scholarly journals Review on Outbreak Dynamics, the Endemic Serotypes, and Diversified Topotypic Profiles of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Isolates in Ethiopia from 2008 to 2018

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet ◽  
Junfei Dai ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Jie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
National Veterinary Institute ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
And Control

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) endemicity in Ethiopia’s livestock remains an ongoing cause for economic concern, with new topotypes still arising even in previously unaffected areas. FMD outbreaks occur every year almost throughout the country. Understanding the outbreak dynamics, endemic serotypes, and lineage profiles of FMD in this country is very critical in designing control and prevention programs. For this, detailed information on outbreak dynamics in Ethiopia needs to be understood clearly. In this article, therefore, we review the spatial and temporal patterns and dynamics of FMD outbreaks from 2008 to 2018. The circulating serotypes and the topotypic profiles of the virus are also discussed. FMD outbreak data were obtained from; reports of MoARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development)/MoLF (Ministry of livestock and Fishery, NVI (National Veterinary Institute), and NAHDIC (National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center); published articles; MSc works; PhD theses; and documents from international organizations. To effectively control and prevent FMD outbreaks, animal health agencies should focus on building surveillance systems that can quickly identify and control ongoing outbreaks and implement efficient preventive measures.

scholarly journals Promising Multiple-Epitope Recombinant Vaccine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type O in Swine

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Jun Shao ◽  
Chung Kai Wong ◽  
Tong Lin ◽  
Shuk Kwan Lee ◽  
Guo-Zheng Cong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Recombinant Vaccine ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Heavy Chain Constant Region ◽  
World Organization ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTIn order to develop a completely safe immunogen to replace the traditional inactivated vaccine, a tandem-repeat multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) type O was developed. It contained three copies each of residues 141 to 160 and 200 to 213 of VP1 of the O/China/99 strain of FMDV coupled with a swine immunoglobulin G heavy-chain constant region (scIgG). The data showed that the multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine elicited high titers of anti-FMDV specific antibodies in swine at 30 days postvaccination (dpv) and conferred complete protection against a challenge with 10350% swine infective doses of the O/China/99 strain. The anti-FMDV specific antibody titers were not significantly different between the multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine and the traditional vaccine (ttest,P> 0.05). The number of 50% pig protective doses was 6.47, which is higher than the number recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health. The multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine resulted in a duration of immunity of at least 6 months. We speculate that the multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine is a promising vaccine that may replace the traditional inactivated vaccine for the prevention and control of FMD in swine in the future.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis and experiment assessing phage-based FMDV vaccine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Wu ◽  
Ningning Yang ◽  
Yueli Wang ◽  
Mingguo Xu ◽  
Yunfeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
And Control

AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a pathological disease caused by the foot- and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which mainly affects cloven-hoofed animals. This study was conducted to a meta-analysis and experiment on the effect of bacteriophages used in the development of FMDV vaccines. A systematic search was conducted for the collection of the protection effect for the phage-based FMDV vaccine using sensitive search strategies. The extracted data were analyzed using Rev-Man 5.4 software. This experiment used the T7 phage to express the capsid protein VP1 of the OHM-02 strain, and the recombinant VP1 phage was termed OHM-T7. Antibodies and cytokines levels were assessed after immunizing BALB/C mice with OHM-T7. The results showed that a total of 115 articles were retrieved, and 4 of them met the inclusion criteria. There was no heterogeneity with I2 = 0%, 20% or 43%. We used a fixed-effect model for meta-analysis, and the results showed a protective effect on FMDV between the phage group and control group (P<0.01) and between FMDV group and control group (P<0.01). Furthermore, when the phage group was compared to the FMDV group, there was also no significant difference (P>0.05). After successfully obtained the ohm-t7 strain and immunized the mice, it could induce high levels of IFN-γ levels in mice with little effect on IL-4 levels. OHM-T7 could be used to detect antibodies produced by mice immunized with different FMDV antigens and produce high levels of anti-FMD antibodies. In summary, these results showed the potential of phage-based FMDV vaccines in FMDV prevention.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of sheep: implications for diagnosis and control

2002 ◽  
Vol 150 (23) ◽  
pp. 724-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Hughes ◽  
V. Mioulet ◽  
R. P. Kitching ◽  
S. Alexandersen ◽  
A. I. Donaldson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Foot and Mouth Disease: Exotic Animal Disease that must be Alert of Entry into Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
R.M. Abdul Adjid
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Exotic Animal ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Disease Attack

