Faculty Opinions recommendation of Expression profiling of constitutive mast cells reveals a unique identity within the immune system.

Immune system is the adaptive defense mechanism which is evolved in vertebrates to keep them from invading pathogenic microorganisms and cancer. In immune system consists of some specialized cells like: lymphocytes, neutrophils, NK cells, basophils, macrophages, eiosinophils, mast cells, etc.Ecotoxicology is a subdisicipline of environmental toxicology concerd with studing the damaging effects of toxicants at the population and nature. Environmental toxicants are simply toxic substances in the nature. Environmental toxicant which is effect on ecosystem very badly.In this paper we discuss that how environmental toxicant effect on immune system or immune cells.

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Glutamate triggers the expression of functional ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in mast cells

Cellular and Molecular Immunology ◽

10.1038/s41423-020-0421-z ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Md Abdul Alim ◽

Mirjana Grujic ◽

Paul W. Ackerman ◽

Per Kristiansson ◽

Pernilla Eliasson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mast Cell ◽

Immune System ◽

Mast Cells ◽

Glutamate Receptors ◽

Glutamate Receptor ◽

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽

Cell Function ◽

Metabotropic Glutamate ◽

Protein Levels

Abstract Mast cells are emerging as players in the communication between peripheral nerve endings and cells of the immune system. However, it is not clear the mechanism by which mast cells communicate with peripheral nerves. We previously found that mast cells located within healing tendons can express glutamate receptors, raising the possibility that mast cells may be sensitive to glutamate signaling. To evaluate this hypothesis, we stimulated primary mast cells with glutamate and showed that glutamate induced the profound upregulation of a panel of glutamate receptors of both the ionotropic type (NMDAR1, NMDAR2A, and NMDAR2B) and the metabotropic type (mGluR2 and mGluR7) at both the mRNA and protein levels. The binding of glutamate to glutamate receptors on the mast cell surface was confirmed. Further, glutamate had extensive effects on gene expression in the mast cells, including the upregulation of pro-inflammatory components such as IL-6 and CCL2. Glutamate also induced the upregulation of transcription factors, including Egr2, Egr3 and, in particular, FosB. The extensive induction of FosB was confirmed by immunofluorescence assessment. Glutamate receptor antagonists abrogated the responses of the mast cells to glutamate, supporting the supposition of a functional glutamate–glutamate receptor axis in mast cells. Finally, we provide in vivo evidence supporting a functional glutamate–glutamate receptor axis in the mast cells of injured tendons. Together, these findings establish glutamate as an effector of mast cell function, thereby introducing a novel principle for how cells in the immune system can communicate with nerve cells.

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Recognition Sites for Microbes and Components of the Immune System on Human Mast Cells: Relationship to CD Antigens and Implications for Host Defense

International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1177/039463200702000301 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 421-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

M. Mayerhofer ◽

K.J. Aichberger ◽

S. Florian ◽

P. Valent

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Mast Cells ◽

Host Defense ◽

Specific Ige ◽

Specific Cell ◽

Surface Binding ◽

Helminth Infections ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Current Article ◽

Allergic Disorders

Traditionally, mast cells (MCs) have been considered to play an important role in allergic disorders and helminth infections. More recently, MCs have been implicated in a variety of different infectious diseases including life-threatening disorders caused by viruses and bacteria. Apart from recognition through specific IgE, MCs are considered to recognize such bacteria and viruses via specific cell surface binding sites. In addition, MCs interact with diverse components and cells of the immune system and thereby may facilitate the targeting and the elimination of invading microbes in the tissues. The current article provides an overview on MC antigens contributing to microbe recognition and targeting as an important element of natural host-defense.

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Allergic Disease and Autoimmune Effectors Pathways

Developmental Immunology ◽

10.1080/1044667031000137638 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 161-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Menachem Rottem ◽

M. Eric Gershwin ◽

Yehuda Shoenfeld

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Mast Cells ◽

Cell Receptor ◽

Common Mechanism ◽

Common Disease ◽

Immune Reactivity ◽

Autoimmune Conditions ◽

Autoimmune Processes ◽

Effector Pathways

Allergy and autoimmunity result from dysregulation of the immune system. Until recently, it was generally accepted that the mechanisms that govern these disease processes are quite disparate; however, new discoveries suggest possible common pathogenetic effector pathways. This review illustrates the concomitant presentation of these conditions and the potential relationship or common mechanism in some cases, by looking at the key elements that regulate the immune response in both allergic and autoimmunite conditions: mast cells, antibodies, T cells, cytokines, and genetic determinants. The parallel appearance of allergic and autoimmune conditions in the some patients may reveal that such aberrations of the immune system have a common pathophysiologic mechanism. Mast cells, which play a key role in allergic reactions, and the wealth of inflammatory mediators they express, make it likely that they have profound effects on many autoimmune processes. Activation of protein kinases by inflammatory cytokines and environmental stresses may contribute to both allergic and autoimmune diseases. The presence of autoantibodies in some allergic conditions suggests an autoimmune basis for these conditions. Because of the central role T cells play in immune reactivity, the T-cell receptor (TCR) loci have long been considered important candidates for common disease susceptibility within the immune system such as asthma, atopy, and autoimmunity. Immunomodulation is the key to a successful treatment of allergic and autoimmune conditions.

