scholarly journals Carprofen Permeation Test through Porcine Ex Vivo Mucous Membranes and Ophthalmic Tissues for Tolerability Assessments: Validation and Histological Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Lidia Gómez-Segura ◽  
Alexander Parra ◽  
Ana C. Calpena ◽  
Álvaro Gimeno ◽  
Antonio Boix-Montañes
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Efficiency

Carprofen (CP), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is profusely used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Some undesirable effects are associated with its systemic administration. Alternative local routes are especially useful to facilitate its administration in animals. The main aim of this paper is to validate the suitability of ex vivo permeation experiments of CP with porcine mucous membranes (buccal, sublingual and vaginal) and ophthalmic tissues (cornea, sclera and conjunctiva) intended to be representative of naïve in vivo conditions. Chromatographic analysis of CP in membrane-permeated samples and drug-retained have been validated following standard bioanalytical guidelines. Then, recovery levels of drugs in tissue samples were assessed with aqueous phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer to preserve the histological integrity. Finally, as a proof of concept, a series of CP permeation tests in vertical Franz diffusion cells has been performed to evaluate permeation flux and permeability constants in all tissues, followed by a histological study for critical evaluation. Furthermore, synthetic tissue retention-like samples were prepared to verify the value of this experimental study. Results show linear relationships with good determination coefficient (R2 > 0.998 and R2 > 0.999) in the range of 0.78 to 6.25 mg/mL and 3.125 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL, respectively. Low limits of quantification around 0.40 µg/mL were allowed to follow permeation levels until a minimum of 0.40% of the locally-applied dose. This method showed a good accuracy and precision with values lower than 2%. After the recovery technique, reproducible values below 30% were achieved in all tissues, suggesting it is a non-damaging method with low efficiency that requires the use of further solvents to enhance the extraction percentages. After permeation and histology tests, no relevant peak interferences were detected, and no cell or tissue damage was found in any tissue. In conclusion, results demonstrate the suitability of this test to quantify the distribution of CP with good histological tolerability.

scholarly journals Ex Vivo Permeation of Carprofen Vehiculated by PLGA Nanoparticles through Porcine Mucous Membranes and Ophthalmic Tissues

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lídia Gómez-Segura ◽  
Alexander Parra ◽  
Ana Cristina Calpena-Campmany ◽  
Álvaro Gimeno ◽  
Immaculada Gómez de Aranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Plga Nanoparticles ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Ex Vivo Permeation ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Almost All

(1) Background: Carprofen (CP), 2-(6-chlorocarbazole) propionic acid, is used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic agent and it belongs to the family of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). CP has some adverse reactions in systemic administration; for this reason, topical administration with CP nanoparticles (CP-NPs) can be an optimal alternative. The main objective of this work is the investigation of ex vivo permeation of CP through different types of porcine mucous membranes (buccal, sublingual and vaginal) and ophthalmic tissues (cornea, sclera and conjunctiva) to compare the influence of CP-NPs formulation over a CP solution (CP-Solution). (2) Methods: The ex vivo permeation profiles were evaluated using Franz diffusion cells. Furthermore, in vivo studies were performed to verify that the formulations did not affect the cell structure and to establish the amount retained (Qr) in the tissues. (3) Results: Permeation of CP-NPs is more effective in terms of drug retention in almost all tissues (with the exception of sclera and sublingual). In vivo studies show that neither of the two formulations affects tissue structure, so both formulations are safe. (4) Conclusions: It was concluded that CP-NPs may be a useful tool for the topical treatment of local inflammation in veterinary and human medicine.

