scholarly journals Emergency Disposal Solution for Control of a Giant Landslide and Dammed Lake in Yangtze River, China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guiya Chen ◽  
Xiaofeng Zhao ◽  
Yanlai Zhou ◽  
Shenglian Guo ◽  
Chong-Yu Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Engineering Measures ◽  
Landslide Early Warning ◽  
Dammed Lake ◽  
Giant Landslide

Although landslide early warning and post-assessment is of great interest for mitigating hazards, emergency disposal solutions for properly handling the landslide and dammed lake within a few hours or days to mitigate flood risk are fundamentally challenging. In this study, we report a general strategy to effectively tackle the dangerous situation created by a giant dammed lake with 770 million cubic meters of water volume and formulate an emergency disposal solution for the 25 million cubic meters of debris, composed of engineering measures of floodgate excavation and non-engineering measures of reservoirs/hydropower stations operation. Such a disposal solution can not only reduce a large-scale flood (10,000-year return period, 0.01%) into a small-scale flood (10-year return period, 10%) but minimize the flood risk as well, guaranteeing no death raised by the giant landslide.

scholarly journals Global streamflow and flood response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liren Wei ◽  
Duoying Ji ◽  
Chiyuan Miao ◽  
John C. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Geographic Pattern ◽  
Solar Geoengineering ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
Future Warming

Abstract. Flood risk is projected to increase under projections of future warming climates due to an enhanced hydrological cycle. Solar geoengineering is known to reduce precipitation and slowdown the hydrological cycle, and may be therefore be expected to offset increased flood risk. We examine this hypothesis using streamflow and river discharge responses to the representative concentration pathway RCP4.5 and Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) G4 experiments. We also calculate changes in 30, 50, 100-year flood return periods relative to the historical (1960–1999) period under the RCP4.5 and G4 scenarios. Similar spatial patterns are produced for each return period, although those under G4 are closer to historical values than under RCP4.5. Under G4 generally lower streamflows are produced on the western sides of Eurasia and North America, with higher flows on their eastern sides. In the southern hemisphere northern parts of the land masses have lower streamflow under G4, and southern parts increases relative to RCP4.5. So in general solar geoengineering does appear to reduce flood risk in most regions, but the relative effects are largely determined by this large scale geographic pattern. Both streamflow and return period show increased drying of the Amazon under both RCP4.5 and G4 scenarios, with more drying under G4.

scholarly journals Global streamflow and flood response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 16033-16050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liren Wei ◽  
Duoying Ji ◽  
Chiyuan Miao ◽  
Helene Muri ◽  
John C. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Geographic Pattern ◽  
Solar Geoengineering ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
Future Warming

Abstract. Flood risk is projected to increase under future warming climates due to an enhanced hydrological cycle. Solar geoengineering is known to reduce precipitation and slow down the hydrological cycle and may therefore be expected to offset increased flood risk. We examine this hypothesis using streamflow and river discharge responses to Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) and the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) G4 scenarios. Compared with RCP4.5, streamflow on the western sides of Eurasia and North America is increased under G4, while the eastern sides see a decrease. In the Southern Hemisphere, the northern parts of landmasses have lower streamflow under G4, and streamflow of southern parts increases relative to RCP4.5. We furthermore calculate changes in 30-, 50-, and 100-year flood return periods relative to the historical (1960–1999) period under the RCP4.5 and G4 scenarios. Similar spatial patterns are produced for each return period, although those under G4 are closer to historical values than under RCP4.5. Hence, in general, solar geoengineering does appear to reduce flood risk in most regions, but the overall effects are largely determined by this large-scale geographic pattern. Although G4 stratospheric aerosol geoengineering ameliorates the Amazon drying under RCP4.5, with a weak increase in soil moisture, the decreased runoff and streamflow leads to an increased flood return period under G4 compared with RCP4.5.

Ignoring spatial dependence misestimates flood risk at the European scale

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viet Dung Nguyen ◽  
Ayse Duha Metin ◽  
Lorenzo Alfieri ◽  
Sergiy Vorogushyn ◽  
Bruno Merz
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Tail Dependence ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dependence Structure ◽  
Spatial Homogeneity

<p>Flooding is a major problem worldwide causing many fatalities and economic losses. The quantification of flood risk can be difficult for large spatial scales due to its spatial variability. The traditional risk assessment approaches assuming unrealistic spatial homogeneity of flood return period for the entire catchment are often used and hence in many cases lead to misleading results especially for large-scale applications. In this study, we aim at investigating the influences of spatial dependence in flood risk estimation over national and continental scales by comparing the assessments under three spatial dependence assumptions: modelled dependence (MD), complete dependence (CD) and complete independence (CI) of flow return periods. In order to achieve the aim, we develop a copula-based model representing the dependence structure of annual maximum stream flow (AMS) at 507 stations (with basin area > 500km2) across Europe and use it to generate long-term (10000 years) spatially coherent AMS at these locations. The generated series at multiple sites are then used for estimating associated flood loss considering two levels (with and without) of flood protection. The flood risk is estimated and aggregated for the representative 3 regions (England, Germany and Europe) and for the three dependence assumptions considering also the role of tail dependence of the used copulas. The results highlight that ignoring spatial dependence misestimates flood risk. The deviation from the modelled risk (under-/over-estimation) depends differently on the assumptions of spatial dependence, tail dependence, flood protection level and spatial scales. For example, under CD assumption for 200-year return period and considering flood protection, approximately 2.5-, 3- and 3.5-fold overestimation of flood risk in England, Germany and Europe, respectively, is found.</p>

scholarly journals Attitudes of administrative decision-makers towards nature-based solutions for flood risk management in Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leopold Tafel ◽  
Edward Ott ◽  
Mario Brillinger ◽  
Christoph Schulze ◽  
Barbara Schröter
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Q Methodology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Flood Risk Management ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Floodplain Restoration ◽  
New Concepts

