scholarly journals First Report on Natural Infection of Nodavirus in an Echinodermata, Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicas)

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 636
Author(s):  
Chong Wang ◽  
Liang Yao ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Songwen Sang ◽  
Jingwei Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis ◽  
New Host ◽  
Apostichopus Japonicas

Cross-species transmission of emerging viruses happens occasionally due to epidemiological, biological, and ecological factors, and it has caused more concern recently. Covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV) was revealed to be a unique shrimp virus that could cross species barrier to infect vertebrate fish. In the present study, CMNV reverse transcription-nested PCR (RT-nPCR)-positive samples were identified from farmed sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicas) in the CMNV host range investigation. The amplicons of RT-nPCR from sea cucumber were sequenced, and its sequences showed 100% identity with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of the original CMNV isolate. Histopathological analysis revealed pathologic changes, including karyopyknosis and vacuolation of the epithelial cells, in the sea cucumber intestinal tissue. The extensive positive hybridization signals with CMNV probe were shown in the damaged epithelial cells in the in situ hybridization assay. Meanwhile, transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed CMNV-like virus particles in the intestine epithelium. All the results indicated that the sea cucumber, an Echinodermata, is a new host of CMNV. This study supplied further evidence of the wide host range of CMNV and also reminded us to pay close attention to its potential risk to threaten different aquaculture animal species.

scholarly journals Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) Break the Species Barrier to Acquire New Host Range

Viruses ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 1867-1884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliano Minardi da Cruz ◽  
Dinesh Singh ◽  
Ali Lamara ◽  
Yahia Chebloune
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
New Host ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

scholarly journals Effects of artificial reefs on selectivity and behaviors of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas: New insights into the pond culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 100842
Author(s):  
Fangyuan Hu ◽  
Peng Ding ◽  
Yushi Yu ◽  
Bin Wen ◽  
Zhouping Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Apostichopus Japonicas ◽  
Pond Culture ◽  
And Behaviors

Natural rodent model of viral transmission reveals biological features of virus population dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 219 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Fay ◽  
Keir M. Balla ◽  
Shanley N. Roach ◽  
Frances K. Shepherd ◽  
Dira S. Putri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Model System ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Virus Population ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
New Host ◽  
New Members ◽  
Biological Features

Emerging viruses threaten global health, but few experimental models can characterize the virus and host factors necessary for within- and cross-species transmission. Here, we leverage a model whereby pet store mice or rats—which harbor natural rodent pathogens—are cohoused with laboratory mice. This “dirty” mouse model offers a platform for studying acute transmission of viruses between and within hosts via natural mechanisms. We identified numerous viruses and other microbial species that transmit to cohoused mice, including prospective new members of the Coronaviridae, Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, and Narnaviridae families, and uncovered pathogen interactions that promote or prevent virus transmission. We also evaluated transmission dynamics of murine astroviruses during transmission and spread within a new host. Finally, by cohousing our laboratory mice with the bedding of pet store rats, we identified cross-species transmission of a rat astrovirus. Overall, this model system allows for the analysis of transmission of natural rodent viruses and is a platform to further characterize barriers to zoonosis.

scholarly journals Low Dose Ketoconazole Therapy and Thyroid Functions in Rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hüseyin Çaksen ◽  
Ahmet Tutuş ◽  
Selim Kurtoğlu ◽  
Figen Öztürk ◽  
Yüksel Okumuş ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Thyroid Glands

To determine whether low dose ketoconazole (KTZ) has antithyroid action, we studied thyroid function tests in the 13 rats treated with KTZ (20 mg/kg twice daily) for thirty days. Serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels were decreased (P <0.05) and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were mildly increased (P >0.05) at the end of treatment. Histopathological analysis of the thyroid glands demonstrated an increase in cylindrical cells in study group, but the epithelial cells were mainly cubical in control group. These findings showed that low dose KTZ had antithyroid effect in rats. The responsible mechanisms may be direct effect of the drug on thyroid gland.