<p>Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease attack cloven hoofed animals. Among the animals primarly livestock sensitive including cattles, bufalloes, pigs, sheed, and goats. The causative agent is the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). This disease is greatly feared by all countries as livestocks producer because it may raised great loss of economic impact. There are still many countries in the wolrd that are not yet free from FMD. The World Animal Health Organization (OIE/ Office des Internationale Epizootis) has included this disease in the list of disease taht must be reported “notifiable disease”. This FMD has become exotic for Indonesia since 1990, and currently included in the list of strategic infectious animal diseases in Indonesia. With current situation where the traffic of people and goods between countries in the world is very fast and frequent, it is possible for the disease to enter Indonesian territory. This paper discusses the FMD with aim of increasing alertness and readiness in preventing the entry and spread of the disease to Indonesia.</p>

scholarly journals Peptide-Based Vaccines: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, a Paradigm in Animal Health

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 477
Author(s):  
Mar Forner ◽  
Rodrigo Cañas-Arranz ◽  
Sira Defaus ◽  
Patricia de León ◽  
Miguel Rodríguez-Pulido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
T Cell Epitopes ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Vaccines are considered one of the greatest global health achievements, improving the welfare of society by saving lives and substantially reducing the burden of infectious diseases. However, few vaccines are fully effective, for reasons ranging from intrinsic limitations to more contingent shortcomings related, e.g., to cold chain transport, handling and storage. In this context, subunit vaccines where the essential antigenic traits (but not the entire pathogen) are presented in rationally designed fashion have emerged as an attractive alternative to conventional ones. In particular, this includes the option of fully synthetic peptide vaccines able to mimic well-defined B- and T-cell epitopes from the infectious agent and to induce protection against it. Although, in general, linear peptides have been associated to low immunogenicity and partial protection, there are several strategies to address such issues. In this review, we report the progress towards the development of peptide-based vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) a highly transmissible, economically devastating animal disease. Starting from preliminary experiments using single linear B-cell epitopes, recent research has led to more complex and successful second-generation vaccines featuring peptide dendrimers containing multiple copies of B- and T-cell epitopes against FMD virus or classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The usefulness of this strategy to prevent other animal and human diseases is discussed.

scholarly journals Designing Functionally Versatile, Highly Immunogenic Peptide-Based Multiepitopic Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 406
Author(s):  
Sira Defaus ◽  
Mar Forner ◽  
Rodrigo Cañas-Arranz ◽  
Patricia de León ◽  
María J. Bustos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Cell Epitope ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
T Cell Epitopes ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

A broadly protective and biosafe vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains an unmet need in the animal health sector. We have previously reported solid protection against serotype O FMDV afforded by dendrimeric peptide structures harboring virus-specific B- and T-cell epitopes, and also shown such type of multivalent presentations to be advantageous over simple B-T-epitope linear juxtaposition. Chemically, our vaccine platforms are modular constructions readily made from specified B- and T-cell epitope precursor peptides that are conjugated in solution. With the aim of developing an improved version of our formulations to be used for on-demand vaccine applications, we evaluate in this study a novel design for epitope presentation to the immune system based on a multiple antigen peptide (MAP) containing six immunologically relevant motifs arranged in dendrimeric fashion (named B2T-TB2). Interestingly, two B2T units fused tail-to-tail into a single homodimer platform elicited higher B- and T-cell specific responses than former candidates, with immunization scores remaining stable even after 4 months. Moreover, this macromolecular assembly shows consistent immune response in swine, the natural FMDV host, at reduced dose. Thus, our versatile, immunogenic prototype can find application in the development of peptide-based vaccine candidates for various therapeutic uses using safer and more efficacious vaccination regimens.

scholarly journals Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Circulating Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Egypt During 2018-2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-171
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Fmdv Type

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease with high economic losses and primary animal health concerns. FMDV type SAT2 is endemic in Egypt since 2012. This work aimed to characterize the circulating FMDV SAT2 strains genetically in Egypt from 2018 to 2020. A total of 209 vesicular fluids and tongue epithelium were collected from infected cattle and buffaloes in Sharkia, Ismailia, and Dakhlia provinces. All samples were examined by real-time PCR and conventional PCR for FMDV using pan- serotype and serotype-specific primers targeting the VP1 region. Out of 209 samples, 45 infected animals were positive for FMDV SAT2 virus, 29 cattle (21.5%), and 16 buffaloes (13.6%). No FMDV serotype A or O were detected. The highest prevalence of FMDV SAT2 was observed in Sharkia province with a percentage of 10% followed by Ismailia and Dakhlia with a rate of 2.9 and 0.9%, respectively. Three FMDV SAT2 positive samples represented as Sharkia 2018 and Sharkia 2019 and Ismailia 2020 were selected for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP1. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP1of the three Egyptian strains demonstrated that these strains are closely related to other Egyptian strains in gene bank as Alex 2018 (MK4933346), Ismailia 2018 (MK4933341), and Menofia 2018 (MT199283) with homology ranged from 95.8 to 98.2%. Phylogenetic tree of FMDV SAT2 showed clustering of Sharkia 2018, Sharkia 2019, and Ismailia 2020 with Libya 2012 topotype VII with three amino acid substitutions at the site 24, 28, and 52.