Development, Pre-clinical Investigation and Histopathological Evaluation of Metronidazole Loaded Topical Formulation for Treatment of Skin Inflammatory disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Thakur ◽  
Gurpreet Kaur ◽  
Sheetu Wadhwa ◽  
Ashana Puri
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Inflammatory Disorders ◽  
Rat Paw Edema ◽  
Ex Vivo Permeation ◽  
Permeation Studies ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Metronidazole (MTZ) is an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent with beneficial therapeutic properties. The hydrophilic nature of molecule limits its penetration across the skin. Existing commercial formulations have limitations of inadequate drug concentration present at target site, which requires frequent administration and poor patient compliance. Objective: The aim of current study was to develop and evaluate water in oil microemulsion of Metronidazole with higher skin retention for treatment of inflammatory skin disorders. Methods: Pseudo ternary phase diagrams were used in order to select the appropriate ratio of surfactant and co-surfactant and identify the microemulsion area. The selected formulation consisted of Capmul MCM as oil, Tween 20 and Span 20 as surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively, and water. The formulation was characterized and evaluated for stability, Ex vivo permeation studies and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect (carrageenan induced rat paw edema, air pouch model), anti-psoriatic activity (mouse-tail test). Results: The particle size analyses revealed average diameter and polydispersity index of selected formulation to be 16 nm and 0.373, respectively. The results of ex vivo permeation studies showed statistically higher mean cumulative amount of MTZ retained in rat skin from microemulsion i.e. 21.90 ± 1.92 μg/cm2 which was 6.65 times higher as compared to Marketed gel (Metrogyl gel®) with 3.29 ± 0.11 μg/cm2 (p<0.05). The results of in vivo studies suggested the microemulsion based formulation of MTZ to be similar in efficacy to Metrogyl gel®. Conclusion: Research suggests efficacy of the developed MTZ loaded microemulsion in treatment of chronic skin inflammatory disorders.

scholarly journals AB0069 LORECIVIVINT (SM04690), AN INTRA-ARTICULAR, SMALL-MOLECULE CLK/DYRK1A INHIBITOR THAT MODULATES THE WNT PATHWAY, AS A POTENTIAL TREATMENT FOR MENISCAL INJURIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1335.2-1335
Author(s):  
T. Seo ◽  
V. Deshmukh ◽  
Y. Yazici
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecule ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Wnt Pathway ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Meniscal Tear ◽  
Knee Oa ◽  
Meniscus Degeneration ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Meniscal Damage

Background:Meniscal injuries, associated with pain, stiffness, and localized swelling, are the most common pathology of the knee with a prevalence of 61 per 100,000.1Meniscal damage is a frequent finding on MRI images of knee osteoarthritis (OA)2; while a meniscal tear can lead to knee OA, knee OA can also lead to a spontaneous meniscal tear.3Efforts to repair meniscal damage have been largely unsuccessful and do not prevent the progression of degenerative changes that lead to knee OA.4The Wnt signaling pathway has been shown to be regulated during meniscal development,5,6suggesting that manipulation of this pathway may influence the regenerative capacity of the meniscus. Lorecivivint (LOR; SM04690) is an intra-articular (IA), small-molecule CLK/DYRK1A inhibitor that modulates the Wnt pathway.Objectives:LOR was evaluated in preclinical studies to determine its protective and anabolic effects in ex vivo explants and in a rat model of chemically induced inflammatory meniscus degeneration.Methods:Effects of LOR (30 nM) on expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in cultured rat menisci treated with IL-1B were measured by qPCR. In vivo, LOR activity was evaluated in a rat model of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) injection-induced inflammatory meniscus degeneration. A single IA injection of MIA was immediately followed by a single IA injection of LOR (0.3 ug) or vehicle. Knees were harvested on Days 1, 4, and 11 and menisci were isolated. Anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by measuringTNFAandIL6expression by qPCR. Meniscus protection was evaluated by qPCR for MMPs and aggrecanase and anabolic effects by qPCR for collagens.Results:In ex vivo meniscal explants, LOR inhibited expression ofMMP1,MMP3, andMMP13compared to DMSO (P<0.01). In vivo, LOR significantly decreased expression of these MMPs and aggrecanase (P<0.05) compared to vehicle in the rat model of inflammatory meniscus degeneration at Day 4 after MIA injection. In addition, LOR reduced expression of inflammatory cytokinesTNFAandIL6at Day 4 compared to vehicle. Finally, LOR increased expression of collagen types I, II, and III at Day 11 after MIA injection.Conclusion:LOR exhibited protective effects in the meniscus ex vivo and in vivo by reducing the expression of catabolic enzymes compared to control. Anti-inflammatory effects of LOR were demonstrated by inhibition of inflammatory cytokine expression. Compared to vehicle, LOR increased expression of collagens in vivo, indicating potential meniscal anabolic effects. These data support further investigation of LOR as a potential disease-modifying therapy for meniscal injuries.References:[1]Logerstedt D and Snyder-Mackler L.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010[2]Englund M, et al.Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2009[3]Englund M, et al.Radiol Clin North Am. 2009[4]von Lewinski, et al.Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007[5]Pazin DE, et al.ORS 2012 Annual Meeting. Paper No. 0221[6]Pazin DE, et al.Dev Dyn. 2012Disclosure of Interests:Tim Seo Shareholder of: Samumed, LLC, Employee of: Samumed, LLC, Vishal Deshmukh Shareholder of: Samumed, LLC, Employee of: Samumed, LLC, Yusuf Yazici Shareholder of: Samumed, LLC, Grant/research support from: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, and Genentech, Consultant of: Celgene and Sanofi, Employee of: Samumed, LLC

