scholarly journals Pentavalent Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA)/DIVA Vaccine Provides Protection in Sheep and Cattle against Different Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1150
Author(s):  
Piet A. van Rijn ◽  
Mieke A. Maris-Veldhuis ◽  
Massimo Spedicato ◽  
Giovanni Savini ◽  
René G. P. van Gennip
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Genome Segment ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Notifiable Disease ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Vp2 Protein ◽  
Single Animal ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Ideal Vaccine

Bluetongue (BT) is a midge-borne OIE-notifiable disease of ruminants caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). There are at least 29 BTV serotypes as determined by serum neutralization tests and genetic analyses of genome segment 2 encoding serotype immunodominant VP2 protein. Large parts of the world are endemic for multiple serotypes. The most effective control measure of BT is vaccination. Conventionally live-attenuated and inactivated BT vaccines are available but have their specific pros and cons and are not DIVA compatible. The prototype Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA)/DIVA vaccine based on knockout of NS3/NS3a protein of live-attenuated BTV, shortly named DISA8, fulfills all criteria for modern veterinary vaccines of sheep. Recently, DISA8 with an internal in-frame deletion of 72 amino acid codons in NS3/NS3a showed a similar ideal vaccine profile in cattle. Here, the DISA/DIVA vaccine platform was applied for other serotypes, and pentavalent DISA/DIVA vaccine for “European” serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 was studied in sheep and cattle. Protection was demonstrated for two serotypes, and neutralization Ab titers indicate protection against other included serotypes. The DISA/DIVA vaccine platform is flexible in use and generates monovalent and multivalent DISA vaccines to combat specific field situations with respect to Bluetongue.

scholarly journals The Bluetongue Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) Vaccine Platform Based on Deletion NS3/NS3a Protein Is Safe and Protective in Cattle and Enables DIVA

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 857
Author(s):  
Piet A. van Rijn ◽  
Mieke A. Maris-Veldhuis ◽  
René G. P. van Gennip
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Outer Shell ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Virus Propagation ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Single Animal ◽  
Shell Proteins ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Culicoides Biting Midges

The bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and causes bluetongue (BT), an OIE-notifiable disease of ruminants. At least 29 BTV serotypes are described as determined by the outer shell proteins VP2 and VP5. Vaccination is the most effective control measure. Inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are currently available. These vaccines have their specific pros and cons, and both are not DIVA vaccines. The BT Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine platform is based on LAV without nonessential NS3/NS3a expression and is applicable for many serotypes by the exchange of outer shell proteins. The DISA vaccine is effective and completely safe. Further, transmission of the DISA vaccine by midges is blocked (DISA principle). Finally, the DISA vaccine enables DIVA because of a lack of antibodies against the immunogenic NS3/NS3a protein (DIVA principle). The deletion of 72 amino acids (72aa) in NS3/NS3a is sufficient to block virus propagation in midges. Here, we show that a prototype DISA vaccine based on LAV with the 72aa deletion enables DIVA, is completely safe and induces a long-lasting serotype-specific protection in cattle. In conclusion, the in-frame deletion of 72-aa codons in the BT DISA/DIVA vaccine platform is sufficient to fulfil all the criteria for modern veterinary vaccines.

scholarly journals VP2 Exchange and NS3/NS3a Deletion in African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) in Development of Disabled Infectious Single Animal Vaccine Candidates for AHSV

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (17) ◽  
pp. 8764-8772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra G. P. van de Water ◽  
René G. P. van Gennip ◽  
Christiaan A. Potgieter ◽  
Isabel M. Wright ◽  
Piet A. van Rijn
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
African Horse Sickness ◽  
African Horse Sickness Virus ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vp2 Protein ◽  
Single Animal

