scholarly journals Reported Direct and Indirect Contact with Dromedary Camels among Laboratory-Confirmed MERS-CoV Cases

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romy Conzade ◽  
Rebecca Grant ◽  
Mamunur Malik ◽  
Amgad Elkholy ◽  
Mohamed Elhakim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zoonotic Transmission ◽  
World Health ◽  
Specific Mechanism ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Animal Reservoir ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Unpasteurized Milk ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) are now known to be the vertebrate animal reservoir that intermittently transmits the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to humans. Yet, details as to the specific mechanism(s) of zoonotic transmission from dromedaries to humans remain unclear. The aim of this study was to describe direct and indirect contact with dromedaries among all cases, and then separately for primary, non-primary, and unclassified cases of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) between 1 January 2015 and 13 April 2018. We present any reported dromedary contact: direct, indirect, and type of indirect contact. Of all 1125 laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported to WHO during the time period, there were 348 (30.9%) primary cases, 455 (40.4%) non-primary cases, and 322 (28.6%) unclassified cases. Among primary cases, 191 (54.9%) reported contact with dromedaries: 164 (47.1%) reported direct contact, 155 (44.5%) reported indirect contact. Five (1.1%) non-primary cases also reported contact with dromedaries. Overall, unpasteurized milk was the most frequent type of dromedary product consumed. Among cases for whom exposure was systematically collected and reported to WHO, contact with dromedaries or dromedary products has played an important role in zoonotic transmission.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic Data Visualization with Moment about Midpoint: Exploratory and Expository Analyses

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-37
Author(s):  
Stephen Olusegun Are ◽  
Matthew Iwada Ekum
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Central Limit Theorem ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Aims: To visualize COVID-19 data using Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) to tell the COVID-19 story expository. Study Design: The study uses EDA approach to visualize the COVID-19 data. The study uses secondary data collected from World Health Organization (WHO) in a panel form and partition the world using WHO regions. Moment about a midpoint and EDA are jointly used to analyze the data. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Statistical Laboratory, Lagos State Polytechnic and Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro. The data used covered all regions of the world from January 2020 to July 2020. Methodology: We included 198 countries (cross-sections) partitioned into 7 WHO regions over 7 months (190 days) time period, spanning 3000 datasets. The EDA and moment about a midpoint is used for the analysis. This is a purely descriptive and expository analysis to tell the story of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Results: The total sample points used for this analysis are 30,010, which can be taken as a big data and it is large enough to assume the central limit theorem. The results of the analysis showed that cumulative cases and deaths are increasing but at a slower rate. Some WHO region curves are already flattening. Conclusion: The study concluded that average number of new cases and new deaths will decrease in coming months but there will be increase in the cumulative cases and deaths but at a slower rate.

scholarly journals THE CLINICAL PROFILES OF AVIAN INFLUENzA IN ENDEMIC AND NON-ENDEMIC REGIONS IN INDONESIA. HOSPITAL-BASED STUDIES AND ITS IMPLICATION ON CLINICAL MANAGEMENT IN THE FUTURE

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jusuf Wibisono ◽  
Resti Yudhawati Meliana
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Feature ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Central Java ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Indonesia is a greatest burden country of H5N1 avian influenza (AI) virus infection in the world, since first outbreak in Central Java 2005 until August 2010 there was 168 confirmed cases and 138 dead cases. The incidence increasing rapidly in widespread area endemic in Java, Sumatera, Bali and Sulawesi, and sporadic outbreaks in other areas. The World Health Organization stated that AI still became a treat in the next pandemic. H5N1 AI virus infection spreads in almost all provinces, but its endemic in Jakarta, Tangerang and Banten and in other area such Surabaya, Bali were sporadic outbreaks. There are 27 confirmed H5N1 AI infection cases in Jakarta from 296 suspected cases, while in Surabaya only 5 confirmed H5N1 AI infection cases from 12 suspected cases. The age of patient mean with H5N1 AI infection was 16.9 ± 11.6 yo in Jakarta and 24 ± 8.51 yo in Surabaya. There was no difference between male and female. Mortality rate was 77.7% in Jakarta and 60% in Surabaya. A large number of case has indirect contact history, predominantly by visiting market or areas where outbreaks of poultry disease. The clinical feature H5N1 AI virus infection could manifest as mild until severe pneumonia that often progress rapidly to ARDS. In Jakarta, 74% case showed abnormality chest radiography as bilateral pneumonia, while in Surabaya showed lobar pneumonia and bilateral pneumonia. Management patient of H5N1 AI infection is supportive therapy and antiviral, whereas a large number of cases needed mechanical ventilator support.

