scholarly journals Mutation and Epistasis in Influenza Virus Evolution

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Lyons ◽  
Adam Lauring
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Virus Evolution ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Antiviral Resistance ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Public Health Challenge

Influenza remains a persistent public health challenge, because the rapid evolution of influenza viruses has led to marginal vaccine efficacy, antiviral resistance, and the annual emergence of novel strains. This evolvability is driven, in part, by the virus’s capacity to generate diversity through mutation and reassortment. Because many new traits require multiple mutations and mutations are frequently combined by reassortment, epistatic interactions between mutations play an important role in influenza virus evolution. While mutation and epistasis are fundamental to the adaptability of influenza viruses, they also constrain the evolutionary process in important ways. Here, we review recent work on mutational effects and epistasis in influenza viruses.

scholarly journals Clinically Relevant Influenza Virus Evolution Reconstituted in a Human Lung Airway-on-a-Chip

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longlong Si ◽  
Haiqing Bai ◽  
Crystal Yuri Oh ◽  
Lei Jin ◽  
Rachelle Prantil-Baun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Virus Evolution ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Epidemiological Factors ◽  
Global Evolution ◽  
Evolution Of Viruses

The rapid evolution of viruses, such as influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is challenging the use and development of antivirals and vaccines. Studies of within-host viral evolution can contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary and epidemiological factors that shape viral global evolution as well as development of better antivirals and vaccines.

scholarly journals Bayesian inference of antigenic and non-antigenic variables from haemagglutination inhibition assays for influenza surveillance

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 180113
Author(s):  
Emmanuel S. Adabor ◽  
Wilfred Ndifon
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Bayesian Method ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Virus Evolution ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Analytical Work

Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays are typically used for comparing and characterizing influenza viruses. Data obtained from the assays (titres) are used quantitatively to determine antigenic differences between influenza strains. However, the use of these titres has been criticized as they sometimes fail to capture accurate antigenic differences between strains. Our previous analytical work revealed how antigenic and non-antigenic variables contribute to the titres. Building on this previous work, we have developed a Bayesian method for decoupling antigenic and non-antigenic contributions to the titres in this paper. We apply this method to a compendium of HI titres of influenza A (H3N2) viruses curated from 1968 to 2016. Remarkably, the results of this fit indicate that the non-antigenic variable, which is inversely correlated with viral avidity for the red blood cells used in HI assays, oscillates during the course of influenza virus evolution, with a period that corresponds roughly to the timescale on which antigenic variants replace each other. Together, the results suggest that the new Bayesian method is applicable to the analysis of long-term dynamics of both antigenic and non-antigenic properties of influenza virus.

scholarly journals Influenza Virus: Small Molecule Therapeutics and Mechanisms of Antiviral Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (38) ◽  
pp. 5115-5127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianna Han ◽  
Jasmine Perez ◽  
Adam Schafer ◽  
Han Cheng ◽  
Norton Peet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Antiviral Resistance ◽  
Novel Therapeutics ◽  
Seasonal Epidemics ◽  
Small Molecule Therapeutics

Background: Influenza viruses cause severe upper respiratory illness in children and the elderly during seasonal epidemics. Influenza viruses from zoonotic reservoirs can also cause pandemics with significant loss of life in all age groups. Although vaccination is one of the most effective methods to protect against seasonal epidemics, seasonal vaccines vary in efficacy, can be ineffective in the elderly population, and do not provide protection against novel strains. Small molecule therapeutics are a critical part of our antiviral strategies to control influenza virus epidemics and pandemics as well as to ameliorate disease in elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Objective: This review aims to summarize the existing antiviral strategies for combating influenza viruses, the mechanisms of antiviral resistance for available drugs, and novel therapeutics currently in development. Methods: We systematically evaluated and synthesized the published scientific literature for mechanistic detail into therapeutic strategies against influenza viruses. Results: Current IAV strains have developed resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors and nearly complete resistance to M2 ion channel inhibitors, exacerbated by sub-therapeutic dosing used for treatment and chemoprophylaxis. New tactics include novel therapeutics targeting host components and combination therapy, which show potential for fighting influenza virus disease while minimizing viral resistance. Conclusion: Antiviral drugs are crucial for controlling influenza virus disease burden, but their efficacy is limited by human misuse and the capacity of influenza viruses to circumvent antiviral barriers. To relieve the public health hardship of influenza virus, emerging therapies must be selected for their capacity to impede not only influenza virus disease, but also the development of antiviral resistance.