scholarly journals A Survey of Declining Palms (Arecaceae) With 16SrIV-D Phytoplasma to Evaluate the Distribution and Host Range in Florida

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 2512-2519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian W. Bahder ◽  
Noemi Soto ◽  
Ericka E. Helmick ◽  
Kishore K. Dey ◽  
Lidia Komondy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
The State ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
New Host ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Fort Lauderdale ◽  
Sabal Palmetto ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Research And Education

The 16SrIV-D phytoplasma was first identified in Florida in 2006. Since its discovery, it has spread throughout most of the state. It is most prevalent in the central part of Florida, from Hillsborough County on the west coast to St. Lucie County on the east coast. The 16SrIV-D phytoplasma is the causal agent of lethal bronzing disease (LBD), which is also known as Texas Phoenix palm decline (TPPD). It affects a variety of common and economically important ornamental palm species as well as the native and ecologically important species, Sabal palmetto. It has spread into the southern portions of Florida, where the palm species diversity is higher. The aims of this survey were to document the spread of disease in terms of geographic and host range one decade after its introduction into Florida, and to assess the risk that LBD poses to the nursery and landscaping industries. The survey included samples received from stakeholders throughout the state, covering 18 counties, as well as a systematic sampling of palms at the Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center (FLREC), where the disease is spreading actively. The findings of this survey resulted in the detection of LBD in eight new counties, including Collier, Hernando, Jefferson, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Seminole, and St. Johns, and the expansion of LBD into four new host species, Cocos nucifera, Livistona chinensis, Butia capitata, and Carpentaria acuminata. These findings are crucial for stakeholders because they highlight new hosts of 16SrIV-D phytoplasma and the geographic expansion of the disease, indicating that vigilance is needed when surveying declining palms.

The Importance of Reporting New Host-Fungus Records for Ornamental and Regional Crops

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Frank M. Dugan ◽  
Dean A. Glawe ◽  
Renuka N. Attanayake ◽  
Weidong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
New Record ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
New Records ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
New Host ◽  
Host Fungus ◽  
Voucher Specimens

Accurate and timely reports of new host-fungus records are essential for diagnostics and identification, management, and prevention of plant diseases. Important also are venues to publish these reports in a timely manner and the ability to rapidly search for the information contained in these reports. Presented herein are examples of first reports of fungal pathogens on regional crops, including ornamentals and turf grasses, which illustrate how first reports contribute to preparedness, accurate diagnostics, and knowledge of biogeography and host range. We provide a guide to sources of host-fungus records, discuss venues for publishing new records, and review the information important in a new record, including deposition of voucher specimens. We appeal to plant health professionals to increase their efforts of discovering, documenting, and reporting new records. Accepted for publication 13 March 2009. Published 12 May 2009.

scholarly journals Seoul Virus Tropism and Pathology in Naturally Infected Feeder Rats

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Maas ◽  
Melanie van Heteren ◽  
Ankje de Vries ◽  
Thijs Kuiken ◽  
Tabitha Hoornweg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Cell Tropism ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Seoul Virus ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Histopathologic Changes

Seoul virus (SEOV) is a zoonotic orthohantavirus carried by black and brown rats, and can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans. Human cases of SEOV virus infection have most recently been reported in the USA, United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands and were primarily associated with contact with pet rats and feeder rats. Infection of rats results in an asymptomatic but persistent infection. Little is known about the cell tropism of SEOV in its reservoir and most available data is based on experimental infection studies in which rats were inoculated via a route which does not recapitulate virus transmission in nature. Here we report the histopathological analysis of SEOV cell tropism in key target organs following natural infection of a cohort of feeder rats, comprising 19 adults and 11 juveniles. All adult rats in this study were positive for SEOV specific antibodies and viral RNA in their tissues. One juvenile rat was seropositive, but negative in the rRT-PCR. Of the 19 adult rats of which subsequently additional organs were tested, SEOV RNA was detected in all lungs, followed by kidney (79%) and liver (74%). Histopathologic changes associated with SEOV infection were primarily found in the liver, consistent with a pathological diagnosis of a mild hepatitis. In conclusion, natural SEOV infection results in mild inflammation of the liver in the absence of clinical disease.

