scholarly journals Biosimilars in Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 779-782
Author(s):  
Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
The Other ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Economic Pressure ◽  
Biological Drugs ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living Organisms

Biological drugs are manufactured via some changes made to the living organisms by genetic engineering. Notably, biological drugs are very expensive and their importation can impose economic pressure, especially on poorer countries. Thereafter, manufacturing these drugs has been considered by policymakers in many countries, resulting in the production of biosimilars. Iran requires a wide range of biological drugs due to the growing number of patients with multiple sclerosis. On the other hand, the poor economic situation of Iran due to repeated sanctions has had a great impact on the health care system, which has prevented the allocation of sufficient financial resources in this regard. Therefore, manufacturing biosimilar drugs due to their lower cost has received much attention in various fields of treatment.

scholarly journals Challenges Facing Financial Inclusion Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Tea Kasradze
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Financial Products ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poor Population

Financial inclusion is often considered as an access to financial resources for the wide public and small and medium-sized businesses, although it is a much broader concept and includes a wide range of access to quality financial products and services, including loans, deposit services, insurance, pensions and payment systems. Mechanisms for protecting the rights of consumers of financial products and services are also considered to be subject to financial inclusion. Financial inclusion acquires great importance during the pandemic and post-pandemic period. The economic crisis caused by the pandemic is particularly painful for low-income vulnerable population. A large part of the poor population who were working informally has lost source of income due to lockdown from the pandemic. Remittances have also been reduced / minimized, as the remitters had also lost jobs and are unable to send money home. Today, when people die from Coronavirus disease, it may be awkward to talk about the financial side of a pandemic, but the financial consequences can be far-reaching if steps are not taken today to ensure access to and inclusion of financial resources. The paper examines the impact of the pandemic on financial inclusion and the responses of the governments and the financial sectors to the challenge of ensuring the financial inclusion of the poor population and small and medium enterprises.

scholarly journals Polymer-CMOS Hybrid Neural Probes for Large-Scale Neuro-Electronic Interfacing

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (13) ◽  
pp. 1066
Author(s):  
Marko Bakula ◽  
Frederik Ceyssens ◽  
Robert Puers
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Bipolar Transistor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Probes ◽  
Input Devices ◽  
Interconnect Design ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Gold Bump

Achieving a stable, long-term connection with millions of neurons within living organisms remains one of the dreams of neuroscience. Silicon shank based probes lead the field in terms of pure channel count. On the other hand, polymer neural probes offer superior biocompatibility, ruggedness and lower cost. This work tries to merge these technologies while exploring new electronic and interconnect design methods, ultimately yielding a prototype of a polymer-CMOS hybrid neural probe with a gold bump interconnect along with an electronic design based on bipolar transistor input devices, pseudo-capacitive AC coupling and in-pixel digitization.

scholarly journals Analysis of the assortment of plasma-derived products on Ukraine pharmaceutical market

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
O.O. Saliy ◽  
M.E. Popova ◽  
T.A. Palchevska ◽  
G.V. Tarasenko
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Biological Drugs ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
Electronic Resource ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range

Increasing number of patients, who suffers from diseases such as immunodeficiency, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, various congenital blood clotting disorders stimulate an increase in the pharmaceutical market in the number of drugs for treating these diseases. Providing high-quality, effective and safe drugs, obtained from blood is an urgent issue that can save lives. The purpose of the work was to study the range of biological drugs containing active substances obtained from human and animal blood plasma and analyze the segment of these drugs on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine for 2020. To study this segment, was used data from the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine, the information retrieval program «Morion» and the ATX classification system of the electronic resource Compendium.online. Research methods: structural, statistical, graphic, generalization and systematization. Established, that the segment of biologic drugs, derived from human and animal blood plasma, at the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market, are represented by 100 trade names of drugs, where 23% of the studied market segment is occupied by domestic manufacturers. The leaders of importing countries are Austria (31%) and Sweden (13%). Analysis of the nomenclature found, that the most common drug dosage form are lyophilized powders for injection and infusion solution (52%) and solutions for injection and infusion (35%). Studies have shown, that the active ingredient in the largest share of blood products is the coagulation factor of human blood VIII (36% of the total assortment). The range of drugs produced using plasma of animal origin is limited, makes up only 14% and is represented by preparations of immunoglobulins (horse, rabbit) and drugs containing deproteinization of dialysate from calf blood. The lack of domestic technologies for obtaining PDMPs from cattle plasma (RED) with a sufficient number of cattle was determined. Obtained data show, that blood is a strategic raw material for the production of a wide range of drugs for the treatment of diseases of various etiologies, interruptions in the blood supply can lead to regional and global deficiency of the main PDMPs, therefore, the development of drugs based on blood is relevant and promising.

