessary preventive measures in protection of winter wheat.

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Survey of Freshly-Harvested Oat Grains from Southern Brazil Reveals High Incidence of Type B Trichothecenes and Associated Fusarium Species

10.20944/preprints202111.0212.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mariana Pinheiro ◽

Caio Henrique Tadashi Iwase ◽

Elem Caramês ◽

BRUNO G. BERTOZZI ◽

Lorena Carnielli-Queiroz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Species Complex ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Fusarium Sambucinum ◽

Type B ◽

Head Blight ◽

New Information ◽

As Species ◽

Fusarium Graminearum Species Complex

Oats are a nutrient rich cereal used for animal feed and growing in human consumption. This cereal can be affected by Fusarium spp., causing the disease Fusarium Head Blight. This disease is caused mainly by species within the Fusarium graminearum species complex, and are also responsible for producing mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate fungal diversity in Brazilian oat samples, focusing on the Fusarium sambucinum species complex and the presence of type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol and its derivatives, and nivalenol) from two different regions; Paraná (PR) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). The isolated fungi from oat grains were identified as species from the genera: Fusarium, Phoma and Alternaria. The majority of Fusarium isolates belonged to the Fusarium sambucinum species complex; identified as F. graminearum s.s., F. meridionale and F. poae. In the RS region, F. poae was the most frequent fungus, while FGSC was the most frequent in the PR region. The majority of F. graminearum s.s. isolates were of the 15-ADON genotype, while some 3-ADON genotypes were identified; however, F. meridionale and F. poae were all of the NIV genotype. Mycotoxin analysis revealed that 92% and 100% of the samples from PR and RS were contaminated with type B trichothecenes, respectively. The oats from PR were predominantly contaminated with DON, whereas NIV was predominant in oats from RS. Analysis showed that 24% of the samples were contaminated with DON at levels higher than Brazilian regulations. Co-contamination of DON, its derivatives and NIV was observed in 84% and 57.7% of the samples from PR and RS, respectively. The results provide new information on Fusarium contamination in Brazilian oats, highlighting the importance for further studies on mycotoxins.

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DEHARDENING AND REHARDENING OF SPRING-COLLECTED WINTER WHEATS AND A WINTER RYE

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps76-126 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 775-779 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

L. V. GUSTA ◽

D. B. FOWLER

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Secale Cereale ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Winter Rye ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Exposure To Cold ◽

Secale Cereale L

Crowns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) collected early in the spring readily dehardened upon exposure to 15 C. After 6 days at 15 C, the crowns of both species were completely dehardened. Partially dehardened crowns were unable to reharden upon exposure to cold-acclimating conditions and continued to lose hardiness when stored at − 2.5 C. There was a positive correlation between level of dehardening and crown moisture content. However, this relationship began to break down when attempts were made to reharden partially dehardened plants.

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