scholarly journals Category Theory as Interpretation Law Model in Artificial Intelligence Era

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Lambrini Seremeti ◽  
◽  
Ioannis Kougias ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Category Theory ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
The Core ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Micro Level

Nowadays, artificial intelligence entities operate autonomously and they actively participate in everyday social activities. At a macro-perspective, they play the role of mediator between people and their actions, as components of the fundamental structure of every social activity. At a micro-perspective, they can be considered as fixed critical points whose hypostasis is not subject to established legal framework. A key point is that embedding artificial intelligence entities in everyday activities may maximize legal uncertainty both at the macro and micro-level, as well as at the interim phase, i.e., the switch between the two levels. In this paper, we adapt a well-known concept from Category Theory, namely that of the pushout, in order to approximate the core interpretation legal framework of such activities, by considering each level as an open system. The purpose of using Systems Theory in combination with Category Theory is to introduce a mathematical approach to uniquely interpret complex legal social activities and to show that this novel area of artificially enhanced activities is of prime and practical importance and significance to law and computer science practitioners.

Articulating the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Collective Intelligence: A Transactive Systems Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 670-674
Author(s):  
Pranav Gupta ◽  
Anita Williams Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Cognitive Architectures ◽  
The Core ◽  
Systems Framework

Human society faces increasingly complex problems that require coordinated collective action. Artificial intelligence (AI) holds the potential to bring together the knowledge and associated action needed to find solutions at scale. In order to unleash the potential of human and AI systems, we need to understand the core functions of collective intelligence. To this end, we describe a socio-cognitive architecture that conceptualizes how boundedly rational individuals coordinate their cognitive resources and diverse goals to accomplish joint action. Our transactive systems framework articulates the inter-member processes underlying the emergence of collective memory, attention, and reasoning, which are fundamental to intelligence in any system. Much like the cognitive architectures that have guided the development of artificial intelligence, our transactive systems framework holds the potential to be formalized in computational terms to deepen our understanding of collective intelligence and pinpoint roles that AI can play in enhancing it.

scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF ISLAMIC SOCIAL REPORTING: VIEWED FROM ISLAMIC POSITION IN THE CONTINUUM SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Bayu Tri Cahya ◽  
Farida Rohmah
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Social Reporting ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Corporate Reporting ◽  
Community Expectations ◽  
The Continuum

Islamic Social Reporting (ISR) is a form of reporting on social activities based on spiritual principles and community expectations holistically related to the role of companies in society and  the environment.  This  article analyzes  the evolution  and  implementation  of  Islamic Social Reporting. This study was conducted with a literature study by reviewing the empirical evidence of previous research and the legal framework used as the foundation. This study reviews the evolution of the Islamic Social Reporting literature in an effort to evaluate its current position. From the review, it is proven that companies who implement the reporting of social activities presented in the company's annual report have been at the strategic level of  the  Islamic  responsibility  continuum.  Where  the  level  of  corporate  reporting  in  this category, indicates that the company has fulfilled the principle of social responsibility. The Strategic level itself includes altruistic responsibilities such as contributive actions to the community, providing decent wages to employees, conservation of the environment, so that long-term expectations can increase credibility and the level of trust of its stakeholders. Keywords: Islamic Social Reporting, Spiritual Perspective, Responsibilities.

scholarly journals The Role of the Social Capital of an Individual in the Formation of the Quality of Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Valentina A. Sushko ◽  
Gennadi B. Pronchev
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Individual

The article examines the influence of social capital on the quality of life of the Russian population and its particular components. The authors point to the problem associated with the social capital of the individual and determine the levels, namely the micro-level (interaction of individuals), meso-level (interaction with organizations), and macro-level (interaction with government bodies, etc.), which form the social capital. In the course of the analysis, the authors reveal the theoretical and methodological approaches of foreign and Russian scientists to the concept of social capital and its components. Based on empirical data from sociological research conducted in 2019, the article analyzes the structure of values of the adult population of Russia, highlights the characteristics of social capital and the degree of their influence on the formation of the quality of life. In the course of the research, the authors focus on the micro-level of the formation and influence of social capital, highlighting such components as a social activity and material security of an individual. In the course of the study, it was found that the social capital of a person affects the quality of a person's life, to a certain extent, forming the circle of his/her interests and values, as well as providing real opportunities for the realization of the interests of the individual and meeting his/her needs. The obtained results of the analysis can be useful for further study of the quality of life.

scholarly journals Foreign economic cooperation between St. Petersburg and Denmark in the 21st century: Main trends, problems, prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-70
Author(s):  
Irina Novikova ◽  
◽  
Dmitry Popov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Faroe Islands ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
The Impact