ABSTRACTAfrican horse sickness virus (AHSV) is a virus species in the genusOrbivirusof the familyReoviridae. There are nine serotypes of AHSV showing different levels of cross neutralization. AHSV is transmitted by species ofCulicoidesbiting midges and causes African horse sickness (AHS) in equids, with a mortality rate of up to 95% in naive horses. AHS has become a serious threat for countries outside Africa, since endemicCulicoidesspecies in moderate climates appear to be competent vectors for the related bluetongue virus (BTV). To control AHS, live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are used in Africa. We used reverse genetics to generate “synthetic” reassortants of AHSV for all nine serotypes by exchange of genome segment 2 (Seg-2). This segment encodes VP2, which is the serotype-determining protein and the dominant target for neutralizing antibodies. Single Seg-2 AHSV reassortants showed similar cytopathogenic effects in mammalian cells but displayed different growth kinetics. Reverse genetics for AHSV was also used to study Seg-10 expressing NS3/NS3a proteins. We demonstrated that NS3/NS3a proteins are not essential for AHSV replicationin vitro. NS3/NS3a of AHSV is, however, involved in the cytopathogenic effect in mammalian cells and is very important for virus release from cultured insect cells in particular. Similar to the concept of the bluetongue disabled infectious single animal (BT DISA) vaccine platform, an AHS DISA vaccine platform lacking NS3/NS3a expression was developed. Using exchange of genome segment 2 encoding VP2 protein (Seg-2[VP2]), we will be able to develop AHS DISA vaccine candidates for all current AHSV serotypes.IMPORTANCEAfrican horse sickness virus is transmitted by species ofCulicoidesbiting midges and causes African horse sickness in equids, with a mortality rate of up to 95% in naive horses. African horse sickness has become a serious threat for countries outside Africa, since endemicCulicoidesspecies in moderate climates are supposed to be competent vectors. By using reverse genetics, viruses of all nine serotypes were constructed by the exchange of Seg-2 expressing the serotype-determining VP2 protein. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the nonstructural protein NS3/NS3a is not essential for virus replicationin vitro. However, the potential spread of the virus by biting midges is supposed to be blocked, since thein vitrorelease of the virus was strongly reduced due to this deletion. VP2 exchange and NS3/NS3a deletion in African horse sickness virus were combined in the concept of a disabled infectious single animal vaccine for all nine serotypes.

Control of Bulking in an Extended Aeration Sewage Treatment Plant

1972 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
D.D.P. Cane ◽  
G.J. Farguhar
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Organic Loading ◽  
Mixed Liquor ◽  
Air Supply

Abstract A case of filamentous activated sludge bulking was investigated at an extended aeration plant treating wastes from a highway service centre. The purpose of the study was to find an effective control measure for the bulking and, if possible, to determine the cause of the bulking condition. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects upon bulking of: (a) a controlled copper dosage to the mixed liquor, (b) variations in the organic loading rate, and (c) maintenance of high and low dissolved oxygen concentrations in the mixed liquor. The microorganism responsible for the bulking condition was tentatively identified as Sphaerotilus natans. Extensive growths of these bacteria occurred in the sludge when the mixed liquor dissolved oxygen concentration dropped below 0.5 mg/1. Such dissolved oxygen levels had frequently occurred at this plant due to the use of timed aeration cycles and the use of insufficient air supply during peak loading periods. Variations in organic loading rates were found to have no adverse effect on sludge settleability. When bulking was slight, the condition could be improved by increasing the dissolved oxygen level to 1.5 mg/1, or more. The rate at which the filamentous growths could be eliminated from a highly filamentous sludge by increased aeration was very slow, but could be greatly increased by the simultaneous feeding of copper to the mixed liquor at a dosage rate of 1.0 mg/1, based on the raw sewage flows.

Characterizing the effectiveness of COVID-19 mitigation measures: A data-centric approach (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukman Olagoke ◽  
Ahmet E. Topcu
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND COVID-19 represents a serious threat to both national health and economic systems. To curb this pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a series of COVID-19 public safety guidelines. Different countries around the world initiated different measures in line with the WHO guidelines to mitigate and investigate the spread of COVID-19 in their territories. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of these control measures using a data-centric approach. METHODS We begin with a simple text analysis of coronavirus-related articles and show that reports on similar outbreaks in the past strongly proposed similar control measures. This reaffirms the fact that these control measures are in order. Subsequently, we propose a simple performance statistic that quantifies general performance and performance under the different measures that were initiated. A density based clustering of based on performance statistic was carried out to group countries based on performance. RESULTS The performance statistic helps evaluate quantitatively the impact of COVID-19 control measures. Countries tend show variability in performance under different control measures. The performance statistic has negative correlation with cases of death which is a useful characteristics for COVID-19 control measure performance analysis. A web-based time-line visualization that enables comparison of performances and cases across continents and subregions is presented. CONCLUSIONS The performance metric is relevant for the analysis of the impact of COVID-19 control measures. This can help caregivers and policymakers identify effective control measures and reduce cases of death due to COVID-19. The interactive web visualizer provides easily digested and quick feedback to augment decision-making processes in the COVID-19 response measures evaluation. CLINICALTRIAL Not Applicable

scholarly journals Enteric Fever Diagnosis: Current Challenges and Future Directions

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
Durga P. Neupane ◽  
Hari P. Dulal ◽  
Jeongmin Song
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Asymptomatic Carrier ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Pros And Cons

