scholarly journals Decorated and Encapsulated: Virus-Like Particles Against Viral Infections

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
Vladimir Temchura
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Vaccine Design ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Rational Vaccine Design

Despite great progress in the field of vaccine development, outbreaks of emerging pathogens and insufficient immunogenicity of some licensed vaccines call for the development of novel technologies in rational vaccine design [...]

scholarly journals Dense Array of Spikes on HIV-1 Virion Particles

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Stano ◽  
Daniel P. Leaman ◽  
Arthur S. Kim ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Ludovic Autin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Vaccine Design ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Cell Factory ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Producer Cell ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT HIV-1 is rare among viruses for having a low number of envelope glycoprotein (Env) spikes per virion, i.e., ∼7 to 14. This exceptional feature has been associated with avoidance of humoral immunity, i.e., B cell activation and antibody neutralization. Virus-like particles (VLPs) with increased density of Env are being pursued for vaccine development; however, these typically require protein engineering that alters Env structure. Here, we used instead a strategy that targets the producer cell. We employed fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to sort for cells that are recognized by trimer cross-reactive broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) and not by nonneutralizing antibodies. Following multiple iterations of FACS, cells and progeny virions were shown to display higher levels of antigenically correct Env in a manner that correlated between cells and cognate virions (P = 0.027). High-Env VLPs, or hVLPs, were shown to be monodisperse and to display more than a 10-fold increase in spikes per particle by electron microscopy (average, 127 spikes; range, 90 to 214 spikes). Sequencing revealed a partial truncation in the C-terminal tail of Env that had emerged in the sort; however, iterative rounds of “cell factory” selection were required for the high-Env phenotype. hVLPs showed greater infectivity than standard pseudovirions but largely similar neutralization sensitivity. Importantly, hVLPs also showed superior activation of Env-specific B cells. Hence, high-Env HIV-1 virions, obtained through selection of producer cells, represent an adaptable platform for vaccine design and should aid in the study of native Env. IMPORTANCE The paucity of spikes on HIV is a unique feature that has been associated with evasion of the immune system, while increasing spike density has been a goal of vaccine design. Increasing the density of Env by modifying it in various ways has met with limited success. Here, we focused instead on the producer cell. Cells that stably express HIV spikes were screened on the basis of high binding by bnAbs and low binding by nonneutralizing antibodies. Levels of spikes on cells correlated well with those on progeny virions. Importantly, high-Env virus-like particles (hVLPs) were produced with a manifest array of well-defined spikes, and these were shown to be superior in activating desirable B cells. Our study describes HIV particles that are densely coated with functional spikes, which should facilitate the study of HIV spikes and their development as immunogens.

scholarly journals Vaccine Design through Machine Learning and Nanotechnology to Terminate COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hyunjo Kim ◽  
◽  
Jae-Hoon Song ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Vaccine Design ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Structural Morphology ◽  
Delivery Technology

The COVID-19 vaccine development involves high-tech platforms such as viral vectors, antigen carriers, and delivery technology. Nanotechnology tools can play a pivotal role in advancing COVID-19 treatment and vaccine design. Information related to the structural morphology of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its pathophysiology, and related immunological response is the most important factor at the nanotechnology point of view. In the absence of a specific antiviral against SARS- CoV-2, present therapeutics target the multifaceted molecular interactions involved in viral infections and major comprises repurposing already existing antiviral molecules used for other RNA viruses. Furthermore, various kinds of vaccine candidate’s structure could be screened by using ma- chine learning. Recently, it is equally important to look for a suitable Nano-carrier delivery technology to make these repurposed therapeutics as well as new vaccine development safer and more effective affordable methodologies so that nanotechnology can reach patients.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B core-based virus-like particles: A platform for vaccine development in plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. e00605
Author(s):  
Maryam Moradi Vahdat ◽  
Farshad Hemmati ◽  
Abozar Ghorbani ◽  
Daria Rutkowska ◽  
Alireza Afsharifar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Virus Like Particles

scholarly journals mRNA-Based Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
Frank Kowalzik ◽  
Daniel Schreiner ◽  
Christian Jensen ◽  
Daniel Teschner ◽  
Stephan Gehring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Cell Genome

