Updated Review of the Toxicity of Selected Fusarium Toxins and Their Modified Forms

Mycotoxins are one of the most dangerous food and feed contaminants, hence they have significant influence on human and animal health. This study reviews the information reported over the last few years on the toxic effects of the most relevant and studied Fusarium toxins and their modified forms. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites can induce intracellular oxidative stress, resulting in DNA damage. Recent studies have also revealed the capability of DON and its metabolites to disturb the cell cycle and alter amino acid expression. Several studies have attempted to explore the mechanism of action of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in anorexia induction. Among other findings, two neurotransmitters associated with this process have been identified, namely substance P and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). For zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites, the literature points out that, in addition to their generally acknowledged estrogenic and oxidative potentials, they can also modify DNA by altering methylation patterns and histone acetylation. The ability of the compounds to induce alterations in the expression of major metabolic genes suggests that these compounds can contribute to the development of numerous metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes.

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The Essential Element Manganese, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Diseases: Links and Interactions

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2018/7580707 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Longman Li ◽

Xiaobo Yang

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Essential Element ◽

Ros Generation ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

The Past ◽

The Relationship

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element that is involved in the synthesis and activation of many enzymes and in the regulation of the metabolism of glucose and lipids in humans. In addition, Mn is one of the required components for Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) that is mainly responsible for scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondrial oxidative stress. Both Mn deficiency and intoxication are associated with adverse metabolic and neuropsychiatric effects. Over the past few decades, the prevalence of metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2MD), obesity, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and hepatic steatosis, has increased dramatically. Previous studies have found that ROS generation, oxidative stress, and inflammation are critical for the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. In addition, deficiency in dietary Mn as well as excessive Mn exposure could increase ROS generation and result in further oxidative stress. However, the relationship between Mn and metabolic diseases is not clear. In this review, we provide insights into the role Mn plays in the prevention and development of metabolic diseases.

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Oxidative Stress, Intrauterine Growth Restriction, and Developmental Programming of Type 2 Diabetes

Physiology ◽

10.1152/physiol.00023.2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 348-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Cetewayo S. Rashid ◽

Amita Bansal ◽

Rebecca A. Simmons

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Growth Restriction ◽

Mitochondria Dysfunction ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leads to reduced birth weight and the development of metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress are commonly found in key tissues (pancreatic islets, liver, and skeletal muscle) of IUGR individuals. In this review, we explore the role of oxidative stress in IUGR-associated diabetes etiology.

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Insulin decreases intracellular oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Metabolism ◽

10.1016/j.metabol.2006.01.003 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 691-695 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Maria Cristina Bravi ◽

Antonietta Armiento ◽

Oriana Laurenti ◽

Maria Cassone-Faldetta ◽

Orietta De Luca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Intracellular Oxidative Stress

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Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

EFSA Journal ◽

10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3916 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Animal Health ◽

Health Related ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Scientific Opinion ◽

Modified Forms

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Melatonin and Oxidative Stress in the Diabetic State: Clinical Implications and Potential Therapeutic Applications

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867325666180410094149 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (22) ◽

pp. 4178-4190 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Javier Espino ◽

Ana B. Rodríguez ◽

José A. Pariente

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Association Studies ◽

Genetic Association Studies ◽

Metabolic Disturbances ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Living Organisms

All living organisms exhibit circadian rhythms, which govern the majority of biological functions, including metabolic processes. Misalignment of these circadian rhythms increases the risk of developing metabolic diseases. Thus, disruption of the circadian system has been proven to affect the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this context, the pineal indoleamine melatonin is a signaling molecule able to entrain circadian rhythms. There is mounting evidence that suggests a link between disturbances in melatonin production and impaired insulin, glucose, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant capacity. Besides, several genetic association studies have causally associated various single nucleotide polymorphysms (SNPs) of the human MT2 receptor with increased risk of developing T2DM. Taken together, these data suggest that endogenous as well as exogenous melatonin may influence diabetes and associated metabolic disturbances not only by regulating insulin secretion but also by providing protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) since pancreatic β-cells are very susceptible to oxidative stress due to their low antioxidant capacity.

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Protective effects of the traditional herbal formulation on oxidative stress, learning and memory in the animal model of type 2 diabetes

Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.32598/ppj.24.3.30 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 174-184

Author(s):

Dara Dastan ◽

◽

Iraj Salehi ◽

Alireza Komaki ◽

Alireza Gharib ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Learning And Memory ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Herbal Formulation ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most frequent metabolic diseases that affect various body systems. Cognitive impairment caused by diabetes is gaining more acceptance and attention. In this study, we have investigated the effects of a traditionally herbal formulation (THF) on oxidative stress (OS) and cognitive deficits in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: control group, diabetic group, diabetic+100, 200 or 300mg/kg THF, diabetic+glibenclamide (G) 5mg/kg. Streptozotocin-nicotinamide was used to induce type-II diabetes mellitus. Spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory function were evaluated by Morris Water Maze (MWM), novel object recognition test (NORT) and open field test (OFT). The OS biomarkers were also analyzed. The THF was standardized using RP-HPLC according to phenolic and flavonoids compounds. Results: Indicated that in the diabetic treated (300mg/kg THF and G) vs. diabetic groups, body weight and insulin were significantly increased and the levels of fasting blood glucose significantly reduced. OS was improved in the treated (300mg/kg THF) groups. Furthermore, we noticed that diabetic treated groups (300mg/kg THF) vs. diabetes caused in significant decreases of the travelled distance and escape latency to find the hidden platform, also increased in the time spent and travelled distance in the target quadrant in MWM test, exploration time in NORT and total distance moved in OFT. Conclusion: These findings suggest that THF ameliorated learning and memory deficits in type 2 diabetic rats via reducing OS. THF can be used with a caution against human DM.

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Mycotoxins and oxidative stress: where are we?

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2017.2267 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 113-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

E.O. da Silva ◽

A.P.F.L. Bracarense ◽

I.P. Oswald

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Animal Health ◽

Protein Damage ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Plausible Mechanism ◽

Aflatoxin B ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Mycotoxins are the most common contaminants of food and feed worldwide and are considered an important risk factor for human and animal health. Oxidative stress occurs in cells when the concentration of reactive oxygen species exceeds the cell’s antioxidant capacity. Oxidative stress causes DNA damage, enhances lipid peroxidation, protein damage and cell death. This review addresses the toxicity of the major mycotoxins, especially aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin, patulin and zearalenone, in relation to oxidative stress. It summarises the data associated with oxidative stress as a plausible mechanism for mycotoxin-induced toxicity. Given the contamination caused by mycotoxins worldwide, the protective effects of a variety of natural compounds due to their antioxidant capacities have been evaluated. We review data on the ability of vitamins, flavonoids, crocin, curcumin, green tea, lycopene, phytic acid, L-carnitine, melatonin, minerals and mixtures of anti-oxidants to mitigate the toxic effect of mycotoxins associated with oxidative stress.

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