Enteric fever is a life-threatening systemic febrile disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi (S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi). Unfortunately, the burden of the disease remains high primarily due to the global spread of various drug-resistant Salmonella strains despite continuous advancement in the field. An accurate diagnosis is critical for effective control of the disease. However, enteric fever diagnosis based on clinical presentations is challenging due to overlapping symptoms with other febrile illnesses that are also prevalent in endemic areas. Current laboratory tests display suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, and no diagnostic methods are available for identifying asymptomatic carriers. Several research programs have employed systemic approaches to identify more specific biomarkers for early detection and asymptomatic carrier detection. This review discusses the pros and cons of currently available diagnostic tests for enteric fever, the advancement of research toward improved diagnostic tests, and the challenges of discovering new ideal biomarkers and tests.

scholarly journals Transcriptome-based identification and characterization of genes responding to imidacloprid in Myzus persicae

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianyu Meng ◽  
Xingjiang Chen ◽  
Changyu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Agricultural Pest ◽  
Functional Classification ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Identification And Characterization

Abstract Myzus persicae is a serious and widespread agricultural pest, against which, imidacloprid remains an effective control measure. However, recent reports indicate that this aphid has evolved and developed resistance to imidacloprid. This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and genetic basis of this resistance by conducting comparative transcriptomics studies on both imidacloprid-resistant (IR) and imidacloprid-susceptible (IS) M. persicae. The comparative analysis identified 252 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the IR and IS M. persicae transcriptomes. These candidate genes included 160 and 92 genes that were down- and up-regulated, respectively, in the imidacloprid-resistant strain. Using functional classification in the GO and KEGG databases, 187 DEGs were assigned to 303 functional subcategories and 100 DEGs were classified into 45 pathway groups. Moreover, several genes were associated with known insecticide targets, cuticle, metabolic processes, and oxidative phosphorylation. Quantitative real-time PCR of 10 DEGs confirmed the trends observed in the RNA sequencing expression profiles. These findings provide a valuable basis for further investigation into the complicated mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in M. persicae.

scholarly journals Identification and Differentiation of the Twenty Six Bluetongue Virus Serotypes by RT–PCR Amplification of the Serotype-Specific Genome Segment 2

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. e32601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narender S. Maan ◽  
Sushila Maan ◽  
Manjunatha N. Belaganahalli ◽  
Eileen N. Ostlund ◽  
Donna J. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Genome Segment ◽  
Rt Pcr

scholarly journals Recombinant cDNA Probe from Bluetongue Virus Genome Segment 10 for Identification of Bluetongue Virus

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Alberto de Mattos ◽  
Cecilia Cristina de Mattos ◽  
Bennie Irve Osburn
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Cdna Probe ◽  
Prototype Strain ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Genome Segment ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Cross Hybridization ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Serotype 1

Genome segment 10 of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 11 UC8 strain was cloned and subsequently hybridized to viral double-stranded RNA extracted from 90 field isolates of BTV serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17; the prototype strains of BTV 2, 10, 11, 13, and 17; the prototype strain epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 1; and 4 field isolates of EHDV serotype 2. The 90 field isolates were obtained from different counties in California, Louisiana, and Idaho during the years 1979, 1980, and 1981. The cloned genetic probe hybridized with all the BTV samples tested, showing different degrees of cross-hybridization at the stringency conditions used in this study. This indicated that BTV genome segment 10 has conserved nucleotide sequences among the BTV serotypes 2, 10, 11, 13, and 17. No cross-hybridization signals were detected between the cloned genome segment 10 of BTV 11 UC8 strain and the prototype strain of EHDV serotype 1 and the field isolates of serotype 2. This probe recognized a wide variety of BTV isolates.

The pig producer's perspective

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
J. Guise
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Committee Report ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Tail Biting ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
The Uk

AbstractThis paper is designed to demonstrate that practical, applied research, which is popular with the farming community, is an important part of the decision-making process. Three recent or current projects are described in areas where strategic and basic science has made an important contribution to the debate but has not provided solutions. Confinement at farrowing, tail biting and fully slatted finishing systems are all areas of concern to producers and legislators alike and these concerns are not confined to the UK. The results of surveys of industrial practice have suggested that: (a) non-confined systems may perform as well as farrowing crates, (b) tail-docking appears an effective control measure for tail biting but more importantly, the relative influence of different management practices is measurable using the techniques described and could provide solutions to the tail-biting problem, and (c) experimental studies of finishing systems have produced ambivalent results and a new approach may be of value. The recent Scientific Veterinary Committee Report of the European Union is used extensively as the basis for the discussion.

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