Hidropolítica neoliberal en Chile y el secuestro hídrico en el Valle de Copiapó: Trayectorias, dinámicas y narrativas en tensión, una perspectiva de coyuntura histórica

Resumen En este artículo, y desde un abordaje regional situado en el valle de Copiapó en la Región de Atacama en el norte de Chile, efectuamos un análisis del periodo de desarrollo del neoliberalismo en clave ambiental como una coyuntura histórica, en la que nos concentramos en el metabolismo económico, material y po­lítico institucional entre sociedad y medioambiente. Específicamente, analizaremos como el agua, es so­metida a un proceso de privatización y mercantilización, constituyendo las silenciosas bases del metabo­lismo extractivo en el marco del desarrollo y transformación de la industria minera y agroindustrial, que implicó una intensificación radical del consumo industrial de agua, paralelo a un aumento exponencial de la acumulación capitalista y a una simultánea hiper-desertificación artificial de una zona ya naturalmente desértica. Hipotetizamos que la acumulación por desposesión hídrica solo fue posible teniendo como condiciones de posibilidad y origen re fundacional, a las transformaciones institucionales radicales reali­zadas sin posibilidad de discusión democrática y en un contexto de represión y violencia política, con lo que el análisis de la dimensión ambiental del presente no puede disociarse de los contextos políticos sub­yacentes y sus trayectorias en términos de un abordaje de análisis de procesos de duración media en términos braudelianos. Palabras clave: hidropolítica; secuestro hídrico; coyuntura; violencia; neoliberalismo. Resumo Neste trabalho, a partir de uma abordagem regional localizada no vale de Copiapó, Região do Atacama, norte do Chile, realizamos uma análise ambiental no período histórico de desenvolvimento do neolibera­lismo no Chile, na qual enfocamos o metabolismo econômico, material e político-institucional entre soci­edade e meio ambiente. Especificamente, analisamos como a água está submetida a um processo de pri­vatização e comercialização, constituindo as bases silenciosas do metabolismo extrativo no quadro do desenvolvimento e transformação da indústria mineira e agroindustrial, o que implicou uma intensifica­ção radical do consumo industrial de água, paralelo a um aumento exponencial da acumulação capitalista e a uma simultânea hiperdesertificação artificial de uma área já naturalmente deserta. Hipotetizamos que o acúmulo por expropriação da água só foi possível tendo como condições de possibilidade e origem refundacional, as radicais transformações institucionais realizadas iniciadas na ditadura e consolidadas nos governos pós-ditatoriais, com as quais a análise da dimensão ambiental do presente não pode ser dissociada dos contextos políticos subjacentes e de suas trajetórias em termos de uma abordagem de análise de processo de média duração em termos braudelianos. Para isso, analisamos o fenómeno desta­cando duas ordens distintas, mas ligadas: 1) uma, relativa às trajetórias político-institucionais sob uma perspectiva histórica, considerando dimensões escalares em dimensiones políticas, econômicas e ambi­entais; 2) outra, sociopolítica e narrativa, ao abordar discursos e narrativas promovidos pelo capital, como formas ideológicas de despolitização da crise, Por outro lado, a emergência de narrativas de contestação desde as comunidades e atores locais, que vão da narrativa do desaparecimento do rio à do sequestro da água. Finalmente, destacamos que, ainda que não haja relação causal entre o sentido semântico obser­vado, tanto o desaparecimento como o sequestro são narrativas que podem estar vinculadas à violência política originária da ditadura y a luta pelos Direitos Humanos, com o desaparecimento e sequestro de pessoas no âmbito da repressão política, paralela aos processos de transformação económica que leva­ram à reconfiguração silenciosa entre capital e meio ambiente no Chile. Em termos de periodização da conjuntura estudada, apesar de não estar estruturada de forma sequencial, se incluem eventos e proces­sos que envolvem o desenvolvimento da conjuntura neoliberal desde a execução do golpe de Estado contra Salvador Allende em 1973, do desenvolvimento de transformações jurídicas e econômicas da dita­dura militar e da consolidação neoliberal na transição pós-ditatorial, até o denominado estallido social de outubro de 2019 e o posterior processo constituinte em 2020/2021 Palavras-chave: hidropolítica; sequestro de água; conjuntura; violência; neoliberalismo. Neoliberal hydropolitics in Chile and the water kidnapping in Copiapó Valley: Trajectories, dynamics and narratives in tension, an historical conjuncture approach Abstract In this work and from a regional approach located in the Copiapó valley in the Atacama Region in northern Chile, we carry out an analysis of the period of development of neoliberalism in an environmental key as a historical conjuncture, in which we focus on metabolism economic, material and institutional political between society and environment. Specifically, we will analyze how water is subjected to a process of privatization and commercialization, constituting the silent bases of the extractive metabolism in the framework of the development and transformation of the mining and agro-industrial industry, which implied a radical intensification of the industrial consumption of water, parallel to an exponential increase in capitalist accumulation and to a simultaneous artificial hyper-desertification of an already naturally desert area. We hypothesize that the accumulation by water dispossession was only possible having as conditions of possibility and re-foundational origin, the radical institutional transformations carried out initiated in the dictatorship and consolidated in the post-dictatorial governments, with which the analysis of the environmental dimension of the present does not it can be dissociated from the underlying political contexts and their trajectories in terms of a medium-duration process analysis approach in Braudelian terms. Keywords: hydro-politics; water kidnapping; conjuncture; violence; neoliberalism.