scholarly journals COVID-19—Zoonosis or Emerging Infectious Disease?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najmul Haider ◽  
Peregrine Rothman-Ostrow ◽  
Abdinasir Yusuf Osman ◽  
Liã Bárbara Arruda ◽  
Laura Macfarlane-Berry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Emerging Infectious Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Animal Reservoir ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization defines a zoonosis as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. The pandemic of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been classified as a zoonotic disease, however, no animal reservoir has yet been found, so this classification is premature. We propose that COVID-19 should instead be classified an “emerging infectious disease (EID) of probable animal origin.” To explore if COVID-19 infection fits our proposed re-categorization vs. the contemporary definitions of zoonoses, we reviewed current evidence of infection origin and transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 virus and described this in the context of known zoonoses, EIDs and “spill-over” events. Although the initial one hundred COVID-19 patients were presumably exposed to the virus at a seafood Market in China, and despite the fact that 33 of 585 swab samples collected from surfaces and cages in the market tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, no virus was isolated directly from animals and no animal reservoir was detected. Elsewhere, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in animals including domesticated cats, dogs, and ferrets, as well as captive-managed mink, lions, tigers, deer, and mice confirming zooanthroponosis. Other than circumstantial evidence of zoonotic cases in mink farms in the Netherlands, no cases of natural transmission from wild or domesticated animals have been confirmed. More than 40 million human COVID-19 infections reported appear to be exclusively through human-human transmission. SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 do not meet the WHO definition of zoonoses. We suggest SARS-CoV-2 should be re-classified as an EID of probable animal origin.

scholarly journals Food safety practices in catering during the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa Mayurnikova ◽  
Arkadiy Koksharov ◽  
Tatyana Krapiva
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Food Service ◽  
World Health ◽  
Director General ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Health Organization

On January 30, 2020, the Director-General of the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. There is hardly a country in the world that is not currently facing this problem. The number of cases is constantly growing, patients and carriers being the main mode of transmission. The economies of all countries are at stake. However, people need essential goods and food, regardless of the situation. In this respect, agriculture, food industry, food market, and catering have become priority industries. A continuous operation of food service enterprises (FSE) is crucial for the uninterrupted food supply in the period of preventive measures. The paper describes how pathogen makes its way into FSEs, spreads, and infects people. This information makes it possible to assess the probability of coronavirus infection and to reduce its spread, thus ensuring the safe operation of the enterprise. There are three transmission routes the coronavirus can take at a FSE: (1) aerial transmission by droplets and aerosols during the main and secondary technological production processes, (2) person-to-person transmission from clients to staff or from employee to employee via direct or indirect contact, (3) transmission via contaminated surfaces, e.g. packaging, furniture, equipment, etc. FSEs have to follow the recommendations published by the federal and/or local authorities, which may vary depending on the COVID-19 incidence rate in the area. These recommendations are based on the probability of the public health risk associated with person-to-person transmission, rather than on food safety.

scholarly journals The International Academy of Health Sciences Informatics (IAHSI): 2020 Report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhold Haux ◽  
Marion J. Ball ◽  
William R. Hersh ◽  
Elaine Huesing ◽  
Michio Kimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Sciences ◽  
World Health ◽  
Data Standards ◽  
Biomedical Knowledge ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Organizational Stability ◽  
Virtual Meetings ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
International Academy

