scholarly journals Asymmetries of Forelimb Digits of Young Cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pere M. Parés-Casanova ◽  
Laura Castel-Mas ◽  
Kirian N. Jones-Capdevila
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Generalized Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Ne Spain

Based on the anatomical premise that, in bovines, the medial (inner) hoof is larger than the lateral (outer) one in the forelimb, we hypothesized that this implies a phalangeal form difference. To test this hypothesis, asymmetries of the forelimb acropodia (phalangeal series) were studied on calves belonging to the Brown Pyrenean breed, a meat breed managed under extensive conditions in NE Spain. Dorso-palmar radiographs were obtained for each acropodium in a sample of 17 paired left and right forelimbs. Size and shape were analysed by means of geometric morphometrics on medial and lateral acropodial series (III and IV series respectively) for each left and right limb. Shape coordinates were computed by Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Medial and lateral acropodial series appeared similar in size, but their shape expressed an especially high directional asymmetry, with distal phalanges (pedal bones) being abaxially (outwards) oriented. Such morphological observations may be an important reconsideration of “normal” radiographic acropodial symmetry evaluation. This can be explained not only by an unevenly distributed ground reaction force between acropodial series, but also between right and left limbs, making medial and lateral hoof surfaces differently prone to overloading and, accordingly, to injuries to the limb.

scholarly journals Comparison of orbital asymmetries among some raptor species: “when size does not matter”

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Pere M. Parés-Casanova ◽  
Jordina Salas-Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Tyto Alba ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Bubo Bubo ◽  
Generalized Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Gyps Fulvus ◽  
Accipiter Nisus ◽  
The Right

Abstract A sample of 73 dry, well-preserved skulls was studied, representing various species of raptors with different foraging strategies. The sample included Accipiter nisus (n = 15), Buteo buteo (n = 13), Gyps fulvus (n = 24) and Neophron percnopterus (n = 5), Bubo bubo (n = 16) and Tyto alba (n = 2). Geometric morphometric methods were used to detect orbital asymmetries. On digital pictures of each skull side, a set of 16 semi-landmarks and two landmarks were located in order to describe the orbital ring. The variables were analysed based on Generalized Procrustes analysis. The morphometric data showed that the orbital asymmetry of raptors differed significatively between species, although directional asymmetry (e.g. left orbita systematically more developed than the right) appeared not to be correlated with orbital size. This indicates that larger orbitas do not lead to greater asymmetry. Differences between species should rather be explained by their foraging strategies and degree of visual obstruction in their natural environment.

scholarly journals Identifying of Homoneura (Diptera: Lauxaniidae) females by means of geometric morphometrics

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
Marek Semelbauer
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Multivariate Methods ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
European Species ◽  
Generalized Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract The females of the European species Homoneura consobrina, H. patelliformis and H. thalhammeri are not easy to discern. A possible method of identifying females is to apply geometric morphometrics to the wing shape, when we expect females of certain species to have wing shape more similar to conspecific males, than to other species. For this purpose, 94 specimens of the three species were collected mainly by means of Malaise trap in western and central Slovakia and Montenegro. The combination of morphological and distribution data allowed for the females to be divided into three groups. In next step, wings of both males and females were digitized, aligned by Generalized Procrustes Analysis and analyzed via multivariate methods (principal component analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, linear discriminant analysis). Results of the analysis clearly suggest that females with large and convex 8th sternite belong to H. patelliformis, while females with reduced 8th sternite belong to either H. thalhammeri or H. consobrina.

scholarly journals Monthly Changes in Honey Bee Forewings Estimated Using Geometric Morphometrics

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Janczyk ◽  
Adam Tofilski
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Complicated Pattern ◽  
Monthly Changes ◽  
Left And Right

AbstractHoney bee (Apis mellifera) wing measurements are often used to discriminate lineages and subspecies. The precision and repeatability of the measurements depends on various factors, including seasonal variation, and differences between left and right wings. The seasonal variation of the cubital index, which is the proportion of two vein lengths, has been investigated, but subspecies can be identified through geometric morphometrics. This method allows both wing size and shape to be determined and analyzed separately. We studied changes in the wing size and shape in consecutive months between June and September as well as the differences between the left and right wings. We found that wing size differed significantly among colonies, months and body sides, but shape differed significantly only among colonies and months but not among body sides. There was also a complicated pattern of interactions between various factors. The seasonal differences in wing shape were much smaller than the differences among colonies and their influence on identification of honey bee lineages was relatively small.