Host range and species diversity of Tephritidae of three plant formations in Western Burkina Faso

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 732-742
Author(s):  
Issaka Zida ◽  
Souleymane Nacro ◽  
Rémy Dabiré ◽  
Laura Moquet ◽  
Hélène Delatte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Indigenous Plants ◽  
New Host ◽  
Host Fruit ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Wild Fruit ◽  
Western Burkina Faso

AbstractIn Western Burkina Faso, the host range of fruit flies was evaluated in three plant formations between May 2017 and April 2019. Samples of 61 potential hosts were collected and incubated for fruit fly emergence. Twenty-seven hosts including cultivated and wild fruit were identified. Among cultivated fruit species, mango, and guava were the most infested while high infestation incidences were observed in the fruit of the indigenous plants Vitellaria paradoxa, Annona senegalensis, Sarcocephalus latifolius, and Saba senegalensis. Low infestation rates were observed in Anacardium occidentale, Citrus species, Opilia celtidifolia, and Cissus populnea. The highest infestation index (1648.57 flies kg−1) was observed from V. paradoxa. Eleven new host fruit infested with many fruit fly species are reported in Burkina Faso. A total of 18 fruit fly species were reared; Bactrocera dorsalis (42.94%), Ceratitis cosyra (29.93%), and Ceratitis silvestrii (22.33%) dominated those that emerged. Four fruit fly species have been detected for the first time in Burkina Faso. The main suitable fruit hosts are abundant and available from May through August during the rainy season and become rare and have low infestation from November to April during the dry season. This is the first study of its kind in the region. This study shows that the three plant formations had an impact on population dynamics of the three tephritid species of economic importance in Western Burkina Faso. This information should be integrated into the development of a fruit fly pests management strategy.

scholarly journals Live In Vivo Imaging of Plasmodium Invasion of the Mosquito Midgut

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathanie Trisnadi ◽  
Carolina Barillas-Mury
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
New Host ◽  
Imaging Protocol ◽  
Mosquito Midgut ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Cellular Apoptosis ◽  
Cytoskeletal Rearrangements

ABSTRACT The mosquito midgut is a critical barrier that Plasmodium parasites must overcome to complete their developmental cycle and be transmitted to a new vertebrate host. Previous confocal studies with fixed infected midguts showed that ookinetes traverse midgut epithelial cells and cause irreversible tissue damage. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of ookinete midgut traversal and the response of midgut cells to invasion. A novel mounting strategy was established, suitable fluorescent dye combinations were identified and protocols optimized to label mosquito tissues in vivo, and live imaging protocols using confocal microscopy were developed. Tracking data showed that ookinetes gliding on the midgut surface travel faster and farther than those that remain in the lumen or those that have invaded the epithelium. Image analysis confirmed that parasite invasion and cell traversal occur within a couple of minutes, while caspase activity in damaged cells, indicative of cellular apoptosis, and F-actin cytoskeletal rearrangements in cells extruded into the gut lumen persist for several hours. This temporal difference highlights the importance of hemocyte-mediated cellular immunity and the mosquito complement system to mount a coordinated and effective antiplasmodial response. This novel in vivo imaging protocol allowed us to continuously observe individual ookinetes in live mosquitoes within the gut lumen and during cell traversal and to capture the subsequent cellular responses to invasion in real time for several hours, without loss of tissue integrity. IMPORTANCE Malaria is one of the most devastating parasitic diseases in humans and is transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes. The mosquito midgut is a critical barrier that Plasmodium parasites must overcome to complete their developmental cycle and be transmitted to a new host. Here, we developed a new strategy to visualize Plasmodium ookinetes as they traverse the mosquito midgut and to follow the response of damaged epithelial cells by imaging live mosquitoes. Understanding the spatial and temporal aspects of these interactions is critical when developing novel strategies to disrupt disease transmission.

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