scholarly journals Spread of Jacobaea vulgaris and Occurrence of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Regionally Produced Honeys from Northern Germany: Inter- and Intra-Site Variations and Risk Assessment for Special Consumer Groups

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Gottschalk ◽  
Florian Kaltner ◽  
Matthias Zimmermann ◽  
Rainer Korten ◽  
Oliver Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Jacobaea Vulgaris ◽  
Site Investigations ◽  
Raw Honey ◽  
Bee Colonies

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and PA N-oxides (PANO) are secondary plant metabolites exhibiting genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. Apart from the roots and leaves, PA/PANO are particularly present in pollen and nectar. Therefore, the spread of Jacobaea vulgaris in certain regions of northern Germany has an impact on the safety of honey produced in that region. In this study, raw honey samples (n = 437) were collected from usually three individual beehives per site (n = 73) in the district of Ostholstein and analyzed for 25 PA/PANO. The results reveal mean levels of 8.4, 1.5, and 72.6 µg/kg and maximum levels of 111, 59.4, and 3313 µg/kg, depending on the season (summer 2015 and spring/summer 2016, respectively). As far as individual data are concerned, sites near areas with J. vulgaris growth did not necessarily result in high PA/PANO values. Furthermore, intra-site investigations revealed remarkable differences in PA/PANO levels of raw honey collected by different bee colonies at the same site. Consumption of these regionally produced honeys entails an increased exposure to PA/PANO, especially in children and high consumers. Margin of exposure values of <10,000 and an exceedance of the health-based guidance value highlight that regionally produced and marketed honey must be considered with care for a proper risk assessment and risk management.

Plants producing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: sustainable tools for nematode management?

Nematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Boppré ◽  
Tim Thoden
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Nematode Management

Abstract1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine ester alkaloids (pyrrolizidine alkaloids; PAs) are a class of secondary plant metabolites found in hundreds of plant species. In vitro, PAs are known to affect plant-parasitic nematodes. Thus, PA-producing plants might be used in nematode management. So far, however, Crotalaria is the only PA-producing plant that has been used for nematode control. Consequently, we reviewed the literature on other PA plants and their effects on nematodes. This included the analysis of in vitro experiments with PA plant extracts, host tests with PA plants, as well as experiments in which PA-producing plants were used as different types of soil amendments (mulch, in situ mulching, extracts). Our results clearly show that, in addition to Crotalaria, certain other PA-producing plant species have the potential to be used in sustainable nematode management. This is especially true for management of sedentary endoparasitic nematode species. Promising applications include the use of PA plant extracts and mulches, as well as the use of PA plants for in situ mulching.

scholarly journals Active Transport of Hepatotoxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in HepaRG Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3821
Author(s):  
Anne-Margarethe Enge ◽  
Florian Kaltner ◽  
Christoph Gottschalk ◽  
Albert Braeuning ◽  
Stefanie Hessel-Pras
Keyword(s):  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Hepatoma Cell ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Hepatoma Cell Line ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Food Contaminants ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Human Hepatoma Cell ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Heparg Cells

1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary plant metabolites occurring as food contaminants that can cause severe liver damage upon metabolic activation in hepatocytes. However, it is yet unknown how these contaminants enter the cells. The role of hepatic transporters is only at the beginning of being recognized as a key determinant of PA toxicity. Therefore, this study concentrated on assessing the general mode of action of PA transport in the human hepatoma cell line HepaRG using seven structurally different PAs. Furthermore, several hepatic uptake and efflux transporters were targeted with pharmacological inhibitors to identify their role in the uptake of the PAs retrorsine and senecionine and in the disposition of their N-oxides (PANO). For this purpose, PA and PANO content was measured in the supernatant using LC-MS/MS. Also, PA-mediated cytotoxicity was analyzed after transport inhibition. It was found that PAs are taken up into HepaRG cells in a predominantly active and structure-dependent manner. This pattern correlates with other experimental endpoints such as cytotoxicity. Pharmacological inhibition of the influx transporters Na+/taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (SLC10A1) and organic cation transporter 1 (SLC22A1) led to a reduced uptake of retrorsine and senecionine into HepaRG cells, emphasizing the relevance of these transporters for PA toxicokinetics.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Spices and Culinary Herbs from Various Geographical Origins