scholarly journals Use of morphoj soft package for phenotypic and genotypic variety testing (English oak case study)

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Sergey G Baranov
Keyword(s):  
Symmetric Matrix ◽  
Side Population ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Generalized Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Equal Variance ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
English Oak ◽  
Positive Correlation Coefficient

Summary: Background. Some special characters in asymmetry of shape were studied in leaf plate English oak. Materials and methods. In 6 random populations generalized Procrustes analysis showed the mix of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and directional asymmetry (DA). Results. One population showed pure FA. Covariance symmetric matrix reveals more variance in comparison to matrix asymmetry showed variation bilaterally symmetrical landmarks. Correlation analysis of covariance symmetric matrix and matrix asymmetry containing the coordinates of landmarks after the permutation showed a weak positive correlation coefficient (0.25, p < 0.01). Conclusion. The coefficients of variation of the factors “side”and “side × population” among 6 populations were respectively 48.24% and 44.93% that evidenced on equal variance of both types of asymmetry or slightly increased directional asymmetry. It is noted that the cluster analysis the matrix asymmetry can be used to search genotypic variability.

scholarly journals Morfometría geométrica del borde corial y del collar de huevos de cinco especies del género Rhodnius Stal (Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ximena Páez-Colasante ◽  
Elis Aldana
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Specific Character ◽  
Generalized Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Scanning Electron

Resumen. La taxonomía y sistemática de la subfamilia Triatominae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) se basan principalmente en caracteres biométricos y morfológicos de las formas adultas y, en algunos casos, de las ninfas. La Morfometría Geométrica es capaz de descomponer la forma en sus componentes tamaño isométrico y conformación. En el presente trabajo se utilizó la Morfometría Geométrica como herramienta de análisis de la configuración geométrica que resulta de la unión de los extremos del borde corial y del collar (configuración borde corial-collar) de los huevos eclosionados de cinco especies del género Rhodnius Stal. Los huevos se observaron por Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido y las imágenes digitalizadas fueron analizadas morfogeométricamente. Estudiando el tamaño geométrico de la configuración borde corial-collar, se halló que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las cinco especies de Triatominos. En cuanto a la conformación, se determinaron diferencias entre las especies al ser sometidas a un análisis discriminante. Se encontró además que la variación del tamaño contribuye a la variación en la conformación, es decir, efecto alométrico. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la conformación de la configuración geométrica “borde corial-collar” de los huevos de Rhodnius podría ser utilizada como herramienta taxonómica para este grupo.   Morfometria geométrica da borda corial e colarinho de ovos de cinco espécies do Gênero Rhodnius (Heteroptera Reduviidae, Triatominae). Resumo. A taxonomia e sistemática da subfamília Triatominae (Heteroptera Reduviidae) esta baseada principalmente em caracteres biométricos e morfológicos das formas adultas, e em alguns casos, das ninfas. A morfometria geométrica é capaz de descompor a forma em seus componentes, tamanho isométrico e conformação. No presente trabalho utilizou-se a morfometria geométrica como ferramenta de análise da configuração geométrica que resulta da união dos extremos da borda corial e “colarinho” (configuração borda corial-colarinho) dos ovos eclodidos de cinco espécies do gênero Rhodnius. Os ovos observaram-se por meio de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e as imagens digitais foram analisadas morfogeometricamente. Estudando o tamanho geométrico da configuração borda corial-colarinho, consiguiu-se que não existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as cinco espécies de Triatomineos. Quanto à conformação, determinaram-se diferenças entre as espécies ao ser submetidas a uma análise discriminante. Além de isso encontrou-se que a variação do tamanho contribui à variação na conformação, ou seja, efeito alométrico. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a morfogeometria da borda corial e do “colarinho” dos ovos de Rhodnius poderia ser utilizada como uma ferramenta taxonômica para este grupo.   Geometric morphometrics of the chorial rim and the collar of the eggs of five species of the Rhodnius genus (Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Abstract. The taxonomy and systematics of the Triatominae subfamily are based primarily on the biometric and morphological characters of the adult forms, and in some cases of the nymphs. Geometric Morphometrics are capable of separating the form in its components size and shape. In this work Geometric Morphometrics were used as a tool for the analysis of the chorial rim and the collar of hatched eggs of five species of the Rhodnius genus. Collected eggs were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and the digitalized images were analyzed by Generalized Procrustes Analysis. By studying the isometric size of the chorial rim and the collar, no statistical significant differences were found among the five species of Rhodnius genus. A discriminant analysis showed statistical differences among the shapes of the chorial rim and the collar, indicating that the shape is a species specific character. An allometric effect was found. The results obtained indicate that the geometric morphometrics of the chorial rim and the collar of hatched Rhodnius eggs can be used as a taxonomic tool for this group.    