scholarly journals Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in the Absence of Clinical Disease in Cattle and Buffalo in South East Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Buckle ◽  
Rudolfo Bueno ◽  
Andrew McFadden ◽  
Mary van Andel ◽  
Richard Spence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is widespread throughout much of the world, including parts of South East Asia. Surveillance is often limited in endemic areas, relying predominantly on passive outbreak reporting. As part of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)'s South East Asia and China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Project (SEACFMD), field sampling was performed to help understand evidence of widespread virus exposure observed in previous studies. Serum and dry mucosal swabs were collected to evaluate the presence of FMDV RNA on the nasal, oral, and dorsal nasopharyngeal mucosal surfaces of 262 healthy cattle (n = 84 in Laos; n = 125 in Myanmar) and buffalo (n = 48 in Laos; n = 5 in Myanmar) immediately following slaughter in three slaughterhouses. Swabs and serum were tested by the OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease (WRLFMD) using pan-serotypic real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) and serum was evaluated using the FMD PrioCHECK non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA. In total, 7.3% of animals had detectable FMDV RNA in one or more of the three sites including 5.3% of nasopharyngeal swabs, 2.3% of oral swabs, and 1.5% of nasal swabs. No FMDV RNA was detected in serum. Overall, 37.8% of animals were positive for NSP antibodies, indicating likely past natural exposure to FMDV. Results were comparable for Laos and Myanmar, and for both cattle and buffalo, and were not significantly different between age groups. Detectable FMDV RNA present on the oral and nasal mucosa of clinically-healthy large ruminants in Laos and Myanmar demonstrates the importance of sampling asymptomatic animals as part of surveillance, and may indicate that subclinical infection plays a role in the epidemiology of FMD in these countries.

scholarly journals Foot and mouth disease virus: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 027-035
Author(s):  
Rawaa S. Jumaa ◽  
Sabrin I. Mohsin ◽  
Dhuha I. Abdulmjeed ◽  
Osama F Atshan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Icosahedral Symmetry ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

As seen by prior tragic outbreaks in many places throughout the world, the foot and mouth disease virus, or "FMDV," is one of the most critical challenges in animal health. In this review, the major features of FMDV, as well as aspects of its interactions with cells and hosts, were discussed. On the other hand, present and upcoming FMD treatment approaches. The first vertebrate virus found was the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). A capsid protein and the viral genome (+ve sense single strand RNA) make up FMDV. The icosahedral symmetry of the viral structure is made up of structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) as well as non-structural proteins (L, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D). The viral replication takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Because FMDV has a short incubation period, it spreads quickly. Direct contact is the most often used method of FMDV transmission. The occurrence of direct contact via aerosol and mechanical transmission (fomites, feed, and water). The immunological response is stimulated by the infection with FMD. However, due to virus antigenic diversity, the immune response does not always protect against FMD (antigenic shift). FMDV is divided into seven serotypes based on antigenic variation. O, A, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia-1 are the serotypes in question. O is the most frequent serotype.

scholarly journals The Causative Agent of FMD Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaxin Wang ◽  
Meijun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Icosahedral Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
And Control

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute infection of cloven-hoofed animals caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). It is one of the most serious infectious diseases affecting animal husbandry and a major impediment to international trade in livestock and their products. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of the Picornaviridae family of Aphthovirus, is an icosahedral virus without envelope, 25–30 nm in diameter, containing about 8.4 kb of positive-sense single-stranded RNA. The virus exists in seven different serotypes: A, O, C, Asia1, SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3, but a large number of subtypes have evolved in each serotype. This chapter reviews the genome, structure, serotype, and epidemiology of FMDV, which will help people to further explore the mechanism of the interaction between foot-and-mouth disease virus and host and provide reference for scientific prevention and control of FMDV.

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