A Veterinary Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2: The First COVID-19 Vaccine for Animals

Ostertagia leptospicularis Assadov, 1953 was formally described in roe deer Capreolus capreolus and has been reported in a wide range of ruminants, including other Cervidae, as well as Bovidae. Nematode specimens derived from various host species exhibit morphological similarity; however, some differences can be observed. It is unclear if this is due to the differential reaction of one nematode species in different host species (i.e., host-induced changes) or because of distinct nematode species in these hosts (i.e., species complex). This paper focuses on specimens resembling O. leptospicularis f. leptospicularis and its closely related species (Ostertagia ostertagi f. ostertagi) collected from various hosts. Morphometric and molecular techniques were applied to assess host-induced changes in nematode morphology and to clarify its systematic classification. There was an overall effect of host species on measurements of nematodes resembling O. leptospicularis (both males and females), but the distinctiveness of the specimens from cattle Bos taurus were highlighted. The results obtained may suggest that the specimens of O. leptospicularis from cattle in Germany and cervids in central Europe belong to different strains. Furthermore, nematodes from the cervid strain appear to circulate within particular host species, which can be seen in the stated morphological variations.

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Revision of Coronostrongylus (Nematoda : Strongyloidea) parasitic in the stomachs of macropodid marsupials

Invertebrate Systematics ◽

10.1071/is02007 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 893 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

I. Beveridge

Keyword(s):

Papua New Guinea ◽

Host Species ◽

Related Species ◽

New Guinea ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Nematode Genus ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

Wide Range ◽

Species Occurrences

The monotypic nematode genus Coronostrongylus Johnston & Mawson, 1939 from the stomachs of macropodid marsupials was reviewed and was found to consist of a least seven closely related species. Coronostrongylus coronatus Johnston & Mawson, 1939 is found most commonly in Macropus rufogriseus, but occurs occasionally in M. dorsalis, M. parryi and Petrogale inornata. Coronostrongylus johnsoni, sp. nov. is most commonly found in M. dorsalis, but occurs also in M. rufogriseus, M. parma, Thylogale stigmatica, Petrogale godmani and P. brachyotis. Coronostrongylus barkeri, sp. nov. is most prevalent in Onychogalea unguifera, but occurs also in M. rufus, M. robustus and P. brachyotis. Coronostrongylus closei, sp. nov. is restricted to Petrogale persephone. Coronostrongylus sharmani, sp. nov. occurs only in rock wallabies from eastern Australia: P.�coenensis, P. godmani and P. mareeba; C. spratti, sp. nov. occurs in P. inornata and P. assimilis. Coronostrongylus spearei, sp. nov. is restricted to Papua New Guinea where it is found in Dorcopsulus vanhearni, Dorcopsis hageni and D. muelleri. Although all of the nematode species occur in one principal host species or a series of closely related host species, occurrences in geographically disjunct areas and in phylogenetically distant hosts are features of C. coronatus, C. barkeri, sp. nov. and C. johnsoni, sp. nov. The occurrence of seven closely related nematode species found in a wide range of macropodid host species is more readily accounted for by a hypothesis involving multiple colonisations of hosts than by the hypothesis of co-speciation.

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Possibilities and limits for using the gut microbiome to improve captive animal health

Animal Microbiome ◽

10.1186/s42523-021-00155-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jessica Diaz ◽