Three-compartment model: critical evaluation based on neutron activation analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (5) ◽  
pp. E962-E969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Analiza M. Silva ◽  
Wei Shen ◽  
ZiMian Wang ◽  
John F. Aloia ◽  
Miriam E. Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Total Body ◽  
3C Model

There is renewed interest in Siri's classic three-compartment (3C) body composition model, requiring body volume (BV) and total body water (TBW) estimates, because dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and in vivo neutron activation (IVNA) systems cannot accommodate subjects with severe obesity. However, the 3C model assumption of a constant ratio (α) of mineral (M) to total body protein (TBPro) and related residual mass density (DRES) based on cadaver analyses might not be valid across groups differing in sex, race, age, and weight. The aim of this study was to derive new 3C model coefficients in vivo and to compare these estimates to those derived by Siri. Healthy adults ( n = 323) were evaluated with IVNA and DEXA and the measured components used to derive α and DRES. For all subjects combined, values of α and DRES (means ± SD, 0.351 ± 0.043; 1.565 ± 0.023 kg/l) were similar to Siri's proposed values of 0.35 and 1.565 kg/l, respectively. However, α and DRES varied significantly as a function of sex, race, weight, and age. Expected errors in percent body fat arising by application of Siri's model were illustrated in a second group of 264 adults, including some whose size exceeded DEXA limits but whose BV and TBW had been measured by hydrodensitometry and 2H2O dilution, respectively. Extrapolation of predictions by newly developed models to very high weights allows percent fat error estimation when Siri's model is applied in morbidly obese subjects. The present study results provide a critical evaluation of potential errors in the classic 3C model and present new formulas for use in selected populations.

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of synthesized novel benzoxazole derivatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansi L. Patil ◽  
Swati S. Gaikwad ◽  
Naresh J. Gaikwad
Keyword(s):  
Cytotoxic Activity ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Introduction: Pain is an immunological response to any infection or inflammation and long term use of pain management therapy includes use of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which is associated with occurrence of toxicity as well as gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, the investigation of new analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents remains a major challenge. Aims: The objective of this research study is to undergo the pharmacological evaluation of newly synthesized benzoxazole derivatives. These novel derivatives were evaluated for anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity using various in-vivo and ex-vivo methods. Methods: The study was carried out using swiss mice (adult male) weighing between 20gm to 30gm and were divided into groups containing (n=6) six animals in each group for treatment. The anti-nociceptive activity was performed by using 0.1ml of 0.6% v/v acetic acid as nociception inducer and evaluated by the diminished number of abdominal writhes. The anti-inflammatory activity was done using 0.1 ml of 2% w/v Carrageenan induced paw edema method was observed which was evaluated by calculating the percent maximum possible effect. Histopathological evaluation and cytotoxic activity of the compounds was carried out. Results: The results of this research study revealed that synthesized derivatives (a, b, c, d and e) showed promising anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect along significantly higher cytotoxic activity in MCF-7 cell lines. Conclusion: It can be concluded that synthesized derivatives (a, b, c, d and e) have potential anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect along with cytotoxic activity and certain modification in structure may result in potent activity.

scholarly journals Current Challenges in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis as Potential Biomarkers of Cancer

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Schmidt ◽  
Ian Podmore
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