Spatial variability of annual and monthly Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) over India

In this study, meteorological data for well distributed 140 locations in India for the period (1971-2005) have been utilized for estimation of potential evapotranspiration (PET) by Penman-Monteith equation. The highest average annual PET of 2342 mm was at Jalgaon and lowest of 921 mm at Ging. Range of average annual PET is 1421 mm. The mean annual PET averaged for all stations over India is 1547 mm with 12% contribution in winter, 34% in pre-monsoon, 35% in monsoon and 19% in post-monsoon seasons. The lowest centers with annual PET less than 1400 mm are mainly located above 30 degree N latitude. The high centers with annual PET more than 1800 mm are located in desert area and central India, with lowest values at hill stations during most of the months. The higher monthly PET values in excess of 200 mm are normally observed during pre-monsoon and monsoon over western and Central India. As the monsoon advances, the PET values over western India decrease gradually. The lower PET values are observed during winter and post-monsoon season. The lowest mean monthly PET of 82.1 mm is in December and highest mean monthly PET of 199.6 mm is in May. Mean annual and monthly PET over (2° × 2°) latitude/longitude grids have been developed and presented.

Armed groups will keep dominating southern Libya

Significance As a result, illicit economies have provided livelihoods to locals for years, fuelling ethnic and tribal competition. Τhe inability of Libyan authorities to project power in the Fezzan and the jostling for influence has allowed mercenaries and other armed groups to become established in the region, stationing themselves in the desert area, and threatening its security. Impacts Political developments in Chad could trigger clashes in southern Libya. The LNA could position itself as a security guarantor against a resurgent IS. Smuggling will remain a key source of revenue in the Fezzan.

A Tested Method for Assessing and Predicting Weather-Crime Associations

Few studies have focused on haze as a weather element and its correlation with crime. In this study, we examined haze as a weather variable to investigate its effects on criminal activity. We used both monthly crime data and weather records to build a regression model to predict crime cases considering three weather factors; temperature, humidity and haze. We applied this model in two different climate provinces in Saudi Arabia, namely, Riyadh and Makkah. Riyadh is a desert area and observes haze approximately 17 days per month on average, while Makkah is a coastal area observing haze an average of 4 days per month. We found a measurable relationship between each of these three variables and criminal activity. However, haze had the most effect on theft, drug and assault crimes in Riyadh compared to the other elements. Temperature and humidity have a significant relationship with crime in Makkah, while haze had no significant influence in that region.

Design of an Irrigation System using a Motor Pump for Desert Areas in Department of Piura - Perú

Abstract— Currently the world suffers from water scarcity, being one of the most frequent problems that agriculture suffers, there is still no uniformity regarding the extent of the planet covered by these dry lands, varying the calculations from close to 50% to 25% of the earth's surface. Africa and Asia being the continents that had the largest extensions of drylands. Therefore, this research work has as objective the Design of an Irrigation System using a Motor Pump for Desert Areas in Department of Piura - Perú and thus contribute to the agriculture of our country, as well as main points we will focus on the towns far from the city which will use automatic irrigation means through a natural reserve water supply which would have to be stored and through a drip system it will be possible to irrigate and optimize the water in order to give it a better use. Resulting in a water reservoir that once filled to 100% will begin to pump water through a motor pump and through pipes it will be transferred to another reserve reservoir to irrigate a desert area through a drip system so the reservoir plays an important role which will have available water without depleting given greater access to irrigate the land. Keywords— Agriculture; deserted zones; automatic watering; Drip system; Motor pump

Soil Hydrology Process and Rational Use of Soil Water in Desert Regions

There is a balanced plant–water relationship in the original vegetation in the desert area. With the increase in the population and social development of the desert area, people need the goods and services of the forest vegetation ecosystem. To meet the growing demand for plant community goods and services, more original vegetation has been changed into non-native vegetation, such as in the Loess Plateau in China. However, with the plant growth, sometime soil drying happens and becomes gradually serious with time in most desert regions. Serious drying of soil eventually results in soil quality degradation, vegetation decline, and crop failure, which influence the produce and supply of forest vegetation goods and services in the market in dry years or waste of soil water resources in wet years, which wastes precious natural resources. In order to use soil water rationally, soil water must be used in a sustainable way and the plant–water relationship has to be regulated for the Soil Water carrying capacity for vegetation in the key period of plant–water relationship regulation to carry out a sustainable use of natural resources, high-quality sustainable development of forest and grass, and high-quality production of fruit and crops in desert regions.

Changing Spatio-Temporal Rainfall Fluctuation over North East India

This study is analysis of changes in rainfall fluctuation in North East India. Using the longest instrumental monthly rainfall data of well spread 316 stations across India available from Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), the fluctuation characteristics as well as the spatial-temporal variability of the seasonal, monsoon monthly and annual rainfall pattern over the north eastern region of India (NER) have been examined. On an average, NER receives about 2450 mm of rainfall with 1093.0 mm as its annual evapo transpiration. The winter (JF) rainfall contributes 2.1% to the annual rainfall; summer (MAM) rainfall 24.3%; summer monsoon (JJAS) rainfall 65.1% and the post-monsoon (OND) rainfall contributes 8.5% to the annual rainfall. The region shows great variation in surface temperature regime (15oC to 32oC in summer and 0 to 26oC in winter). The spatial-temporal rainfall variability shows random fluctuating characteristics of expansion / contraction of desert area but overall it is showing a slight decreasing over the NER as well as whole India.