Russian-Danish economic cooperation has a long and rich history, in which St. Petersburg, due to its geographical location, has always played an important role. The study of the role of large megacities in national foreign economic policy is now of great scientific and practical importance. The authors of this article attempt to examine the economic sphere of paradiplomacy based on the example of St. Petersburg. The article analyzes the legal framework for economic cooperation between St. Petersburg and Denmark, trade and investment cooperation, determines the place of St. Petersburg in the total trade turnover of Russia with Denmark, and the importance of Danish exports and imports for St. Petersburg’s economy. Special attention is paid to the period 2014–2020, namely, the impact of the sanctions regime on Danish and St. Petersburg economic cooperation, as well as the new role of the Danish autonomous regions — the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The authors determine that there were no drastic changes in the economic interaction between St. Petersburg and Denmark after the introduction of sanctions. Although the counter-sanctions reduced the supply of Danish food products, the export of St. Petersburg goods to Denmark increased. The vacuum created by the reduction in the supply of Danish products was filled by enterprising residents of the Faroe Islands, who are not members of the European Union (EU). St. Petersburg has become one of the key centers of consumption of Faroese fish and seafood. The main obstacles to the development of economic cooperation between St. Petersburg and Denmark remain: value differences between the Russian Federation and the EU, the sanctions regime, an outdated regulatory framework, and a high degree of distrust between partners, which is beginning to affect the pragmatic sphere of the economy. The global economic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic also has a negative impact on economic cooperation between St. Petersburg and Denmark. However, the epidemic opens up new opportunities for cooperation in areas that were on the periphery of Danish-Russian economic relations: digitalization of the economy and education, urbanism and the implementation of the ideas of a “smart city”, cooperation in the field of pharmaceuticals and medical technologies, and cybersecurity.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Lockdown and Creativity: Exploring the Role of Emotions and Motivation on Creative Activities From the Chinese and German Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Hofreiter ◽  
Xiang Zhou ◽  
Min Tang ◽  
Christian H. Werner ◽  
James C. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Negative Mood ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Core ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
German Cities

For much of 2020, countries around the world fought against the COVID-19 pandemic. Many countries went into lockdown to control the fast spread of the virus. The unusual restrictions and confinement of the lockdown brought about new challenges for people’s everyday lives. With flexibility, adaptability, and problem-solving at the core of its nature, creativity has the potential to help people cope with harsh and uncertain circumstances. Were people more, the same, or less creative in their everyday life during the period of lockdown, and in which ways? What are the emotions and motivations underlying their creative or non-creative behaviors? The current study aims to explore these questions from a cross-cultural perspective. A total of 754 comparable employee samples from three Chinese and three German cities were asked about their moods during the lockdown period, their self-rated level of creativity in daily lives before and during the lockdown, and their motivations behind their creative activities. Significant increases in creativity were observed in all everyday activities in both countries with only two exceptions in the German sample. Despite minor differences, a common pattern was found across cultures: whereas the activating positive mood could directly lead to the increase in creativity in some everyday activities, such a direct Mood-Creativity link was limited in the activating negative mood circumstances. In such circumstances, motivation intervened to enable the link to creativity. It was also found that this indirect effect of motivation between mood and creativity was more pronounced with the German participants.

scholarly journals Conformity Assessments and Post-market Monitoring: A Guide to the Role of Auditing in the Proposed European AI Regulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Mökander ◽  
Maria Axente ◽  
Federico Casolari ◽  
Luciano Floridi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Market Monitoring ◽  
Post Market ◽  
Regulatory Approach ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Point Of Reference

AbstractThe proposed European Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) is the first attempt to elaborate a general legal framework for AI carried out by any major global economy. As such, the AIA is likely to become a point of reference in the larger discourse on how AI systems can (and should) be regulated. In this article, we describe and discuss the two primary enforcement mechanisms proposed in the AIA: the conformity assessments that providers of high-risk AI systems are expected to conduct, and the post-market monitoring plans that providers must establish to document the performance of high-risk AI systems throughout their lifetimes. We argue that the AIA can be interpreted as a proposal to establish a Europe-wide ecosystem for conducting AI auditing, albeit in other words. Our analysis offers two main contributions. First, by describing the enforcement mechanisms included in the AIA in terminology borrowed from existing literature on AI auditing, we help providers of AI systems understand how they can prove adherence to the requirements set out in the AIA in practice. Second, by examining the AIA from an auditing perspective, we seek to provide transferable lessons from previous research about how to refine further the regulatory approach outlined in the AIA. We conclude by highlighting seven aspects of the AIA where amendments (or simply clarifications) would be helpful. These include, above all, the need to translate vague concepts into verifiable criteria and to strengthen the institutional safeguards concerning conformity assessments based on internal checks.

scholarly journals Critical Reflection on the Maltese Legal Framework and the Policy Documents in Relation to the Role of the Educational Leader

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Doreen Said Pace
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Style ◽  
Distributed Leadership ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Leadership Role ◽  
Educational Leader ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Core Business ◽  
The Core ◽  
Education Act