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Kaltner ◽  
Michael Rychlik ◽  
Manfred Gareis ◽  
Christoph Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Botanical Origin ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Culinary Herbs ◽  
Existing Data

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their N-oxides (PANO) are a group of toxic secondary plant metabolites occurring predominantly as contaminants in (herbal) teas, honeys and food supplements, as well as in spices and culinary herbs. Depending on the botanical origin of the contaminating plant, the pattern of PA/PANO can strongly vary within a sample. The current study aimed to broaden the existing data on the occurrence of PA/PANO in spices and culinary herbs. For this, 305 authentic samples covering 15 different matrices mainly harvested in 2016 or 2017 and originating from 36 countries were investigated for the presence of 44 PA/PANO. Fifty-eight percent of the samples contained at least one PA/PANO. The average sum content over all samples was 323 µg/kg (median of 0.9 µg/kg, 95% percentile of 665 µg/kg). The highest amount of 24.6 mg/kg was detected in an oregano sample. Additionally, conspicuous analyte patterns were discovered in samples from similar cultivation regions, indicating related botanical sources of PA/PANO contaminations. Particularly, oregano and cumin from Turkey often contained high amounts of PA/PANO. The results were used to assess the acute and chronic health risks related to PA/PANO intake via spices and culinary herbs, indicating a potential health risk in particular for adults and children with high consumption or when considering worst-case contamination scenarios of a sum content of 5500 µg/kg.

General principle of primary and secondary plant metabolites: Biogenesis, metabolism, and extraction

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-23
Author(s):  
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji ◽  
Santwana Palai ◽  
Chika Precious Ekwuabu ◽  
Chukwuebuka Egbuna ◽  
Juliana Bunmi Adetunji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Principle ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Plant

scholarly journals Volatile terpenoids as potential drug leads in Alzheimer’s disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 332-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina A. Wojtunik-Kulesza ◽  
Katarzyna Targowska-Duda ◽  
Katarzyna Klimek ◽  
Grażyna Ginalska ◽  
Krzysztof Jóźwiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Mtt Assay ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Docking Simulations ◽  
Ache Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Volatile Terpenoids

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is by far the most prevalent of all known forms of dementia. Despite wide-spread research, the main causes of emergence and development of AD have not been fully recognized. Natural, low-molecular, lipophilic terpenoids constitute an interesting group of secondary plant metabolites, that exert biological activities of possible use in the prevention and treatment of AD. In order to identify secondary metabolites possessing both antioxidant activity and the potential to increase the level of acetylcholine, selected terpenoids have been screened for possible acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity by use of two methods, namely Marston (chromatographic assay) and Ellman (spectrophotometric assay). In order to describe the interaction between terpenes and AChE active gorge, molecular docking simulations were performed. Additionally, all analyzed terpenes were also evaluated for their cytotoxic properties against two normal cell lines using MTT assay. The obtained results show that: carvone (6), pulegone (8) and γ-terpinene (7) possess desirable AChE inhibitory activity. MTT assay revealed low or lack of cytotoxicity of these metabolites. Thus, among the investigated terpenes, carvone (6), pulegone (8) and y-terpinene (7) can be recognized as compounds with most promising activities in the development of multi-target directed ligands.