Increases in the world’s population and population density promote the spread of emerging pathogens. Vaccines are the most cost-effective means of preventing this spread. Traditional methods used to identify and produce new vaccines are not adequate, in most instances, to ensure global protection. New technologies are urgently needed to expedite large scale vaccine development. mRNA-based vaccines promise to meet this need. mRNA-based vaccines exhibit a number of potential advantages relative to conventional vaccines, namely they (1) involve neither infectious elements nor a risk of stable integration into the host cell genome; (2) generate humoral and cell-mediated immunity; (3) are well-tolerated by healthy individuals; and (4) are less expensive and produced more rapidly by processes that are readily standardized and scaled-up, improving responsiveness to large emerging outbreaks. Multiple mRNA vaccine platforms have demonstrated efficacy in preventing infectious diseases and treating several types of cancers in humans as well as animal models. This review describes the factors that contribute to maximizing the production of effective mRNA vaccine transcripts and delivery systems, and the clinical applications are discussed in detail.

scholarly journals Advanced strategies for development of vaccines against human bacterial pathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhinay Sharma ◽  
Pooja Sanduja ◽  
Aparna Anand ◽  
Pooja Mahajan ◽  
Carlos A. Guzman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Vaccine Design ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Rational Vaccine Design ◽  
New Vaccines

AbstractInfectious diseases are one of the main grounds of death and disabilities in human beings globally. Lack of effective treatment and immunization for many deadly infectious diseases and emerging drug resistance in pathogens underlines the need to either develop new vaccines or sufficiently improve the effectiveness of currently available drugs and vaccines. In this review, we discuss the application of advanced tools like bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics and associated techniques for a rational vaccine design.

scholarly journals Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and Vaccine Development

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Ike ◽  
Chisom J. Onu ◽  
Chukwuebuka M. Ononugbo ◽  
Eleazar E. Reward ◽  
Sophia O. Muo
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv Infections

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are among the most common viral infections and usually last for a lifetime. The virus can potentially be controlled with vaccines since humans are the only known host. However, despite the development and trial of many vaccines, this has not yet been possible. This is normally attributed to the high latency potential of the virus. Numerous immune cells, particularly the natural killer cells and interferon gamma and pathways that are used by the body to fight HSV infections have been identified. On the other hand, the virus has developed different mechanisms, including using different microRNAs to inhibit apoptosis and autophagy to avoid clearance and aid latency induction. Both traditional and new methods of vaccine development, including the use of live attenuated vaccines, replication incompetent vaccines, subunit vaccines and recombinant DNA vaccines are now being employed to develop an effective vaccine against the virus. We conclude that this review has contributed to a better understanding of the interplay between the immune system and the virus, which is necessary for the development of an effective vaccine against HSV.

The potential role of fowlpox virus in rational vaccine design

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma L Beukema ◽  
Michael P Brown ◽  
John D Hayball
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Vaccine Design ◽  
Fowlpox Virus ◽  
Rational Vaccine Design

scholarly journals The evidence of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus induced nonsuppurative encephalitis as the cause of death in piglets

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi Li ◽  
Wenqi He ◽  
Yungang Lan ◽  
Kui Zhao ◽  
Xiaoling Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
Cns Dysfunction ◽  
Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus

An acute outbreak of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) infection in piglets, characterized with neurological symptoms, vomiting, diarrhea, and wasting, occurred in China. Coronavirus-like particles were observed in the homogenized tissue suspensions of the brain of dead piglets by electron microscopy, and a wild PHEV strain was isolated, characterized, and designated as PHEV-CC14. Histopathologic examinations of the dead piglets showed characteristics of non-suppurative encephalitis, and some neurons in the cerebral cortex were degenerated and necrotic, and neuronophagia. Similarly, mice inoculated with PHEV-CC14 were found to have central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, with symptoms of depression, arched waists, standing and vellicating front claws. Furthmore, PHEV-positive labeling of neurons in cortices of dead piglets and infected mice supported the viral infections of the nervous system. Then, the major structural genes of PHEV-CC14 were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed, and the strain shared 95%–99.2% nt identity with the other PHEV strains available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis clearly proved that the wild strain clustered into a subclass with a HEV-JT06 strain. These findings suggested that the virus had a strong tropism for CNS, in this way, inducing nonsuppurative encephalitis as the cause of death in piglets. Simultaneously, the predicted risk of widespread transmission showed a certain variation among the PHEV strains currently circulating around the world. Above all, the information presented in this study can not only provide good reference for the experimental diagnosis of PHEV infection for pig breeding, but also promote its new effective vaccine development.

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