scholarly journals Aerosol Detection and Transmission of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): What Is the Evidence, and What Are the Knowledge Gaps?

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréia Gonçalves Arruda ◽  
Steve Tousignant ◽  
Juan Sanhueza ◽  
Carles Vilalta ◽  
Zvonimir Poljak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Transmission Route ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Airborne Transmission ◽  
Infectious Individual ◽  
Transmission Data ◽  
Outbreak Investigations ◽  
Shed Light

In human and veterinary medicine, there have been multiple reports of pathogens being airborne under experimental and field conditions, highlighting the importance of this transmission route. These studies shed light on different aspects related to airborne transmission such as the capability of pathogens becoming airborne, the ability of pathogens to remain infectious while airborne, the role played by environmental conditions in pathogen dissemination, and pathogen strain as an interfering factor in airborne transmission. Data showing that airborne pathogens originating from an infectious individual or population can infect susceptible hosts are scarce, especially under field conditions. Furthermore, even though disease outbreak investigations have generated important information identifying potential ports of entry of pathogens into populations, these investigations do not necessarily yield clear answers on mechanisms by which pathogens have been introduced into populations. In swine, the aerosol transmission route gained popularity during the late 1990’s as suspicions of airborne transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were growing. Several studies were conducted within the last 15 years contributing to the understanding of this transmission route; however, questions still remain. This paper reviews the current knowledge and identifies knowledge gaps related to PRRSV airborne transmission.

scholarly journals Indirect Exposure to Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): An Overview of Current Knowledge

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Ebere Enyoh ◽  
Andrew Wirnkor Verla ◽  
Wang Qingyue ◽  
Dipak Kumar Yadav ◽  
Md. Akhter Hossain Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Transmission Route ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Transmission Method ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
Indirect Exposure ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

This review chronicles the indirect transmission method which seems to be overlooked by most people and makes attempts to clearly document the various transmission ways with a hope that such information may strengthen the knowledge base of researchers towards methods of eradicating the pandemic. Current knowledge of transmission and exposure of SARS-CoV-2 has been explained. Various researchers have put forward different ways of exposure and transmission. Literature does not reveal whether the indirect transmission route is the dominant one. However total lockdown could be a veritable means to reduce both direct and indirect transmission routes. In many countries where the indirect transmission has been reduced, the scourge of the virus is less. The work creates awareness on the need to watch out for those routes of transmissions that may not be popular and suggested key knowledge gaps that needs to filled.

scholarly journals Indirect exposure to novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): an overview of current knowledge

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Ebere Enyoh ◽  
Andrew Wirnkor Verla ◽  
Wang Qingyue ◽  
Dipak Kumar Yadav ◽  
Md Akhter Hossain Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Transmission Route ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Transmission Method ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
Indirect Exposure ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

This review chronicles the indirect transmission method which seems to be overlooked by most people and makes attempts to document the various transmission ways with a hope that such information may strengthen the knowledge base of researchers towards methods of eradicating the pandemic. Current knowledge of transmission and exposure of SARS-CoV-2 has been explained. Various researchers have put forward different ways of exposure and transmission.  Literature does not reveal whether the indirect transmission route is the dominant one. However, total lockdown could be a veritable means to reduce both direct and indirect transmission routes. In many countries where the indirect transmission has been reduced, the scourge of the virus is less. The work creates awareness on the need to watch out for those routes of transmissions that may not be popular and suggested vital knowledge gaps that need to fill.  

scholarly journals Use of Three Air Samplers for the Detection of PRRSV-1 under Experimental and Field Conditions

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko Stein ◽  
Jochen Schulz ◽  
Rebecca Morgenstern ◽  
Thomas Voglmayr ◽  
Georg Freymüller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Airborne Transmission ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Airborne transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been known for a long time. Most experiments were performed using PRRSV-2 strains and fairly little information is available on the airborne spread of PRRSV-1. The aim of this study was to assess three different air samplers for their ability to detect PRRSV-1 under experimental and field conditions. All three devices were able to detect PRRSV-1 by quantitative reverse trascription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) under experimental conditions. However, the detection of PRRSV-1 in a PRRSV-positive farm with active virus circulation was not successful.

scholarly journals COVID-19: a review of current knowledge regarding exposure, quarantine, isolation and other preventive measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 204993612110320
Author(s):  
Robert Rosolanka ◽  
Andres F. Henao-Martinez ◽  
Larissa Pisney ◽  
Carlos Franco-Paredes ◽  
Martin Krsak
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Exposure Control ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Speed Up