Comparison of Electroimmunodiffusion and Radial Immunodiffusion for Measurement of IgG in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1441-1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Joseph Perry ◽  
Patrick F Bray ◽  
Theodore N Hackett
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radial Immunodiffusion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Two Samples

Abstract The detection of a supranormal quantity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in cerebrospinal fluid is valuable in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. In a previously published study of over 300 patients, including 46 patients with a clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, 74% of the patients were found to have an abnormally high IgG value, expressed as a ratio of IgG/albumin, by the reliable method of electroimmunodiffusion. In the present study the recently introduced method of radial immunodiffusion was compared with established electroimmunodiffusion technique in divided samples of cerebrospinal fluid from 49 patients with a wide range of IgG/albumin values. The correlation of the results obtained by these two methods was very good (r = 0.945), but the variance with radial immunodiffusion (±20%) is greater than with electroimmunodiffusion (±15%). Two samples that exhibited increased values by the electroimmunodiffusion method were normal with the other technique. We conclude that electroimmunodiffusion remains a slightly more accurate and sensitive technique, although radial immunodiffusion is simpler and requires less technician time.

Pharmacotherapy Update: Risperidone in the Treatment of Schizophrenia

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. CMT.S1123
Author(s):  
Michele Raja
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Favorable Safety ◽  
Extensive Clinical Experience

The paper is a review of the clinical use of risperidone, an antipsychotic introduced in the treatment of schizophrenia in 1994. Randomized controlled trials, naturalistic studies and extensive clinical experience have definitively shown strong efficacy and effectiveness of risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. On the basis of available evidence, no other antipsychotic drug has shown superior clinical effectiveness in the treatment of psychotic disorders, with the significant exception of clozapine. The wide use of risperidone in the last 15 years has confirmed a favorable safety index. Some features of risperidone render it uniquely useful in the management of psychotic disorders, including a very wide range of dosage, availability in liquid and long-term injectable forms. Finally, the drug is currently available in generic form, at lower cost. However, risperidone presents major limitations. A substantial number of patients with psychotic symptoms do not respond to risperidone, whatever its dose. Most of these patients will need clozapine. For some risperidone treated patients, extrapyramidal side effects remain a serious concern. Weight gain, metabolic syndrome, and hyperprolactinemia related side effects are frequent and may be severe, unacceptable, and even dangerous in some patients.

Age- and sex-related bone uptake of Tc-99m-HDP measured by whole-body bone scanning

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (05) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Sieweke ◽  
K. H. Bohuslavizki ◽  
W. U. Kampen ◽  
M. Zuhayra ◽  
M. Clausen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Bone Uptake ◽  
Normal Bone ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bone Scans ◽  
Body Bone

Summary Aim of this study was to validate a recently introduced new and easy-to-perform method for quantifying bone uptake of Tc-99m-labelled diphosphonate in a routine clinical setting and to establish a normal data base for bone uptake depending on age and gender. Methods: In 49 women (14-79 years) and 47 men (6-89 years) with normal bone scans as well as in 49 women (33-81 years) and 37 men (27-88 years) with metastatic bone disease whole-body bone scans were acquired at 3 min and 3-4 hours p.i. to calculate bone uptake after correction for both urinary excretion and soft tissue retention. Results: Bone uptake values of various age-related subgroups showed no significant differences between men and women (p >0.05 ). Furthermore, no differences could be proven between age-matched subgroups of normals and patients with less than 10 metastatic bone lesions, while patients with wide-spread bone metastases revealed significantly increased uptake values. In both men and women highest bone uptake was obtained (p <0.05 ) in subjects younger than 20 years with active epiphyseal growth plates. In men, bone uptake slowly decreased with age up to 60 years and then showed a tendency towards increasing uptake values. In women, the mean uptake reached a minimun in the decade 20-29 years and then slowly increased with a positive linear correlation of age and uptake in subjects older than 55 years (r = 0.57). Conclusion: Since the results proposed in this study are in good agreement with data from literature, the new method used for quantification could be validated in a large number of patients. Furthermore, age- and sexrelated normal bone uptake values of Tc-99m-HDP covering a wide range of age could be presented for this method as a basis for further studies on bone uptake.