An early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial in reducing mortality among people suffering from cancer. There is a lack of characteristic early clinical symptoms in most forms of cancer, which highlights the importance of investigating new methods for its early detection. One of the most promising methods is the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs are a diverse group of carbon-based chemicals that are present in exhaled breath and biofluids and may be collected from the headspace of these matrices. Different patterns of VOCs have been correlated with various diseases, cancer among them. Studies have also shown that cancer cells in vitro produce or consume specific VOCs that can serve as potential biomarkers that differentiate them from noncancerous cells. This review identifies the current challenges in the investigation of VOCs as potential cancer biomarkers, by the critical evaluation of available matrices for the in vivo and in vitro approaches in this field and by comparison of the main extraction and detection techniques that have been applied to date in this area of study. It also summarises complementary in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro studies conducted to date in order to try to identify volatile biomarkers of cancer.

Aloe Metabolites Prevent LPS-Induced Sepsis and Inflammatory Response by Inhibiting Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (04) ◽  
pp. 847-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Yang Li ◽  
Katsuhiko Suzuki ◽  
Yung-Li Hung ◽  
Meng-Syuan Yang ◽  
Chung-Ping Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Raw264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Aloe, a polyphenolic anthranoid-containing Aloe vera leaves, is a Chinese medicine and a popular dietary supplement worldwide. In in vivo situations, polyphenolic anthranoids are extensively broken down into glucuronides and sulfate metabolites by the gut and the liver. The anti-inflammatory potential of aloe metabolites has not been examined. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of aloe metabolites from in vitro (lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages) and ex vivo (LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages) to in vivo (LPS-induced septic mice). The production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-[Formula: see text] and IL-12) and NO was determined by ELISA and Griess reagents, respectively. The expression levels of iNOS and MAPKs were analyzed by Western blot. Our results showed that aloe metabolites inhibited the expression of iNOS, decreased the production of TNF-[Formula: see text], IL-12, and NO, and suppressed the phosphorylation of MAPKs by LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. In addition, aloe metabolites reduced the production of NO, TNF-[Formula: see text] and IL-12 by murine peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, aloe administration significantly reduced the NO level and exhibited protective effects against sepsis-related death in LPS-induced septic mice. These results suggest that aloe metabolites exerted anti-inflammatory effects in vivo, and that these effects were associated with the inhibition of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, aloe could be considered an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of sepsis.

Tissue Models of Peritoneal Fibrosis

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Jiménez-Heffernan ◽  
A. Cirugeda ◽  
M.A. Bajo ◽  
G. Del Peso ◽  
M.L. Pérez-Lozano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Peritoneal Fibrosis ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Cellular Markers ◽  
Tissue Models ◽  
Myofibroblastic Differentiation

Objective To evaluate the utility of peritoneal pathologic samples, unrelated to peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment, for the study of peritoneal fibrosis and inflammation. Methods Comparative morphologic and immunohistochemical study of peritoneal pathologic samples unrelated to PD with peritoneal biopsies from PD patients with special emphasis on the expression of myofibroblastic and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers. Results Regarding morphology, PD-related simple fibrosis was less cellular, with greater stromal hyalinization, determining a homogeneous, hypocellular aspect of the submesothelium. In contrast, non-PD fibrosis was more cellular with an extracellular matrix showing a dense and fibrillar quality with wide bundles of collagen. Hylinazing vasculopathy was only present in PD samples. Myofibroblastic differentiation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition were common findings in all situations of peritoneal fibrosis. Calponin and calretinin are useful cellular markers to study such fibrogenic mechanisms and correlate with other well-known markers such as α-SMA and cytokeratins. Their expression was much more intense in those samples showing acute inflammation (peritonitis). Conclusions Non-PD models of peritoneal fibrosis seem very useful to evaluate important features of human peritoneal pathology such us fibrogenesis, and inflammation. Fibrogenic events such as myofibroblastic differentiation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition are evident in these tissue samples allowing us to use them as an accessible source for in vivo and ex vivo studies. Both events show their maximal expression in situations of acute inflammation supporting the important role that peritonitis episodes play in the progression of fibrosis.

Leveraging RB status to define therapy for castrate-resistant prostate cancer.

