scholarly journals Experimental Morogoro Virus Infection in Its Natural Host, Mastomys natalensis

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 851
Author(s):  
Chris Hoffmann ◽  
Stephanie Wurr ◽  
Elisa Pallasch ◽  
Sabrina Bockholt ◽  
Toni Rieger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Lassa Virus ◽  
Mastomys Natalensis ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Morogoro Virus ◽  
The Impact

Natural hosts of most arenaviruses are rodents. The human-pathogenic Lassa virus and several non-pathogenic arenaviruses such as Morogoro virus (MORV) share the same host species, namely Mastomys natalensis (M. natalensis). In this study, we investigated the history of infection and virus transmission within the natural host population. To this end, we infected M. natalensis at different ages with MORV and measured the health status of the animals, virus load in blood and organs, the development of virus-specific antibodies, and the ability of the infected individuals to transmit the virus. To explore the impact of the lack of evolutionary virus–host adaptation, experiments were also conducted with Mobala virus (MOBV), which does not share M. natalensis as a natural host. Animals infected with MORV up to two weeks after birth developed persistent infection, seroconverted and were able to transmit the virus horizontally. Animals older than two weeks at the time of infection rapidly cleared the virus. In contrast, MOBV-infected neonates neither developed persistent infection nor were able to transmit the virus. In conclusion, we demonstrate that MORV is able to develop persistent infection in its natural host, but only after inoculation shortly after birth. A related arenavirus that is not evolutionarily adapted to M. natalensis is not able to establish persistent infection. Persistently infected animals appear to be important to maintain virus transmission within the host population.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal evolution of Lassa virus in the natural host population in Upper Guinea

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Fichet-Calvet ◽  
Stephan Ölschläger ◽  
Thomas Strecker ◽  
Lamine Koivogui ◽  
Beate Becker-Ziaja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Lassa Virus

scholarly journals Cross-Species Virus Transmission and the Emergence of New Epidemic Diseases

2008 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin R. Parrish ◽  
Edward C. Holmes ◽  
David M. Morens ◽  
Eun-Chung Park ◽  
Donald S. Burke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
New Host ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Host Infection

SUMMARY Host range is a viral property reflecting natural hosts that are infected either as part of a principal transmission cycle or, less commonly, as “spillover” infections into alternative hosts. Rarely, viruses gain the ability to spread efficiently within a new host that was not previously exposed or susceptible. These transfers involve either increased exposure or the acquisition of variations that allow them to overcome barriers to infection of the new hosts. In these cases, devastating outbreaks can result. Steps involved in transfers of viruses to new hosts include contact between the virus and the host, infection of an initial individual leading to amplification and an outbreak, and the generation within the original or new host of viral variants that have the ability to spread efficiently between individuals in populations of the new host. Here we review what is known about host switching leading to viral emergence from known examples, considering the evolutionary mechanisms, virus-host interactions, host range barriers to infection, and processes that allow efficient host-to-host transmission in the new host population.

scholarly journals The Impact of Human Conflict on the Genetics of Mastomys natalensis and Lassa Virus in West Africa

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. e37068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aude Lalis ◽  
Raphaël Leblois ◽  
Emilie Lecompte ◽  
Christiane Denys ◽  
Jan ter Meulen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Lassa Virus ◽  
Mastomys Natalensis ◽  
Human Conflict ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Borrelia afzelii alters reproductive success in a rodent host

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1884) ◽  
pp. 20181056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Cayol ◽  
Anna Giermek ◽  
Andrea Gomez-Chamorro ◽  
Jukka Hytönen ◽  
Eva Riikka Kallio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Rodent Host ◽  
Mating Partner ◽  
Borrelia Afzelii ◽  
Bank Voles ◽  
The Impact

The impact of a pathogen on the fitness and behaviour of its natural host depends upon the host–parasite relationship in a given set of environmental conditions. Here, we experimentally investigated the effects of Borrelia afzelii, one of the aetiological agents of Lyme disease in humans, on the fitness of its natural rodent host, the bank vole ( Myodes glareolus ), in semi-natural conditions with two contrasting host population densities. Our results show that B. afzelii can modify the reproductive success and spacing behaviour of its rodent host, whereas host survival was not affected. Infection impaired the breeding probability of large bank voles. Reproduction was hastened in infected females without alteration of the offspring size at birth. At low density, infected males produced fewer offspring, fertilized fewer females and had lower mobility than uninfected individuals. Meanwhile, the infection did not affect the proportion of offspring produced or the proportion of mating partner in female bank voles. Our study is the first to show that B. afzelii infection alters the reproductive success of the natural host. The effects observed could reflect the sickness behaviour due to the infection or they could be a consequence of a manipulation of the host behaviour by the bacteria.

scholarly journals Shedding dynamics of Morogoro virus, an African arenavirus closely related to Lassa virus, in its natural reservoir host Mastomys natalensis

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benny Borremans ◽  
Raphaël Vossen ◽  
Beate Becker-Ziaja ◽  
Sophie Gryseels ◽  
Nelika Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Lassa Virus ◽  
Mastomys Natalensis ◽  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Morogoro Virus

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

A Left History of Liquorice: What It Means to Write "Left" History

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan D. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Historical Study ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Special Edition ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

This article is part of a special Left History series reflecting upon changing currents and boundaries in the practice of left history, and outlining the challenges historians of the left must face in the current tumultuous political climate. This series extends a conversation first convened in a 2006 special edition of Left History (11.1), which asked the question, “what is left history?” In the updated series, contributors were asked a slightly modified question, “what does it mean to write ‘left’ history?” The article charts the impact of major political developments on the field of left history in the last decade, contending that a rising neoliberal and right-wing climate has constructed an environment inhospitable to the discipline’s survival. To remain relevant, Palmer calls for historians of the left to develop a more “open-ended and inclusive” understanding of the left and to push the boundaries of inclusion for a meaningful historical study of the left. To illustrate, Palmer provides a brief materialist history of liquorice to demonstrate the mutability of left history as a historical approach, rather than a set of traditional political concerns.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASES OF THE CONCEPT OF SOCIO LINGUISTICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Durdona Karimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sociolinguistic Competence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

This article discusses the theoretical and practical foundations of the concept of sociolinguistics and the importance of this field in the study of the impact of society on language. It also describes the views of linguists in this regard, the history of the origin and development of the filed, its connection with other disciplines, and explains in detail the sociolinguistic issues with practical examples.In addition, the terms as macro-sociolinguistics and micro-sociolinguistics and sociolinguistic competence are explained.

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