scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Uddin ◽  
Farah Mustafa ◽  
Tahir A. Rizvi ◽  
Tom Loney ◽  
Hanan Al Suwaidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Intervention Development ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Viral Genomics ◽  
Map Analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic is due to infection caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus that impacts the lower respiratory tract. The spectrum of symptoms ranges from asymptomatic infections to mild respiratory symptoms to the lethal form of COVID-19 which is associated with severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, and fatality. To address this global crisis, up-to-date information on viral genomics and transcriptomics is crucial for understanding the origins and global dispersion of the virus, providing insights into viral pathogenicity, transmission, and epidemiology, and enabling strategies for therapeutic interventions, drug discovery, and vaccine development. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 epidemiology, genomic etiology, findings from recent transcriptomic map analysis, viral-human protein interactions, molecular diagnostics, and the current status of vaccine and novel therapeutic intervention development. Moreover, we provide an extensive list of resources that will help the scientific community access numerous types of databases related to SARS-CoV-2 OMICs and approaches to therapeutics related to COVID-19 treatment.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Uddin ◽  
Farah Mustafa ◽  
Tahir A. Rizvi ◽  
Tom Loney ◽  
Hanan Al Suwaidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Intervention Development ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Viral Genomics ◽  
Map Analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic is due to infection caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 that impacts the lower respiratory tract. The spectrum of symptoms ranges from asymptomatic infections to mild respiratory symptoms to the lethal form of COVID-19 which is associated with severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress and fatality. At present, the global case fatality rate of COVID-19 laboratory confirmed cases is ~4.7% ranging from ~0.3-0.4% in Chile and Israel to ~10.8% in Italy. To address this global crisis, up-to-date information on the viral genomics and transcriptomics is crucial for understanding the origins and global dispersal of the virus, providing insight into viral pathogenicity, transmission and epidemiology, and enabling strategies for therapeutic interventions, drug discovery and vaccine development. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 epidemiology, genomic etiology, findings from recent transcriptomic map analysis, viral-human protein interactions, molecular diagnostics, and the current status of vaccine and novel therapeutic intervention development. Moreover, we provide an extensive list of resources that will help the scientific community access numerous types of databases related to SARS-CoV-2 OMICs and approaches to therapeutics related to COVID-19 treatment.

scholarly journals Emerging Therapeutic Modalities against COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shipra Malik ◽  
Anisha Gupta ◽  
Xiaobo Zhong ◽  
Theodore P. Rasmussen ◽  
Jose E. Manautou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Fda Approved Drugs

The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has quickly spread worldwide, bringing the whole world as well as the economy to a standstill. As the world is struggling to minimize the transmission of this devastating disease, several strategies are being actively deployed to develop therapeutic interventions. Pharmaceutical companies and academic researchers are relentlessly working to investigate experimental, repurposed or FDA-approved drugs on a compassionate basis and novel biologics for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis and treatment. Presently, a tremendous surge of COVID-19 clinical trials are advancing through different stages. Among currently registered clinical efforts, ~86% are centered on testing small molecules or antibodies either alone or in combination with immunomodulators. The rest ~14% of clinical efforts are aimed at evaluating vaccines and convalescent plasma-based therapies to mitigate the disease's symptoms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current therapeutic modalities being evaluated against SARS-CoV-2 virus in clinical trials.

scholarly journals Microbes, Clinical trials, Drug Discovery, and Vaccine Development: The Current Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-323
Author(s):  
Venkataramana Kandi ◽  
Tarun Kumar Suvvari ◽  
Sabitha Vadakedath ◽  
Vikram Godishala
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Because of the frequent emergence of novel microbial species and the re-emergence of genetic variants of hitherto known microbes, the global healthcare system, and human health has been thrown into jeopardy. Also, certain microbes that possess the ability to develop multi-drug resistance (MDR) have limited the treatment options in cases of serious infections, and increased hospital and treatment costs, and associated morbidity and mortality. The recent discovery of the novel Coronavirus (n-CoV), the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is causing the CoV Disease-19 (COVID-19) has resulted in severe morbidity and mortality throughout the world affecting normal human lives. The major concern with the current pandemic is the non-availability of specific drugs and an incomplete understanding of the pathobiology of the virus. It is therefore important for pharmaceutical establishments to envisage the discovery of therapeutic interventions and potential vaccines against the novel and MDR microbes. Therefore, this review is attempted to update and explore the current perspectives in microbes, clinical research, drug discovery, and vaccine development to effectively combat the emerging novel and re-emerging genetic variants of microbes.