Geometric morphometrics reveal altered corpus callosum shape in pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy

Neurology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. e78-e86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Oesch ◽  
A. Murat Maga ◽  
Seth D. Friedman ◽  
Sandra L. Poliachik ◽  
Christopher B. Budech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Genetic Defect ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Midsagittal Plane ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Generalized Procrustes Analysis ◽  
The Mean

ObjectiveTo evaluate the features and maturational changes in overall callosal shape in patients with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE).MethodsMeasurements were conducted through landmark-based geometric morphometrics applied on cerebral MRIs of patients with PDE and age-matched control subjects. The outline of the corpus callosum was manually traced in the midsagittal plane. Three hundred semi-landmarks along the outline were collected and underwent statistical generalized Procrustes analysis. An allometric regression was applied to evaluate the callosal shape due to growth over time.ResultsThirty-eight patients with PDE and 38 age- and sex-matched control subjects were included. Mean age at the time of the MRI in the patient group was 9.3 years (median 6.3 years, range 0.01–48 years). Significant differences (p < 0.01) in the mean callosal shape between patients and controls were found. The allometric regression model revealed significant shape variations (p < 0.01) between the 2 study groups across the developmental course after controlling for the effect of callosal size on shape. This latter effect turned out to be significant as well (p < 0.001).ConclusionsPatients with PDE show an altered callosal shape and variations in callosal ontogeny, which are likely secondary to the underlying genetic defect with abnormal function of antiquitin, the product of the ALDH7A1 gene.

THYMUS VARIABILITY IN WHITE RATS EXPOSED TO FORMALDEHYDE

2019 ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
V.N. Voloshin ◽  
I.S. Voloshina ◽  
I.Yu. Vash
Keyword(s):  
White Male ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Canonical Variables ◽  
Generalized Procrustes Analysis ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Formaldehyde Inhalation