scholarly journals Replication Dynamics, Pathogenicity, and Evolution of Influenza Viruses in Intestinal Caco-2 Cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israa Elbashir ◽  
Heba Al Khatib ◽  
Hadi Yassine
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Deep Sequencing ◽  
Virus Evolution ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Influenza Virus Replication ◽  
Ha Protein ◽  
Deep Sequencing Analysis

Background: Influenza virus is a major cause of respiratory infections worldwide. Besides the common respiratory symptoms, namouras cases with gastrointestinal symptoms have been reported. Moreover, influenza virus has been detected in feces of up to 20.6 % of influenza-infected patients. Therefore, direct infection of intestinal cells with influenza virus is suspected; however, the mechanism of this infection has not been explored. AIM: To investigate influenza virus replication, cellular responses to infection, and virus evolution following serial infection in human Caucasian colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2 cells). Method: Two influenza A subtypes (A/H3N2 and A/H1N1pdm 09) and one influenza B virus (B/Yamagata) were serially passaged in Caco-2. Quantitative PCR was used to study hormones and cytokines expression following infection. Deep sequencing analysis of viral genome was used to assess the virus evolution. Results: The replication capacity of the three viruses was maintained throughout 12 passages, with H3N2 virus being the fastest in adaptation. The expression of hormone and cytokines in Caco-2 cells was considerably different between the viruses and among the passages, however, a pattern of induction was observed at the late phase of infection. Deep sequencing analysis revealed a few amino acid substitutions in the HA protein of H3N2 and H1N1 viruses, mostly in the antigenic site. Moreover, virus evolution at the quasispecies level based on HA protein revealed that H3N2 and H1N1 harbored more diverse virus populations when compared to IBV, indicating their higher evolution within Caco-2 cells. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the possibility of influenza virus replication in intestinal cells. To further explain the gastrointestinal complications of influenza infections in-vivo experiments with different influenza viruses are needed.

scholarly journals Face masks to prevent transmission of influenza virus: a systematic review

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. COWLING ◽  
Y. ZHOU ◽  
D. K. M. IP ◽  
G. M. LEUNG ◽  
A. E. AIELLO
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
English Language ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
International Health ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Health Agencies

SUMMARYInfluenza viruses circulate around the world every year. From time to time new strains emerge and cause global pandemics. Many national and international health agencies recommended the use of face masks during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. We reviewed the English-language literature on this subject to inform public health preparedness. There is some evidence to support the wearing of masks or respirators during illness to protect others, and public health emphasis on mask wearing during illness may help to reduce influenza virus transmission. There are fewer data to support the use of masks or respirators to prevent becoming infected. Further studies in controlled settings and studies of natural infections in healthcare and community settings are required to better define the effectiveness of face masks and respirators in preventing influenza virus transmission.

scholarly journals Wipes Coated with a Singlet-Oxygen-Producing Photosensitizer Are Effective against Human Influenza Virus but Not against Norovirus

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (14) ◽  
pp. 4391-4397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Verhaelen ◽  
Martijn Bouwknegt ◽  
Saskia Rutjes ◽  
Ana Maria de Roda Husman ◽  
Erwin Duizer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Singlet Oxygen ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Human Influenza ◽  
Human Influenza Virus ◽  
Public Health Risk

ABSTRACTTransmission of enteric and respiratory viruses, including human norovirus (hNoV) and human influenza virus, may involve surfaces. In food preparation and health care settings, surfaces are cleaned with wipes; however, wiping may not efficiently reduce contamination or may even spread viruses, increasing a potential public health risk. The virucidal properties of wipes with a singlet-oxygen-generating immobilized photosensitizer (IPS) coating were compared to those of similar but uncoated wipes (non-IPS) and of commonly used viscose wipes. Wipes were spiked with hNoV GI.4 and GII.4, murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), human adenovirus type 5 (hAdV-5), and influenza virus H1N1 to study viral persistence. We also determined residual and transferred virus proportions on steel carriers after successively wiping a contaminated and an uncontaminated steel carrier. On IPS wipes only, influenza viruses were promptly inactivated with a 5-log10reduction.Dvalues of infectious MNV-1 and hAdV-5 were 8.7 and 7.0 h on IPS wipes, 11.6 and 9.3 h on non-IPS wipes, and 10.2 and 8.2 h on viscose wipes, respectively. Independently of the type of wipe, dry cleaning removed, or drastically reduced, initial spot contamination of hNoV on surfaces. All wipes transferred hNoV to an uncontaminated carrier; however, the risk of continued transmission by reuse of wipes after 6 and 24 h was limited for all viruses. We conclude that cleaning wet spots with dry wipes efficiently reduced spot contamination on surfaces but that cross-contamination with noroviruses by wiping may result in an increased public health risk at high initial virus loads. For influenza virus, IPS wipes present an efficient one-step procedure for cleaning and disinfecting contaminated surfaces.