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 96-96
Author(s):  
Renee de Leeuw ◽  
Clay de Comstock ◽  
Daniela de Pollutri ◽  
Matthew Joseph Schiewer ◽  
Stephen J Ciment ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Ki67 Staining ◽  
Cell Architecture ◽  
Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer ◽  
Castrate Resistant

96 Background: Loss of retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor is overrepresented in castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) compared to primary PCa. We previously showed using analyses of human tissue and in vitro and in vivo modeling that RB constrains androgen receptor (AR) function, and that loss of RB is sufficient promote resistance to castration and AR antagonists. Thus, novel strategies are needed to treat RB-deficient tumor. By contrast, in tumors retaining RB, suppressing enhancing RB activity would be of therapeutic advantage, and may be accomplished through next-generation Cdk4/6 inhibitors. Methods: Stable isogenic pairs of prostate cancer cell lines either retaining RB or RB depleted (by shRNA) were assessed in vitro and in xenografts for response to Cdk4/6 kinase inhibitors or the cabazitaxel. In addition, using an ex vivo explant assay, fresh tumor tissue samples from radical prostatectomy were exposed to the Cdk4/6 inhibitor or cabazitaxel for up to 7 days, and evaluated by IHC for Ki67, Caspase-3, and AR. Results: Cdk4/6 inhibition blocks tumor cell proliferation dependent on RB status. This was further confirmed ex vivo, as evidenced by a marked reduction in Ki67 staining in Cdk4/6 inhibitor treated explant tissue from two prostate cancer patients. Conversely, in vitro studies revealed a modest sensitization of RB-depleted tumors to cabazitaxel that was dramatically enhanced in vivo and after castration. Cabazitaxel, like docetaxel, targets the cell architecture and induces cell death, but also induces a distinct gene expression profile that may partially explain efficacy in docetaxel-resistant tumors. Neither taxane showed affects on AR nuclear localization using in vivoor explant studies. Conclusions: These results strongly support our hypothesis that RB status can be used as a metric to define therapeutic response to cabazitaxel, as such that loss of RB function induces sensitization taxanes, whereas RB proficient tumors give an enhanced response to Cdk4/6 kinase inhibitors.

scholarly journals Prospective evaluation of the utility of intraoperative confocal laser endomicroscopy in patients with brain neoplasms using fluorescein sodium: experience with 74 cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. E11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay L. Martirosyan ◽  
Jennifer M. Eschbacher ◽  
M. Yashar S. Kalani ◽  
Jay D. Turner ◽  
Evgenii Belykh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Fluorescein Sodium ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Diagnostic Image ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity

OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the utility, specificity, and sensitivity of intraoperative confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) to provide diagnostic information during resection of human brain tumors. METHODS CLE imaging was used in the resection of intracranial neoplasms in 74 consecutive patients (31 male; mean age 47.5 years; sequential 10-month study period). Intraoperative in vivo and ex vivo CLE was performed after intravenous injection of fluorescein sodium (FNa). Tissue samples from CLE imaging–matched areas were acquired for comparison with routine histological analysis (frozen and permanent sections). CLE images were classified as diagnostic or nondiagnostic. The specificities and sensitivities of CLE and frozen sections for gliomas and meningiomas were calculated using permanent histological sections as the standard. RESULTS CLE images were obtained for each patient. The mean duration of intraoperative CLE system use was 15.7 minutes (range 3–73 minutes). A total of 20,734 CLE images were correlated with 267 biopsy specimens (mean number of images/biopsy location, in vivo 84, ex vivo 70). CLE images were diagnostic for 45.98% in vivo and 52.97% ex vivo specimens. After initiation of CLE, an average of 14 in vivo images and 7 ex vivo images were acquired before identification of a first diagnostic image. CLE specificity and sensitivity were, respectively, 94% and 91% for gliomas and 93% and 97% for meningiomas. CONCLUSIONS CLE with FNa provided intraoperative histological information during brain tumor removal. Specificities and sensitivities of CLE for gliomas and meningiomas were comparable to those for frozen sections. These data suggest that CLE could allow the interactive identification of tumor areas, substantially improving intraoperative decisions during the resection of brain tumors.

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