In Malta, the core role of the educational leader is to be a curricular leader whilst attending to student matters, teaching personnel, home-school-community links, administration and finance. Research recommends that such expectation can be best fulfilled through the adoption of a distributed leadership style. However, when analyzing the Maltese legal contextual background laid out in the Laws of Malta - Education Act, the subsequent Government documents and the job description for the post of Head of School (HOS) to identify whether the theoretical stance and what is requested in practice align, the findings indicate that the suggested styles in the legal framework do not align clearly well with the policy documents and the practice thus possibly creating certain conflicts and confusion. The point being made is that notwithstanding being knowledgeable about what should be the core business of the school leader if the laws state otherwise, then the educational practitioners will end in a dilemma between the theory and the practice. Consequently, here, it will be emphasized that the legal documentation’s expectations of the system guiding the work of the educational leaders should not only be adjourned but more importantly, should promote more the distributed leadership role more clearly and allow the school leaders to fulfill what they are expected to do by reducing, or better still, removing unnecessary administrative work that alienates them from their core business.

scholarly journals The role of mathematics in transdisciplinarity content of modern education

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-34
Author(s):  
V. A. Testov ◽  
E. A. Perminov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Discrete Mathematics ◽  
Mathematical Culture ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
Interdisciplinary Problems ◽  
Student Training

Introduction. In the context of modernisation in modern education, a deeper (by contrast to interdisciplinary) transdisciplinary level of cognition is becoming prevalent. Transdisciplinary level generates a universal methodology capable of addressing the complex multi-factorial interdisciplinary problems of nature and society. The result is transdisciplinary branches of science such as cybernetics, disaster theory, synergetics, artificial intelligence, big data, etc. All these concepts have been developed on the basis of the achievements of mathematics over the past 70-80 years, the era of mathematical sciences. As a consequence, mathematics has become the basis of the language of information technologies and processes, and, thereby, this science has given rise to a global digital transformation of society based on the use of the unique computer capabilities.The aim of the present research was to explore the role of mathematics in the transdisciplinary trend in updating the content of education with a view to bringing education to a higher (by contrast to interdisciplinary) level, based on the inclusion of modern mathematical theories and methods in the content of education and their applications depending on the direction and profile of the student training.Methodology and research methods. In the course of research, the systemic, cultural, and meta-subject approaches were employed to analyse the role of mathematics in education and to solve the transdisciplinary problems of education content modernisation (based on the most striking manifestations of modern mathematical culture). As a result of the synthesis of these approaches, a holistic scientific worldview emerges, which not only goes beyond the traditional disciplines and methods, but also appears above them.Results and scientific novelty. The analysis of transdisciplinary trend in postindustrial education was carried out. Mathematical and pedagogical aspects of the implementation of systemic, cultural and meta-subject approaches were investigated in order to achieve a higher level of educational process. At the same time, the authors justified the use of mathematical modelling, discrete mathematics, computational processes and artificial intelligence in the training, i.e. formation of a new superdisciplinary way of thinking in students, acquisition of a general cultural cognitive strategy to perform professional and transprofessional tasks.Practical importance. The findings of the current publication contribute to the realisation of the transdisciplinary trend in the content of student training, and will be of interest to both educational theorists and teachers, who train students in many fields. Moreover, this work will be useful for all those interested in the future advancement of the system of education. 

scholarly journals Trust in Public Relations in the Age of Mistrusted Media: A European Perspective

Publications ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Ángeles Moreno ◽  
Ralph Tench ◽  
Piet Verhoeven
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
General Public ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Management Communication ◽  
Top Executives ◽  
The Core ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Micro Level

One of the core problems of misinformation and post-trust societies is, indeed, trust in communications. The undermining of the credibility of media as the backbone of democratic societies is becoming a serious problem that affects democracy, business and all kinds of public institutions and organizations in society(ies). This paper explores perceptions of trust in key stakeholders involved in communication on behalf of organizations. Findings are considered at the professional (macro), departmental (meso) and individual (micro) level as well as considering the trusted role of non-specialist communicators for organizations including internal and external spokespeople. Data were collected from an online survey of 2883 respondents from 46 countries across Europe. Key findings were at the macro level that: antagonism between management communication professionals and journalists remains. The lowest trust in the profession is felt to be by the general public. At the meso level, top executives are perceived to trust the department the most followed by journalists in second place. External experts such as professors and consultants are perceived to be the most trusted by the general public. Finally, at the micro level individuals are more trusted than organizations or departments and the communication profession more widely.

scholarly journals Research on the Transition from Ginancial Accounting to Management Accounting in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
pp. 02033
Author(s):  
Xiaowen Shen
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Management Accounting ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
The Core ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
Efficient Information ◽  
Core Role ◽  
Big Data Technology

In the era of artificial intelligence, relying on the continuous and rapid development of big data technology can not only effectively promote the transformation of financial accounting to management accounting, but also can better play the core role of management accounting and further promote corporate strategic goals. achieve. Therefore, it is necessary for us to effectively adopt efficient information technology methods to actively and effectively promote the transformation of financial accounting to management accounting. This is conducive to better exerting the core efficiency of management accounting and further guiding the development and practice of enterprises.

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