scholarly journals Hadrochemical Evolution of Groundwater in a Typical Semi-Arid Groundwater Storage Basin Using a Zoning Model

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingqian Li ◽  
Xiujuan Liang ◽  
Changlai Xiao ◽  
Yuqing Cao ◽  
Shuya Hu
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Discharge Zone ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Hydrodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
Storage Basin ◽  
Semi Arid

Groundwater guarantees water resources and ecological environment security in semi-arid areas. Studying the chemical evolution of groundwater in semi-arid areas is of great significance to regional ecological environment protection and water resources management. The water storage basin is not only a space for groundwater storage and movement but also a place for water–rock–gas interaction and elemental migration, dispersion, and enrichment. Due to its unique climate and geological environment, the semi-arid water storage basins have different hydrochemical environments, forming a zonal hydrogeochemical character. In this study, a typical semi-arid water storage basin (west of Jilin Province) is taken as an example, through the cross section of the recharge–runoff–excretion zone. A three-level hydrogeochemical zoning model is constructed to reveal the hydrogeochemical evolution of the area. The model is divided into three layers from bottom to top. The first layer shows the geological and hydrogeological conditions, including the topography, lithology, geological time, and hydrodynamic characteristics of the study area. The second layer represents the hydrogeochemical processes, divided into the recharge zone, runoff zone, and discharge zone in the horizontal direction according to the hydrodynamic environment and hydrochemistry type. The hydrogeochemical action gradually changes from lixiviation to cation exchange, evaporation, and concentration, as the landform plays a key role in hydrochemistry formation in the discharge area. The third layer gives the characteristics of the groundwater chemical components, including chemistry type, total dissolved solids, main anion and cation, and characteristic element F. Qualitative and quantitative characterizations of hydrochemistry evolution by reverse simulation and hydrodynamic, hydrochemical and thermodynamic indicators are given.

A field study of depletion-replenish water storage mechanism in tree stems in semi-arid region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiben Cheng ◽  
Yunqi Wang ◽  
Qunou Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Start Time ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Stem Water Storage ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Tree Stem

<p>Trees in arid and semi-arid regions are faced with water shortages at most times, and the use of water storage in tree stem is an important mechanism and pathway for adaptation to drought. In this research, we have explored the tree saplings in semi-arid areas by continuous monitoring and analysis of the sap flux at stem top and stem breast, in the main growth season. A primary objective is to find out when and how trees use stem water storage as a reservoir, and more specifically if there is a difference in stem flow start time between stem top and stem breast. Our study shows that in sunny day of the growing season, the sap flow at stem top start time is later than the sap flow at stem breast, with the maximum of time lag about 60 mins, and the daily sap flow peak time of stem top is later than that of the stem breast by 1-2 hrs. The maximum daily flux at stem top is about 1.4-2.1 times greater than that at stem breast. Stem water storage increases the drought tolerance of trees. The depletion stage of stem water storage mainly occurs in early morning, and then enters the replenishing phase in the afternoon. In a sunny day, with the increase of soil water deficit with relative extractable water (REW) (or the relative effective soil water index) less than 0.43, demand for water storage of stem is more significant, and its role is mainly based on the depletion process. When the soil moisture condition is improved, the process is dominated by replenishing. From the results of continuous observations throughout the growing season, the depleting and replenishing processes can achieve equilibrium in a short period of time (like a few days). This research has advanced our understanding of the utilization mechanism of tree stem storage water in semi-arid areas.</p>

Assessment of groundwater flow system for management of Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Kinoti ◽  
Marc Leblanc ◽  
Albert Olioso ◽  
Maciek Lubczynski
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Transboundary Aquifer ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Semi Arid

<p>Groundwater is the main water resource in arid and semi-arid areas. Its evaluation in terms of recharge, discharge, flow system and change in storage is thus vital for management purposes. However, distributed numerical models which are considered as favourable tools for assessment of groundwater resources are often limited by availability of input data especially in arid and semi-arid areas in developing countries where monitoring networks are scarce. Moreover, in case of transboundary aquifers, political, institutional, cultural, socio-economic differences among countries make management of groundwater even more complex.</p><p>Remote sensing is a handy tool for monitoring water resources in data scarce areas. This study entails application of remote sensing data in developing a distributed integrated hydrological model for Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer System using MODFLOW-NWT coupled with the Unsaturated Zone Flow (UZF1) Package.</p><p>Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer is a multi-layered aquifer system shared between Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. The aquifer system consists of three aquifers, characterized by low transmissivity and low storage, intercalated by two aquitards. Conceptually, the physical processes taking place in this system are reasonably understood in Namibia and not as much in Botswana and South Africa. However, quantification of water resources and fluxes is still limited.</p><p>The aquifer system is mainly exploited in Namibia for socio-economic growth, where abstraction from storage has led to decline in local groundwater level. Water quality constraints have restrained its usage in South Africa, while in Botswana the potential for available resources is likely to be exploited, but there is not enough data for making firm decisions.</p><p>A numerical model has been set – up in transient conditions at daily time step and calibrated with groundwater levels as the state variables and satellite rainfall and potential evapotranspiration as the model driving forces. The calibrated model provides spatio-temporal water flux dynamics as well as water balances and hence an understanding of the groundwater-resource dynamics and replenishment. The results are compared to analysis of GRACE data to further constrain the model. This information is useful for proper management of the transboundary water resource as well as for policy making.</p>