The effect of plant metabolites on coronaviruses: A comprehensive review focusing on their IC50 values and molecular docking scores

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parastou Farshi ◽  
Eda Ceren Kaya ◽  
Fataneh Hashempour-Baltork ◽  
Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Organosulfur Compounds ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Protein Receptors ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Natural Drugs

: Coronaviruses have caused worldwide outbreaks in different periods. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), was the first emerged virus from this family, followed by MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) and SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV or COVID 19), which is newly emerged. Many studies have been conducted on the application of chemical and natural drugs for treating these coronaviruses and they are mostly focused on inhibiting the proteases of viruses or blocking their protein receptors through binding to amino acid residues. Among many substances which are introduced to have an inhibitory effect against coronaviruses through the mentioned pathways, natural components are of specific interest. Secondary and primary metabolites from plants, are considered as potential drugs to have an inhibitory effect on coronaviruses. IC50 value (the concentration in which there is 50% loss in enzyme activity), molecular docking score and binding energy are parameters to understand the ability of metabolites to inhibit the specific virus. In this study we did a review of 154 papers on the effect of plant metabolites on different coronaviruses and data of their IC50 values, molecular docking scores and inhibition percentages are collected in tables. Secondary plant metabolites such as polyphenol, alkaloids, terpenoids, organosulfur compounds, saponins and saikosaponins, lectins, essential oil, and nicotianamine, and primary metabolites such as vitamins are included in this study.

Chapter 5 Secondary Plant Metabolites: Mechanisms and Roles in Insect Pest Management

2016 ◽  
pp. 135-168
Author(s):  
Tamoghna Saha ◽  
Nithya C. ◽  
Shyambabu S. ◽  
Kiran Kumari ◽  
S. N. Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Insect Pest Management ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Plant

scholarly journals MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT PLANT CLEOME GYNANDRA: A PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EXPLANATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Partha Pradip Adhikari ◽  
Satya Bhusan Paul
Keyword(s):  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
Cleome Gynandra ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Different Parts

  Cleome genus includes 601 plant species from the family Cleomaceae. Of more than 600 plants, 206 (34.3%) plants are having accepted species names. Cleome gynandra Linn. is a well-known medicinal plant with traditional and pharmacological importance. A good number of secondary plant metabolites have also been isolated from different parts of C. gynandra. Our investigation confirms two mutant varieties of C. gynandra exists in India. Accordingly, the objective of this study was designed to critically evaluate the pharmacological and phytochemical evaluation of C. gynandra of two mutant variety, to provide a consolidated platform for research potential of both the mutant varieties of C. gynandra. Careful scrutiny reveals that the plant possesses a huge range pharmacological applications, such as anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging, anticancerous, immunomodulator, and antidiabetic agents. To arrive its pharmacological importance the published papers also shown an enormous amount of phytochemicals endorsement. Scientific perusal reveals different parts of the plant has an immense medicinal importance which proofs its traditional use round the glove. But in North-Eastern region of India, the same plant abundantly found in pink mutant variety. To date, there is not much research investigation for this mutant variety to validate its pharmacological importance. Therefore, research needs to scrutinize and compare the medicinal claims of the pink mutant variety in the bio-diverse region of North-East India.

scholarly journals Antitoxic, Antifungal and Phytochemical Analysis of Medicinal Compounds of Guiera senegalensis Leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-152
Author(s):  
Z.M. Anka ◽  
Vijender Singh ◽  
S.N. Gimba ◽  
Gunjan Singh
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Desert Area ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
Traditional Medicinal Plants ◽  
The World ◽  
Guiera Senegalensis

Millions of people in the world depend on traditional medicinal plants for treatment of many diseases.  They have curative properties due to presence of various complex chemical substances of different composition, which are found as secondary plant metabolites in one or more parts of these plants. These plant metabolites according to their composition are grouped as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins etc. Guiera senegalensis(Gs), which grows in abundance in semi-desert area of Western Africa such as Nigeria, has been used for treating specific diseases and wounds. The study is carried out to investigate the phytochemical analysis, toxicity, and the antifungal activity of Gs leaves extract. Keywords: Guiera senegalensis, Antifungal activity, Brine shrimp, toxicity, phytochemical analysis;

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