2D Color-Intensity Representation of Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge Measurements

2020 ◽  
pp. 1192-1198
Author(s):  
M.S. Mohammad ◽  
Tibebe Tesfaye ◽  
Kim Ki-Seong
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thickness Gauge ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Digital Readout ◽  
Flat Surfaces ◽  
Video Cameras ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Ultrasonic Thickness

Ultrasonic thickness gauges are easy to operate and reliable, and can be used to measure a wide range of thicknesses and inspect all engineering materials. Supplementing the simple ultrasonic thickness gauges that present results in either a digital readout or as an A-scan with systems that enable correlating the measured values to their positions on the inspected surface to produce a two-dimensional (2D) thickness representation can extend their benefits and provide a cost-effective alternative to expensive advanced C-scan machines. In previous work, the authors introduced a system for the positioning and mapping of the values measured by the ultrasonic thickness gauges and flaw detectors (Tesfaye et al. 2019). The system is an alternative to the systems that use mechanical scanners, encoders, and sophisticated UT machines. It used a camera to record the probe’s movement and a projected laser grid obtained by a laser pattern generator to locate the probe on the inspected surface. In this paper, a novel system is proposed to be applied to flat surfaces, in addition to overcoming the other limitations posed due to the use of the laser projection. The proposed system uses two video cameras, one to monitor the probe’s movement on the inspected surface and the other to capture the corresponding digital readout of the thickness gauge. The acquired images of the probe’s position and thickness gauge readout are processed to plot the measured data in a 2D color-coded map. The system is meant to be simpler and more effective than the previous development.

Óscar Romero and the Politics of Sainthood

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-291
Author(s):  
Manuel A. Vasquez ◽  
Anna L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil War ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
The Other ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Holy See ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Face ◽  
Crisis Of Modernity ◽  
The One

In this article, we explore the debates surrounding the proposed canonization of Archbishop Oscar Romero, an outspoken defender of human rights and the poor during the civil war in El Salvador, who was assassinated in March 1980 by paramilitary death squads while saying Mass. More specifically, we examine the tension between, on the one hand, local and popular understandings of Romero’s life and legacy and, on the other hand, transnational and institutional interpretations. We argue that the reluctance of the Vatican to advance Romero’s canonization process has to do with the need to domesticate and “privatize” his image. This depoliticization of Romero’s work and teachings is a part of a larger agenda of neo-Romanization, an attempt by the Holy See to redeploy a post-colonial and transnational Catholic regime in the face of the crisis of modernity and the advent of postmodern relativism. This redeployment is based on the control of local religious expressions, particularly those that advocate for a more participatory church, which have proliferated with contemporary globalization

p-Sulfonic acid calix[n]arene catalyzed synthesis of bioactive heterocycles: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bubun Banerjee ◽  
Gurpreet Kaur ◽  
Navdeep Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Supramolecular Chemistry ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
Bioactive Scaffolds ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
Bioactive Heterocycles

: Metal-free organocatalysts are becoming an important tool for the sustainable developments of various bioactive heterocycles. On the other hand, during last two decades, calix[n]arenes have been gaining considerable attention due to their wide range of applicability in the field of supramolecular chemistry. Recently, sulfonic acid functionalized calix[n] arenes are being employed as an efficient alternative catalyst for the synthesis of various bioactive scaffolds. In this review we have summarized the catalytic efficiency of p-sulfonic acid calix[n]arenes for the synthesis of diverse biologically promising scaffolds under various reaction conditions. There is no such review available in the literature showing the catalytic applicability of p-sulfonic acid calix[n]arenes. Therefore, we strongly believe that this review will surely attract those researchers who are interested about this fascinating organocatalyst.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Seligmann
Keyword(s):  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Push Forward ◽  
The Common

As this book has shown the common conception that ‘Churchill’s “radical phase” was cast to the winds’ when he was put in charge of the Navy in October 1911, although well established in the literature, is not, in fact, accurate.1 The radical President of the Board of Trade, eager to improve the lives of the poor, became the radical Home Secretary, no less enthusiastic for social reform, who then became the radical First Lord of the Admiralty, imbued with both a desire and, perhaps more importantly, a will to intervene in order to better conditions for those who served in the Royal Navy. Accordingly, he embarked upon a major programme of improvement across a wide range of different areas all of which affected the everyday life of sailors. Alcohol intake, sexual behaviour, religious practice, corporal punishment, as well as pay and equality of progression, all came under the spotlight while Churchill was First Lord. Of course, not all of the new measures were successful and not all were progressive in the modern understanding of the term, but all of them represented significant attempts to push forward a radical agenda for change....

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