scholarly journals Epidemiology, Evolution, and Recent Outbreaks of Avian Influenza Virus in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (17) ◽  
pp. 8671-8676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Su ◽  
Yuhai Bi ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Gregory C. Gray ◽  
George F. Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Recent Increase ◽  
And Control

Novel reassortants of H7N9, H10N8, and H5N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are currently circulating in China's poultry flocks, occasionally infecting humans and other mammals. Combined with the sometimes enzootic H5N1 and H9N2 strains, this cauldron of genetically diverse AIVs pose significant risks to public health. Here, we review the epidemiology, evolution, and recent outbreaks of AIVs in China, discuss reasons behind the recent increase in the emergence of novel AIVs, and identify warning signs which may point to the emergence of a potentially virulent and highly transmissible AIV to humans. This review will be useful to authorities who consider options for the detection and control of AIV transmission in animals and humans, with the goal of preventing future epidemics and pandemics.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravendra P. Chauhan ◽  
Michelle L. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Zoonotic Potential

The global anxiety and a significant threat to public health due to the current COVID-19 pandemic reiterate the need for active surveillance for the zoonotic virus diseases of pandemic potential. Influenza virus due to its wide host range and zoonotic potential poses such a significant threat to public health. Swine serve as a “mixing vessel” for influenza virus reassortment and evolution which as a result may facilitate the emergence of new strains or subtypes of zoonotic potential. In this context, the currently available scientific data hold a high significance to unravel influenza virus epidemiology and evolution. With this objective, the current systematic review summarizes the original research articles and case reports of all the four types of influenza viruses reported in swine populations worldwide. A total of 281 articles were found eligible through screening of PubMed and Google Scholar databases and hence were included in this systematic review. The highest number of research articles (n = 107) were reported from Asia, followed by Americas (n = 97), Europe (n = 55), Africa (n = 18), and Australia (n = 4). The H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were the most common influenza A virus subtypes reported in swine in most countries across the globe, however, few strains of influenza B, C, and D viruses were also reported in certain countries. Multiple reports of the avian influenza virus strains documented in the last two decades in swine in China, the United States, Canada, South Korea, Nigeria, and Egypt provided the evidence of interspecies transmission of influenza viruses from birds to swine. Inter-species transmission of equine influenza virus H3N8 from horse to swine in China expanded the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. Additionally, numerous reports of the double and triple-reassortant strains which emerged due to reassortments among avian, human, and swine strains within swine further increased the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. These findings are alarming hence active surveillance should be in place to prevent future influenza pandemics.

scholarly journals H5N1 influenza virus evolution: a comparison of different epidemics in birds and humans (1997–2004)

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 955-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Campitelli ◽  
Massimo Ciccozzi ◽  
Marco Salemi ◽  
Fabiana Taglia ◽  
Stefano Boros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Positive Selection ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Virus Evolution ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Entire Genome ◽  
Human Influenza Virus ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Entire Genome Sequence ◽  
H5n1 Influenza

The selection pressure acting along the entire genome sequence of H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated from several bird species and humans infected in the 1997 and 2004 outbreaks, and on the HA1 genes from H5N1 viruses isolated during the entire study period, in eastern Asia was evaluated. According to maximum-likelihood analysis, viral genes appeared to be, in both epidemics, under strong purifying selection, with only the PB2, HA and NS1 genes under positive selection. Specific codons under positive selection were detected by using codon-based substitution models. Positive-selection analysis performed on single-codon sites might be helpful in clarifying the driving force of avian and human influenza virus evolution and in selecting specific targets for vaccines and antiviral drugs.

Reassortment ability of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus with circulating human and avian influenza viruses: Public health risk implications

2013 ◽  
Vol 175 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Stincarelli ◽  
Rosaria Arvia ◽  
Maria Alessandra De Marco ◽  
Valeria Clausi ◽  
Fabiana Corcioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Pandemic H1n1 ◽  
H1n1 Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Pandemic H1n1 Influenza
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