Aspen T. Reese

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Host Species ◽

Animal Health ◽

Health Impacts ◽

Wide Range ◽

Host Health ◽

In Captivity ◽

Outstanding Question ◽

The Impact ◽

Captive Animal

AbstractBecause of its potential to modulate host health, the gut microbiome of captive animals has become an increasingly important area of research. In this paper, we review the current literature comparing the gut microbiomes of wild and captive animals, as well as experiments tracking the microbiome when animals are moved between wild and captive environments. As a whole, these studies report highly idiosyncratic results with significant differences in the effect of captivity on the gut microbiome between host species. While a few studies have analyzed the functional capacity of captive microbiomes, there has been little research directly addressing the health consequences of captive microbiomes. Therefore, the current body of literature cannot broadly answer what costs, if any, arise from having a captive microbiome in captivity. Addressing this outstanding question will be critical to determining whether it is worth pursuing microbial manipulations as a conservation tool. To stimulate the next wave of research which can tie the captive microbiome to functional and health impacts, we outline a wide range of tools that can be used to manipulate the microbiome in captivity and suggest a variety of methods for measuring the impact of such manipulation preceding therapeutic use. Altogether, we caution researchers against generalizing results between host species given the variability in gut community responses to captivity and highlight the need to understand what role the gut microbiome plays in captive animal health before putting microbiome manipulations broadly into practice.

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Host Range of Some Eucalypt Mycorrhizal Fungi

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9730103 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 103 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

GA Chilvers

Keyword(s):

Host Range ◽

Host Species ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Wide Range ◽

Genus Eucalyptus

Various fungi are shown to form mycorrhizas with a wide range of host species within the genus Eucalyptus. In general, the same fungi do not appear to be capable of forming mycorrhizas with Pinus.

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Microbial control of host gene regulation and the evolution of host–microbiome interactions in primates

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2019.0598 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 375 (1808) ◽

pp. 20190598 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laura Grieneisen ◽

Amanda L. Muehlbauer ◽

Ran Blekhman

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Gene Regulation ◽

Host Species ◽

Evolutionary Dynamics ◽

Microbial Control ◽

Host Gene ◽

Primate Species ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Wide Range ◽

Species Specific

Recent comparative studies have found evidence consistent with the action of natural selection on gene regulation across primate species. Other recent work has shown that the microbiome can regulate host gene expression in a wide range of relevant tissues, leading to downstream effects on immunity, metabolism and other biological systems in the host. In primates, even closely related host species can have large differences in microbiome composition. One potential consequence of these differences is that host species-specific microbial traits could lead to differences in gene expression that influence primate physiology and adaptation to local environments. Here, we will discuss and integrate recent findings from primate comparative genomics and microbiome research, and explore the notion that the microbiome can influence host evolutionary dynamics by affecting gene regulation across primate host species. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.

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The dynamics of preferential host switching: host phylogeny as a key predictor of parasite prevalence and distribution

10.1101/209254 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jan Engelstädter ◽

Nicole Z. Fortuna

Keyword(s):

Host Species ◽

Species Turnover ◽

Death Process ◽

Major Influence ◽

Host Switching ◽

Infection Frequency ◽

Phylogenetic Distance ◽

Host Shifts ◽

Host Trees ◽

Wide Range

AbstractThis preprint has been reviewed and recommended byPeer Community In Evolutionary Biology(https://doi.org/10.24072/pci.evolbiol.100049).New parasites commonly arise through host-shifts, where parasites from one host species jump to and become established in a new host species. There is much evidence that the probability of host-shifts decreases with increasing phylogenetic distance between donor and recipient hosts, but the consequences of such preferential host switching remain little explored. We develop a mathematical model to investigate the dynamics of parasite host-shifts in the presence of this phylogenetic distance effect. Host trees evolve under a stochastic birth-death process and parasites co-evolve concurrently on those trees, undergoing host-shifts, co-speciation and extinction. Our model indicates that host trees have a major influence on these dynamics. This applies both to individual trees that evolved under the same stochastic process and to sets of trees that evolved with different macroevolutionary parameters. We predict that trees consisting of a few large clades of host species and those with fast species turnover should harbour more parasites than trees with many small clades and those that diversify more slowly. Within trees, large clades should exhibit a higher infection frequency than small clades. We discuss our results in the light of recent cophylogenetic studies in a wide range of host-parasite systems, including the intracellular bacteriumWolbachia.