The aim of the paper is to study thymus variability in white rats, which were exposed to formaldehyde, and to compare these data with the indicators in control animals. Materials and Methods. The trial enrolled 72 white male rats, initial body weight 40–50 g. The animals were divided into 2 groups (36 rats in each). The first group consisted of control rats. Animals of the second group were exposed to formaldehyde inhalation, 2.766 mg/m3. To characterize the variability of the organ size, centroids were determined. The superposition of landmark configurations was performed using the generalized Procrustes analysis method, MorphoJ 1.06d program. The principal component analysis and canonical analysis of the obtained data were carried out. Results. One-Way ANOVA revealed a high level of intergroup differences in Procrust distance (F=1.34; p<0.0001). The significant effect of the duration of formaldehyde exposure on centroid size was established. The Kruskal-Wallis criterion was 19.778 (p=0.0014). The analysis of the principal components indicated that each of the first 10 components stands for more than 1 % of Procrustes coordinate variance. In this case, the first 7 components compatibly explain 91.398 % of thymus variability. The proportion of the first main component to the total variance of the Procrustes coordinates is 40.236 %. PC1 (-) shows changes in the thymus shape, mostly affecting the tops of its lobes, the middle part of the right boundary and the entire left thymus boundary. The scattering ellipses of the thymus ordinates in rats exposed to formaldehyde, in the first two canonical variables are located higher than those in the control animals. Conclusion. Formaldehyde inhalation leads to thymus changes in white rat. The most significant differences with control data are determined along the second canonical variable. Keywords: thymus, form, rat, formaldehyde, geometric morphometry. Цель. Изучение изменчивости формы тимуса белых крыс, находившихся в условиях влияния формальдегида, и сравнение этих данных с показателями, полученными у контрольных животных. Материалы и методы. Работа выполнена на 72 белых крысах-самцах с начальной массой тела 40–50 г. Животные были разделены на 2 серии (по 36 крыс). Первую серию составляли контрольные крысы. Животные второй серии подвергались ингаляционному воздействию формальдегида (ФА) в концентрации 2,766 мг/м3. Для характеристики изменчивости размеров органов определяли размер их центроидов. Процедуру суперимпозиции конфигураций ландмарок выполняли методом генерализованного прокрустова анализа с использованием программы MorphoJ 1.06d. Проводили анализ главных компонент и канонический анализ полученных данных. Результаты. Однофакторный дисперсионный анализ выявил высокий уровень межгрупповых различий по показателю прокрустовых расстояний (F=1,34; р<0,0001). Установлено значительное влияние продолжительности нахождения животных в условиях воздействия ФА на размер центроида. Критерий Краскела–Уоллиса составил 19,778 (р=0,0014). Анализ главных компонент указывал на то, что каждая из первых 10 компонент объясняет более 1 % дисперсии прокрустовых координат. При этом первые 7 компонент совместно объясняют 91,398 % изменчивости формы тимуса. Вклад первой главной компоненты в общую дисперсию прокрустовых координат составляет 40,236 %. РС1 (–) показывает изменения формы тимуса, в большей степени затрагивающие верхушки его долей, среднюю часть правого контура и весь левый контур тимуса. Эллипсы рассеивания ординат тимусов, принадлежащих крысам, подвергавшимся влиянию ФА, в пространстве первых двух канонических переменных расположены выше по отношению к таковым контрольных животных. Заключение. Ингаляционное воздействие формальдегида приводит к изменению формы тимуса белых крыс. Наибольшие различия с контрольными данными определяются вдоль второй канонической переменной. Ключевые слова: тимус, форма, крыса, формальдегид, геометрическая морфометрия.

scholarly journals Running ground reaction forces across footwear conditions are predicted from the motion of two body mass components

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1315-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Udofa ◽  
Kenneth P. Clark ◽  
Laurence J. Ryan ◽  
Peter G. Weyand
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Time Patterns ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Force Time

Although running shoes alter foot-ground reaction forces, particularly during impact, how they do so is incompletely understood. Here, we hypothesized that footwear effects on running ground reaction force-time patterns can be accurately predicted from the motion of two components of the body’s mass (mb): the contacting lower-limb (m1 = 0.08mb) and the remainder (m2 = 0.92mb). Simultaneous motion and vertical ground reaction force-time data were acquired at 1,000 Hz from eight uninstructed subjects running on a force-instrumented treadmill at 4.0 and 7.0 m/s under four footwear conditions: barefoot, minimal sole, thin sole, and thick sole. Vertical ground reaction force-time patterns were generated from the two-mass model using body mass and footfall-specific measures of contact time, aerial time, and lower-limb impact deceleration. Model force-time patterns generated using the empirical inputs acquired for each footfall matched the measured patterns closely across the four footwear conditions at both protocol speeds ( r2 = 0.96 ± 0.004; root mean squared error  = 0.17 ± 0.01 body-weight units; n = 275 total footfalls). Foot landing angles (θF) were inversely related to footwear thickness; more positive or plantar-flexed landing angles coincided with longer-impact durations and force-time patterns lacking distinct rising-edge force peaks. Our results support three conclusions: 1) running ground reaction force-time patterns across footwear conditions can be accurately predicted using our two-mass, two-impulse model, 2) impact forces, regardless of foot strike mechanics, can be accurately quantified from lower-limb motion and a fixed anatomical mass (0.08mb), and 3) runners maintain similar loading rates (ΔFvertical/Δtime) across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angle to regulate the duration of impact. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we validate a two-mass, two-impulse model of running vertical ground reaction forces across four footwear thickness conditions (barefoot, minimal, thin, thick). Our model allows the impact portion of the impulse to be extracted from measured total ground reaction force-time patterns using motion data from the ankle. The gait adjustments observed across footwear conditions revealed that runners maintained similar loading rates across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angles to regulate the duration of impact.

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