Summary Objectives: To summarize the major activities of the International Academy of Health Sciences Informatics (IAHSI) in the 2020 time period and to welcome its 2020 Class of Fellows. Method: Report from the members of the Academy’s Board. Results: Due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, both Plenary meetings in 2020 had to be organized as virtual meetings. Scientific discussions, focusing on mobilizing computable biomedical knowledge and on data standards and interoperability formed major parts of these meetings. A statement on the use of informatics in pandemic situations was elaborated and sent to the World Health Organization. A panel on data standards and interoperability started its work. 34 Fellows were welcomed in the 2020 Class of Fellows so that the Academy now consists of 179 members. Conclusions: There was a shift from supporting to strategic activities in the Academy’s work. After having achieved organizational stability, the Academy can now focus on its strategic work and so on its main objective.

scholarly journals Everyone Should be Fatactivists or Fat-allies

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Almlund
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
World Health ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Social Inequities ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization

Fatphobia is ubiquitous. Fatphobia is a structure in society. And it affects the lives of fat people in ways that are damaging to their health and can cause major inequities. This article maps out fatphobia as ever present through the history of Western culture – no time period exceptions – and it examines a very important report from the World Health Organization (WHO) concerning the health hazard and social inequities caused by fatphobia. Shakespeare’s fatjokes and the ever presence of shapewear and all the portraits of Jesus as a thin, white man show us 5,000 years of cultivated fatmisia. That is why WHO has written a report urging doctors and other healthcare professionals to treat fat patients with empathy and sensitivity like they would thin patients. In mapping out a structure that dehumanises people of size, I bring in a few examples from my own life as a fat person and as a fatactivist. Existing while fat in a world that hates fatness is hard work.

scholarly journals A Survey on some of the Global Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishaani Priyadarshini
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
Time Period ◽  
High Tech Product ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Ever since COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, it has gained a lot of popularity. Within a span of two months, it managed to travel across the globe and affected more than a million people, resulting in several deaths. The World Health Organization recently declared COVID-19 as a pandemic over the number of cases registered by country. However, there is a lot more to just people being infected by the disease. Apparently COVID-19 has managed to disrupt businesses all over the world causing world panic. In this paper, some global effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are identified and certain trends related to the same over the approximate time period of January 2020- March 2020 have been observed. The impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the travel and tourism industry and high tech product shipments have been analyzed. The study would assist the industries to prepare better for the global crisis and would assist them in contemplating specific scenarios in case of an epidemic or pandemic in the future.

scholarly journals Successful Implementation of a Window for Routine Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Shorter than That of the World Health Organization Standard

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 912-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Misteli ◽  
Andreas F. Widmer ◽  
Walter P. Weber ◽  
Evelyne Bucher ◽  
Marc Dangel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽  
Skin Incision ◽  
World Health ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Outcome Parameter ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Objective.To evaluate the feasibility of implementation of the refined window for routine antimicrobial prophylaxis (RAP) of 30-74 minutes before skin incision compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard of 0-60 minutes.Design.Prospective study on timing of routine antimicrobial prophylaxis in 2 different time periods.Setting.Tertiary referral university hospital with 30,000 surgical procedures per year.Methods.In all consecutive vascular, visceral, and trauma procedures, the timing was prospectively recorded during a first time period of 2 years (A; baseline) and a second period of 1 year (B; after intervention). An intensive intervention program was initiated after baseline. The primary outcome parameter was timing; the secondary outcome parameter was surgical site infection (SSI) rate in the subgroup of patients undergoing cholecystectomy/colon resection.Results.During baseline time period A (3,836 procedures), RAP was administered 30–74 minutes before skin incision in 1,750 (41.0%) procedures; during time period B (1,537 procedures), it was administered in 914 (56.0%; P < .001). The subgroup analysis did not reveal a significant difference in SSI rate.Conclusions.This bundle of interventions resulted in a statistically significant improvement of timing of RAP even at a shortened window compared to the WHO standard.

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