scholarly journals A Review Article on Vaccine Development and Therapeutics Approach Against SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-138
Author(s):  
Ankush Yadav ◽  
Shubhangi Singh ◽  
Vivek Srivastava ◽  
Namrata Bardhan ◽  
Saloni Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) unleashed an unprecedented and unanticipated pandemic, causing widespread concern. More than three million deaths have been documented since the first incidence of COVID-19 discovered in China. Several arduous efforts have been made by the governments of various countries worldwide to prevent and control the SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review article discusses an update on all kinds of therapeutic interventions currently applied or developed to treat SARS-CoV-2 condition, including the repurposing of drugs such as Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Ivermectin, etc. We also discuss CRISPR’s potential involvement in antiviral therapy, convalescent plasma therapy, and immunomodulators in combination to tackle the cytokine storms and present a comprehensive overview on many vaccines that have been created to date or are under trials, as well as their platforms and efficacy. Moreover, this article also discusses the mechanism of action of every therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Overview On The Most Recent Trends In Covid-19 Diagnosis, Treatment Options And Vaccine Development Status

2021 ◽  
Vol 001 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayendrakumar Patel ◽  
Shalin Parikh ◽  
Shwetaben Patel
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Development Status ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Antiviral Medications

The global pandemic produced by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and which then spread rapidly, made it difficult to find or develop effective medications for its prevention and treatment. Therefore, the first stage is necessitating the use of a precise and quick diagnostic method to detect SARS-CoV-2 infected patient followed by effective patient isolation and the commencement of early treatment, which can range from supportive therapy to specialised medications such corticosteroids, antiviral medications, antibiotics, and the recently introduced convalescent plasma. Despite the extraordinary developments in advanced medicinal system, no confirmed viable medicines exist at this time. Rapid research on SARS CoV-2 epidemiology has led to the discovery of certain new targets for prospective therapeutic treatments. Many therapeutic options have been evaluated, and clinical studies are proceeding at a breakneck speed. However, there is a lot of room for more study into finding cost-effective and safer medicines, vaccinations, and measures to ensuring that COVID-19 preventive and treatment programmes are available to everyone. The goal of this study is to compile all of the current advancements in the worldwide medical system in the fight against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Current Status of COVID-19 Diagnostics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surabhi Dixit ◽  
Monal Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

In December 2019, an unexpected outbreak was caused by novel corona virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lung disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was given the name of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020. Since its origin in the Hubei province of Wuhan city in China, now it has spread to 218 countries worldwide. Panic situation created by COVID-19 has compelled researchers and doctors to work collaboratively. To combat with the disease, every control measures are under consideration from drug discovery to vaccine development. In the management of disease, rapid diagnosis is equally important as development of vaccine and drug. At present, various diagnostic kits are available for COVID-19. With the disease progression, global demand for diagnostics is raising. So, this chapter will include the updates on efficient diagnostic assays and future of diagnostic.

Electron-deficient boron-based catalysts for C–H bond functionalisation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanhong Ma ◽  
Shao-Jie Lou ◽  
Zhaomin Hou
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Comprehensive Overview

This review article provides a comprehensive overview to recognise the current status of electron-deficient boron-based catalysis in C–H functionalisations.

Shigella Vaccine Development: Prospective Animal Models and Current Status

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 903-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon-Jeong Kim ◽  
Sang-Gu Yeo ◽  
Jae-Hak Park ◽  
Hyun-Jeong Ko
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Current Status

Carbohydrate-Binding Agents: Potential of Repurposing for COVID-19 Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1085-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar Gupta ◽  
Girish R. Apte ◽  
Kiran Bharat Lokhande ◽  
Satyendra Mishra ◽  
Jayanta K. Pal
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Carbohydrate Binding ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
The Novel ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Binding Agents ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Novel Drug

: With the emergence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the whole world is suffering from atypical pneumonia, which resulted in more than 559,047 deaths worldwide. In this time of crisis and urgency, the only hope comes from new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals. However, formulating new vaccines and synthesizing new antivirals are a laborious task. Therefore, considering the high infection rate and mortality due to COVID-19, utilization of previous information, and repurposing of existing drugs against valid viral targets have emerged as a novel drug discovery approach in this challenging time. The transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses (CoVs), which facilitates the virus’s entry into the host cells, exists in a homotrimeric form and is covered with N-linked glycans. S glycoprotein is known as the main target of antibodies having neutralizing potency and is also considered as an attractive target for therapeutic or vaccine development. Similarly, targeting of N-linked glycans of S glycoprotein envelope of CoV via carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) could serve as an attractive therapeutic approach for developing novel antivirals. CBAs from natural sources like lectins from plants, marine algae and prokaryotes and lectin mimics like Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) have shown antiviral activities against CoV and other enveloped viruses. However, the potential use of CBAs specifically lectins was limited due to unfavorable responses like immunogenicity, mitogenicity, hemagglutination, inflammatory activity, cellular toxicity, etc. Here, we reviewed the current scenario of CBAs as antivirals against CoVs, presented strategies to improve the efficacy of CBAs against CoVs; and studied the molecular interactions between CBAs (lectins and PRM-A) with Man9 by molecular docking for potential repurposing against CoVs in general, and SARSCoV- 2, in particular.

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