AbstractOver the last two decades, alternative and holistic concepts, such as Nature-based Solutions (NbS) were introduced and adopted by policy-makers, including to the field of flood protection, thereby causing a paradigm shift towards flood risk management. The inclusion of natural water retention measures (NWRM) such as dike relocation and floodplain restoration into the German guidelines for flood protection institutionalized the new concepts in Germany. Whereas small scale NbS and the affected population have already been subject to thorough scientific research, large-scale NbS and the decision-makers assigned with the measure’s implementation have yet to be studied. How do administrative decision-makers perceive the new approach and measures? Are there particular attitudes among the decision-makers regarding NbS? Which aspects of implementing large-scale NbS influence possible attitudes? Which hurdles do decision-makers concern for the implementation of the new concepts? This paper investigates these questions on the example of dike relocation and floodplain restoration using Q-methodology with administrative decision-makers of flood protection authorities in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. The consecutive statistical analysis unveiled three significant viewpoints among the decision-makers. The viewpoints/attitudes were classified as 1. The Convinced, 2. The Concerned and, 3. The Evaluators, defined by varying and individual concerns on the implementation of dike relocation and floodplain restoration. Hereby, this study delivers insights on large-scale NbS as well as on the issues of their implementation.

Small-Scale Science to Large-Scale Profession

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale

Development of Physics Learning Module Based on Guided Inquiry with Light Wave Material in Class XI of Senior High School

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Evi Rahmawati ◽  
Irnin Agustina Dwi Astuti ◽  
N Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Teacher Response ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Scientific Skills

IPA Integrated is a place for students to study themselves and the surrounding environment applied in daily life. Integrated IPA Learning provides a direct experience to students through the use and development of scientific skills and attitudes. The importance of integrated IPA requires to pack learning well, integrated IPA integration with the preparation of modules combined with learning strategy can maximize the learning process in school. In SMP 209 Jakarta, the value of the integrated IPA is obtained from 34 students there are 10 students completed and 24 students are not complete because they get the value below the KKM of 68. This research is a development study with the development model of ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The use of KPS-based integrated IPA modules (Science Process sSkills) on the theme of rainbow phenomenon obtained by media expert validation results with an average score of 84.38%, average material expert 82.18%, average linguist 75.37%. So the average of all aspects obtained by 80.55% is worth using and tested to students. The results of the teacher response obtained 88.69% value with excellent criteria. Student responses on a small scale acquired an average score of 85.19% with highly agreed criteria and on the large-scale student response gained a yield of 86.44% with very agreed criteria. So the module can be concluded receiving a good response by the teacher and students.

Planetary gentrification and urban (re)development

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Lees
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bùi Thị Bích Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

Managing the impacts of mining on Ghana’s water resources from a legal perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasirudeen Abdul Fatawu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Legal Perspective

Recent floods in Ghana are largely blamed on mining activities. Not only are lives lost through these floods, farms andproperties are destroyed as a result. Water resources are diverted, polluted and impounded upon by both large-scale minersand small-scale miners. Although these activities are largely blamed on behavioural attitudes that need to be changed, thereare legal dimensions that should be addressed as well. Coincidentally, a great proportion of the water resources of Ghana arewithin these mining areas thus the continual pollution of these surface water sources is a serious threat to the environmentand the development of the country as a whole. The environmental laws need to be oriented properly with adequate sanctionsto tackle the impacts mining has on water resources. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure needs to bestreamlined and undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and not the company itself.

RANCANG BANGUN PERANGKAT EKSPERIMENTASI PROSES PIROLISIS BIOMASA GELOMBANG MIKRO

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Fachrizal
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Continuous Model ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Laboratory Apparatus ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Large Scale Model ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass

Biomass such as agriculture waste and urban waste are enormous potency as energy resources instead of enviromental problem. organic waste can be converted into energy in the form of liquid fuel, solid, and syngas by using of pyrolysis technique. Pyrolysis process can yield higher liquid form when the process can be drifted into fast and flash response. It can be solved by using microwave heating method. This research is started from developing an experimentation laboratory apparatus of microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass energy conversion system, and conducting preliminary experiments for gaining the proof that this method can be established for driving the process properly and safely. Modifying commercial oven into laboratory apparatus has been done, it works safely, and initial experiments have been carried out, process yields bio-oil and charcoal shortly, several parameters are achieved. Some further experiments are still needed for more detail parameters. Theresults may be used to design small-scale continuous model of productionsystem, which then can be developed into large-scale model that applicable for comercial use.

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