scholarly journals Physical–chemical evaluation of groundwater quality in semi-arid areas: case study—Sabzevar plain, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghasem Panahi ◽  
Mahya Hassanzadeh Eskafi ◽  
Hamidreza Rahimi ◽  
Alireza Faridhosseini ◽  
Xiaonan Tang
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Anions And Cations ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractGroundwater is one of the most important water sources in arid and semi-arid areas. With the increasing world population and the water demand for agriculture and urban use, the need for water resources has increased, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, where groundwater resources play a significant role. To prevent the pollution of groundwater resources, various studies for their preservation and maintenance should be carried out, including a detailed plan for proper management of water resources and establishing a balance between water quality and how to use them. It becomes important to understand the spatial change of the quality of groundwater resources. In this study, Sabzevar plain, a typical region of semi-arid climate in Iran, was selected as a case study to assess the groundwater quality of the region, using data from 24 observation wells between 2015 and 2019. Using Arc GIS software, a map of groundwater quality parameters in the study area was prepared for quality assessment and comparison with existing international standards. The results showed that (except pH and HCO3−) the concentration of Sodium, Magnesium, and other anions and cations is higher than the corresponding WHO standard limit, suggesting that the study area is unsuitable for drinking and agricultural use. According to the Wilcox chart, 87.5% of the samples are in the C4S4 class while 8.33% are in the C4S3 class, showing the groundwater unsuitable for agricultural use due to its high salinity and alkalinity. Piper diagrams show that more than 50% of the samples are non-carbonate alkalis, indicating a very high salinity in the area. According to the pie chart, chlorine ion and sodium ion are the dominant anions and cations in the Sabzevar plain, respectively. The Schuler diagram shows that none of the samples examined were in a good class for drinking. Therefore, considering the importance of water for agricultural activities in the study area, it is recommended to have agricultural management solutions to prevent groundwater mixing with freshwater resources.

scholarly journals Evaporation, infiltration and storage of soil water in different vegetation zones in Qilian mountains: From an perspective of stable isotopes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guofeng Zhu ◽  
Leilei Yong ◽  
Zhao Xi ◽  
Yuwei Liu ◽  
Zhuanxia Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Vegetation Zones

Abstract. In arid areas, almost all the water resources in the basin come from mountainous areas. Nvertheless, the process of water storage and runoff generation has not been fully understood in different vegetation zones in mountainous areas, which is the main obstacle blocking human cognition of hydrological processes and water resources assessment. In current study, the spatiotemporal dynamics of stable isotopes were monitored in different water bodies and soil water storage in different vegetation zones in the upper reaches of Xiying River. The results show that: (1) The water storage capacity of surface soil was weak in vegetation zones, and soil water was mainly saved up in the middle and lower soil layers. (2) Surface and subsurface runoff could form in the Alpine Meadow and Coniferous Forest during the rainy season and the snow melting season. The lower elevation vegetation zones of Mountain Grassland and Deciduous forest evaporate strongly and infiltrate partially into the middle and bottom layers of the soil to store or recharge groundwater, rarely generating surface runoff. This work would provide a scientific foundation for reasonably explaining the mechanism of water production in mountainous areas of arid regions, and provide a reference for formulating management policies suitable for sustainable development of water resources and improving the ability to cope with climate change in arid areas.

scholarly journals Rainwater Harvesting to Address Current and Forecasted Domestic Water Scarcity: Application to Arid and Semi-Arid Areas

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3583
Author(s):  
Tariq Judeh ◽  
Isam Shahrour
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The West ◽  
Semi Arid

This paper discusses the effectiveness of rooftops rainwater harvesting (RRWH) in addressing domestic water scarcity, emphasizing the West Bank (Palestine) as an example of arid to semi-arid areas with limited water resources. The paper deals with the actual and future water demand by considering climate-change impact and urban growth. The analysis is based on the evaluation of (i) the supply–demand balance index (SDBI), which designates the ratio between the total water supply (TWS) and total water demand (TWD), and (ii) the potential of RRWH. Applying this methodology to the West Bank shows that the potential RRWH can contribute by about 40 million cubic meters/year in 2020, which is approximately the same amount of water as the municipal water supply (42 million cubic meters/year). This contribution can effectively reduce the suffering governorates from 64% to 27% in 2020. Furthermore, it can support water-related decision-makers in the arid to semi-arid areas in formulating efficient and sustainable water resources strategies. The analysis also shows that the domestic water scarcity in 2050 will be worse than in 2020 for all governorates. For example, 73% of the West Bank governorates are expected to suffer from extreme to acute water scarcity in 2050 compared to 64% in 2020. Thus, RRWH appears to be highly efficient in mitigating the current and future domestic water scarcity in the West Bank.

scholarly journals Reconstructing Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies Using Satellite Data to Evaluate Water Resource Shortages from 1980 to 2016 in the Inland Yongding River Basin, China

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Kangning Sun ◽  
Litang Hu ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Wenjie Yin
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Yongding River

Water resources in the Yongding River basin (YRB) are one of the important fundamental conditions in supporting regional water conservation and ecological development. However, the historical changes in water resources under recent human activities remain unknown due to very limited observation data. In this study, terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA) as well as multiple precipitation and actual evapotranspiration products from satellites were collected, and the accuracy of the data was verified by observed data or pairwise comparisons. The TWSA during 1980-2016 was reconstructed by using the water balance method, and the reconstructed TWSA was verified using GRACE-observed TWSA, the average depth to groundwater in the Beijing Plain from historical document records and the observed runoff from Guanting Reservoir. The reconstructed TWSA data indicated that the significant decrease occurred during 2000–2016 and the average rate of decreasing trend was -11 mm/year, which may have been caused by a decrease in groundwater storage due to agricultural development. However, the reconstructed TWSA decreased slightly during 1980-1999. The establishment of the water storage deficit index (WSDI) showed that there was no drought or mild drought during 1980-1999; however, the water resource shortage during 2000-2016 was more serious due to groundwater storage decreases caused by agricultural development. The WSDI was verified by using the commonly used self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index. The findings are valuable for sustainable water resource management in the YRB.

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