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Emerging Hantaviruses in Central Argentina: first case of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome caused by Alto Paraguay Virus and a novel orthohantavirus in Scapteromys aquaticus rodent

10.1101/2021.06.13.448262 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Carla M Bellomo ◽

Daniel Alonso ◽

Tamara Ricardo ◽

Rocío Coelho ◽

Sebastián Kehl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Species ◽

Rodent Species ◽

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome ◽

Santa Fe ◽

Central Argentina ◽

First Case ◽

Viral Particles ◽

Wide Range ◽

Reservoir Hosts

AbstractOrthohantaviruses are emerging rodent-borne pathogens that cause Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in humans. They have a wide range of rodent reservoir hosts and are transmitted to humans through aerosolized viral particles generated by the excretions of infected individuals. Since the first description of HPS in Argentina, new hantaviruses have been reported throughout the country, most of which are pathogenic to humans.We present here the first HPS case infected with Alto Paraguay virus reported in Argentina. Until now, Alto Paraguay virus was considered a non-pathogenic orthohantavirus since it was identified in a rodent, Hollochilus chacarius. In addition to this, with the goal of identifying potential hantavirus host species in the province of Santa Fe, we finally describe a novel orthohantavirus found in the native rodent Scapteromys aquaticus, which differed from other hantaviruses described in the country so far.Our findings implicate an epidemiological warning regarding these new orthohantaviruses circulating in Central Argentina as well as new rodent species that must be considered as hosts from now on.

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Beware of Mycoplasma Anti-immunoglobulin Strategies

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.01974-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yonathan Arfi ◽

Carole Lartigue ◽

Pascal Sirand-Pugnet ◽

Alain Blanchard

Keyword(s):

Host Species ◽

Small Genome ◽

Obligate Parasites ◽

Wide Range

Mycoplasmas are small, genome-reduced bacteria. They are obligate parasites that can be found in a wide range of host species, including the majority of livestock animals and humans.

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Emerging hantaviruses in Central Argentina: First case of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome caused by Alto Paraguay virus, and a novel orthohantavirus in Scapteromys aquaticus rodent

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

10.1371/journal.pntd.0009842 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. e0009842

Author(s):

Carla Bellomo ◽

Daniel Oscar Alonso ◽

Tamara Ricardo ◽

Rocío Coelho ◽

Sebastián Kehl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Species ◽

Rodent Species ◽

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome ◽

Santa Fe ◽

Central Argentina ◽

First Case ◽

Viral Particles ◽

Wide Range ◽

Reservoir Hosts

Orthohantaviruses are emerging rodent-borne pathogens that cause Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in humans. They have a wide range of rodent reservoir hosts and are transmitted to humans through aerosolized viral particles generated by the excretions of infected individuals. Since the first description of HPS in Argentina, new hantaviruses have been reported throughout the country, most of which are pathogenic to humans. We present here the first HPS case infected with Alto Paraguay virus reported in Argentina. Until now, Alto Paraguay virus was considered a non-pathogenic orthohantavirus since it was identified in a rodent, Holochilus chacarius. In addition to this, with the goal of identifying potential hantavirus host species in the province of Santa Fe, we finally describe a novel orthohantavirus found in the native rodent Scapteromys aquaticus, which differed from other hantaviruses described in the country so far. Our findings implicate an epidemiological warning regarding these new orthohantaviruses circulating in Central Argentina as well as new rodent species that must be considered as hosts from now on.

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Host-Parasitoid Interactions

Ecology ◽

10.1093/obo/9780199830060-0107 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Jeffrey A. Harvey

Keyword(s):

Population Dynamics ◽

Food Webs ◽

20Th Century ◽

Host Species ◽

Trophic Levels ◽

Diverse Group ◽

Ecological Communities ◽

Major Focus ◽

Species Identity ◽

Wide Range

Insects are a highly diverse group due to their ability to exploit a wide range of niches. Each plant is attacked by multiple herbivores and these in turn may harbor a bewildering complexity of natural enemies, particularly parasitoids, which are often quite specialized in terms of the host species identity (and stage of attack) of their hosts. Furthermore, these parasitoids have their own parasitoids that attack them, meaning that food webs including these insects may go up to five trophic levels (or even more). Due to their diversity and strong link population dynamics, parasitoids comprise important aspects of ecological communities. Because of this and their potential as biocontrol agents, host-parasitoid dynamics have been a major focus of ecological and evolutionary study since the beginning of the 20th century.

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