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Effects of early life adversity on meningeal mast cells and proinflammatory gene expression in male and female Mus musculus

10.1101/2021.09.17.460793 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Natalia Duque-Wilckens ◽

Erika Sarno ◽

Robby E. Teis ◽

Frauke Stoelting ◽

Sonia Khalid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Mast Cell ◽

Immune System ◽

Mast Cells ◽

Early Life ◽

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Disease Susceptibility ◽

Early Life Adversity ◽

Male And Female ◽

The Brain

ABSTRACTExposure to early life adversity (ELA) in the form of physical and/or psychological abuse or neglect increases the risk of developing psychiatric and inflammatory disorders later in life. It has been hypothesized that exposure to ELA results in persistent, low grade inflammation that leads to increased disease susceptibility by amplifying the crosstalk between stress-processing brain networks and the immune system, but the mechanisms remain largely unexplored. The meninges, a layer of three overlapping membranes that surround the central nervous system (CNS)- duramater, arachnoid, and piamater – possess unique features that allow them to play a key role in coordinating immune trafficking between the brain and the peripheral immune system. These include a network of lymphatic vessels that carry cerebrospinal fluid from the brain to the deep cervical lymph nodes, fenestrated blood vessels that allow the passage of molecules from blood to the CNS, and a rich population of resident mast cells, master regulators of the immune system. Using a mouse model of ELA consisting of neonatal maternal separation plus early weaning (NMSEW), we sought to explore the effects of ELA on duramater mast cell histology and expression of inflammatory markers in male and female C57Bl/6 mice. We found that mast cell number, activation level, and relative expression of pseudopodia differ across duramater regions, and that NMSEW exerts region-specific effects on mast cells in males and females. Using gene expression analyses, we next found that NMSEW increases the expression of inflammatory markers in the duramater of females but not males, and that this is prevented by pharmacological inhibition of mast cells with ketotifen. Together, our results show that ELA drives sex-specific, long-lasting effects on the duramater mast cell population and immune-related gene expression, suggesting that the long-lasting effects of ELA on disease susceptibility could be partly mediated by meningeal function.

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Chronic Pain in the Elderly: The Case for New Therapeutic Strategies

January 2018 - Pain Physician ◽

10.36076/ppj.2015/18/e863 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5;18 (5;9) ◽

pp. E863-E876

Author(s):

Giustino Varrassi

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Neuropathic Pain ◽

Immune System ◽

Mast Cells ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Elderly Population ◽

Neuronal Cells ◽

Neuronal Cell ◽

The Elderly ◽

Narrative Review

Background: Elderly patients in general exhibit a higher incidence of chronic and neuropathic pain conditions. This group poses a particular clinical challenge due to age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic issues, comorbid conditions, and polypharmacy, as well as frailty and cognitive decline. Poor control of pain has consistently been identified as an issue for older people. The identification of safe and efficacious treatments for chronic pain remains a critical public health concern, especially considering the progressive increase of the world’s elderly population. Objectives: This narrative review deals with the principal alterations of the somatosensory system together with changes in non-neuronal cells in the course of aging. The possibility to control chronic pain based on an innovative strategy which addresses non-neuronal cell dysregulation control will also be discussed. Study Design: Narrative review. Results: Peripheral nerves display functional, structural, and biochemical changes with aging that mainly involve Aδ fibers. Alteration in the responses to heat pain in the middle insular cortex and primary somatosensory cortex are also observed in the elderly. In general, pain threshold increases with age while the threshold of pain tolerance remains unchanged or decreases. Additionally, other important modifications of the pain perception system in this age group consist in a clear reduction in the descending inhibitory capacity with an associated increase in central sensitization. Furthermore, different changes concern immune system cells, such as mast cells and microglia, that with age show an increase in their sensitivity to noxious stimuli and a decreased capability to be regulated by homeostatic endogenous systems. Since these cells are the primary interlocutors for pain neurons, their alterations lead to changes that promote persistent neuroinflammation, thereby impacting pain neuronal cell functionality. Limitation: This review is not an exhaustive review for the current evidence supporting the role of immune cells in influencing pain somatosensory neuron functions. It is also important to stress the small number of studies designed to determine the efficacy and safety of anti-pain therapies in elderly patients. Conclusion: Non-neuronal cells of immune system origin such as microglia and mast cells, along with astrocytes, are capable of influencing pain somatosensory neuron functions. These nervous system non-neuronal cells may thus be viewed as innovative targets for persistent pain control. Among therapies aiming at preserving the functionality of non-neuronal cells, palmitoylethanolamide, with its high efficacy/risk ratio, may be an excellent co-treatment for the ever-growing elderly population with chronic pain. Key words: Elderly, chronic and neuropathic pain, mast cells, glial cells, neuroinflammation, micronized and ultra-micronized palmitoylethanolamide