Deeper understanding of the spread, morbidity, fatality, and development of immune response associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is necessary in order to establish an appropriate epidemiological and clinical response. Exposure control represents a key part of the combat against COVID-19, as the effectiveness of current therapeutic options remains partial. Since the preventive measures have not been sufficiently able to slow down this pandemic, in this article we explore some of the pertinent knowledge gaps, while overall looking to effective vaccination strategies as a way out. Early on, such strategies may need to rely on counting the convalescents as protected in order to speed up the immunization of the whole population.

scholarly journals Knowledge Gaps in Understanding the Etiology of Anemia in Indonesian Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S39-S58
Author(s):  
Kesso Gabrielle van Zutphen ◽  
Klaus Kraemer ◽  
Alida Melse-Boonstra
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Folic Acid Deficiency ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Etiological Factors ◽  
Infection And Inflammation

Background: Anemia is a public health problem among adolescents in Indonesia. Strategies to prevent or treat anemia should be tailored to local conditions, taking into account its specific etiology and prevalence in a given setting and population group. Objective: This review aims to (1) identify and synthesize the current knowledge on the etiology of anemia among adolescents in Indonesia, (2) reveal knowledge gaps in this area, and (3) suggest directions for future research and programmatic work. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, and WorldCat databases for peer-reviewed journal articles to identify which etiological factors were related to anemia among Indonesian adolescents. Research papers were reviewed and included in the review according to inclusion criteria. Results: Of 13 studies, 8 showed that anemia was associated with iron deficiency; 4 are suggestive of vitamin A deficiency; and 2 of folic acid deficiency. Five studies underscore different etiological determinants for anemia, such as malaria, protein and energy malnutrition, vitamin B2 deficiency, calcium, and vitamin C deficiency. Based on these findings, we developed a framework on knowledge gaps on the etiology of anemia among adolescents in Indonesia, divided in 3 levels of knowledge: (1) significant knowledge gaps, (2) knowledge gaps, and (3) established knowledge. Conclusions: The knowledge gaps around the etiology of anemia among Indonesian adolescents are significant. Our framework emphasizes the need for further research across all etiological factors, namely inadequate nutritional intake and absorption, genetic hemoglobin disorders, infection and inflammation, and menstrual disorders.

scholarly journals Moving Beyond Two Goals: An Integrative Review and Framework for the Study of Multiple Goals

2021 ◽  
pp. 108886832098581
Author(s):  
Franki Y. H. Kung ◽  
Abigail A. Scholer
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Goal Structure ◽  
Multiple Goals ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Multiple Goal ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Dyadic Relation ◽  
Dyadic Relations

Historically, the study of multiple goals has focused on the dynamics between two goals as the prototypical example of multiple goals. This focus on dyadic relations means that many issues central to the psychology of more than two goals are still unexplored. We argue that a deeper understanding of multiple-goal issues involves moving beyond two goals. Doing so not only reveals new insights about goal relations (e.g., how one dyadic relation affects another) but also introduces goal structure (how goals and goal relations are positioned relative to each other) as a variable in its own right worthy of study. In our review, we discuss current knowledge gaps, review methodologies both in terms of existing techniques and novel techniques we propose, and highlight new directions from moving beyond two goals—what new questions emerge and what dynamics, including intersectional issues (e.g., between goal properties and goal structure), become possible to explore.

scholarly journals Assessing the effects of artificial light at night on biodiversity across latitude – Current knowledge gaps

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Secondi ◽  
Aurélie Davranche ◽  
Marc Théry ◽  
Nathalie Mondy ◽  
Thierry Lengagne
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Light At Night ◽  
Knowledge Gaps

scholarly journals Enantiomers of Carbohydrates and Their Role in Ecosystem Interactions: A Review

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Lojkova ◽  
Valerie Vranová ◽  
Pavel Formánek ◽  
Ida Drápelová ◽  
Martin Brtnicky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Research Knowledge ◽  
Critical Knowledge ◽  
Ecosystem Interactions ◽  
Plant Compounds

D- and most L-enantiomers of carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing compounds occur naturally in plants and other organisms. These enantiomers play many important roles in plants including building up biomass, defense against pathogens, herbivory, abiotic stress, and plant nutrition. Carbohydrate enantiomers are also precursors of many plant compounds that significantly contribute to plant aroma. Microorganisms, insects, and other animals utilize both types of carbohydrate enantiomers, but their biomass and excrements are dominated by D-enantiomers. The aim of this work was to review the current knowledge about carbohydrate enantiomers in ecosystems with respect to both their metabolism in plants and occurrence in soils, and to identify critical knowledge gaps and directions for future research. Knowledge about the significance of D- versus L-enantiomers of carbohydrates in soils is rare. Determining the mechanism of genetic regulation of D- and L-carbohydrate metabolism in plants with respect to pathogen and pest control and ecosystem interactions represent the knowledge gaps and a direction for future research.

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