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The Effect of Trifolium, Raphanus, and Cistus Pollen Grains on Some Blood Parameters and Mesentery Mast Cells

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2006-5-619 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 61 (5-6) ◽

pp. 421-426 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dürdane Kolankaya ◽

Hakan Şentürkb ◽

Aslı Özkök Tüylü ◽

Sibel Hayretdağ ◽

Güldeniz Selmanoğlua ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mast Cell ◽

Immune System ◽

Mast Cells ◽

Cell Concentration ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Male Rats ◽

Strengthening Effect ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Cell Localization ◽

Cell Counts

Three kinds of pollen taxa belonging to 3 families (Fabaceae - Trifolium spp., Brassicaceae - Raphanus spp. and Cistaceae - Cistus spp.) and commonly collected by honeybees were fed to mature male rats separately, in the form of 60 mg/animal/day for a 30-day period. The objective of this study was to investigate any positive effects or possible side effects of the use of pollen on the immune system. This was achieved through blood analysis and cell count on blood, hemoglobin, erythrocyte and immune system cells. The cell concentration of mast cells, degranulization and cell localization were investigated in prepared mesentery tissue samples. Histological investigations of the stomach and duedenum sections of pollen-fed rats were carried out to learn the reason for eosinophil gastroenteritis in the alimentary canal. The eosinophil and lymphocyte levels of rats fed with pollen of Trifolium spp., Raphanus spp., and Cistus spp. were observed to have increased blood cell counts, while neutrophil and monocyte levels decreased; different values were found in basophil leucocytes between the pollen groups. Differing reductions in mesentery mast cell concentration, degranulization and cell localization were found. Within the three separate pollens, the rats having been fed with Cistus spp. pollen were observed to have higher blood lymphocyte, eosinophil, hemoglobin and hematocrit values than those fed with the others, as well as low mesentery mast cell concentration. Hemoglobin values were determined to increase at a proportion of between 10.0-11.3%. No difference was found in other blood parameters. The fat proportion of the male rats fed with the three taxa was between 4.03-8.75%, while that for protein proportion was between 16.11-24.25%. Male rats receiving these taxa did not experience allergic reactions and it is possible to argue that the low protein and fat content of these pollens have a strengthening effect on the immune systems by the increase in lymphocyte content and the amount of hemoglobin leads to an increase of oxygen transport capacity in the tissues.

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The role of the immune system in tendon healing: a systematic review

British Medical Bulletin ◽

10.1093/bmb/ldz040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 133 (1) ◽

pp. 49-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Emanuele Chisari ◽

Laura Rehak ◽

Wasim S Khan ◽

Nicola Maffulli

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Mast Cells ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Tendon Healing ◽

Risk Of Bias ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Healing Response

Abstract Introduction The role of the immune system in tendon healing relies on polymorphonucleocytes, mast cells, macrophages and lymphocytes, the ‘immune cells’ and their cytokine production. This systematic review reports how the immune system affects tendon healing. Sources of data We registered our protocol (registration number: CRD42019141838). After searching PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases, we included studies of any level of evidence published in peer-reviewed journals reporting clinical or preclinical results. The PRISMA guidelines were applied, and risk of bias and the methodological quality of the included studies were assessed. We excluded all the articles with high risk of bias and/or low quality after the assessment. We included 62 articles assessed as medium or high quality. Areas of agreement Macrophages are major actors in the promotion of proper wound healing as well as the resolution of inflammation in response to pathogenic challenge or tissue damage. The immune cells secrete cytokines involving both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors which could affect both healing and macrophage polarization. Areas of controversy The role of lymphocytes, mast cells and polymorphonucleocytes is still inconclusive. Growing points The immune system is a major actor in the complex mechanism behind the healing response occurring in tendons after an injury. A dysregulation of the immune response can ultimately lead to a failed healing response. Areas timely for developing research Further studies are needed to shed light on therapeutic targets to improve tendon healing and in managing new way to balance immune response.

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