Opium dependence and the potential impact of changes in treatment coverage level: A dynamic modeling study

Background: The most common drug, illegally used in Iran is opium. The treatment of people with substance use disorder is one of the most important strategies in reducing its burden. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different increasing and decreasing opium treatment coverage on the patterns of abstinence, transition to heroin dependence and mortality, over 30 years. Methods: This study was a dynamic compartmental modeling conducted in three stages: 1) presenting a conceptual model of opium dependence treatment in Iran, 2) estimating model’s parameters value, and 3) modeling of opium dependence treatment and examining the outcomes for different treatment coverage scenarios. The input parameters of the model were extracted from the literature, and secondary data analysis, which were finalized in expert panels. Results: The number of opium dependence will increase from 1180550 to 1522063 [28.93% (95% CI: 28.6 to 29.2)] over 30 years. With a 25% decrease in coverage compared to the status quo, the number of deaths will increase by 459 cases [3.28% (95% CI: 0.91 to 5.7)] in the first year, and this trend will continue to be 2989 cases [15.63% (95% CI: 13.4 to 17.9)] in the 30th year. A 25% increase in treatment coverage causes a cumulative decrease of heroin dependence by 14451 cases [10.1% (95% CI: 9.5 to 10.8)] in the first decade. Conclusion: The modeling showed that the treatment coverage level reduction has a greater impact than the coverage level increase in the country and any amount of reduction in the coverage level, even to a small extent, may have a large negative impact in the long run.

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DOES LESS CORRUPTION REDUCE INCOME INEQUALITY IN INDONESIA?

Jurnal Tata Kelola & Akuntabilitas Keuangan Negara ◽

10.28986/jtaken.v4i2.193 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Azwar Iskandar

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Dynamic Error ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Social Spending ◽

Transparency International ◽

Distributed Lag ◽

Long Run ◽

Major Disaster

It is widely believed that corruption is a cause of income inequality and a barrier to successful its eradication. It undermines the efforts of developing countries, including Indonesia to alleviate income inequality. It is also argued that the increased inequality caused by corruption worsens the position of the poorest people in a society as it reduces public resources available for social spen-ding of government. In addition, corruption might have a negative impact on the quality and quantity of public services, such as education and health services. This study designed to know the long run and short run impacts of corruption on inequality of income. The study uses secondary data from World Bank and Transparency International then Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and dynamic Error Correction Model (ECM) during the year of 1995-2017. The results of study indicate that corruption has significant effects on the level of income inequality both in the short and long run. The negative implication of corruption on citizensâ€™ life is a major disaster in the economy and harmful to the growth and development of the people in Indonesian particularly, and the economy in general. The simple Pearson correlation findings also indicate that corruption has significant distributional consequences by affecting government expenditures. Therefore, the raise of corruption increases income inequality as it reduces the effectiveness of government spending on education, health and final consumption for society. Thus, it can be concluded that for the Indonesian context, an increased inequality due to corruption has worsened the position of the poorest as less resources available for social spending.

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Trade Openness Effect on Income Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia

Signifikan Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi ◽

10.15408/sjie.v7i1.5527 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Lestari Agusalim ◽

Fanny Suzuda Pohan

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Income Inequality ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Forecast Error ◽

Trade Openness ◽

Impulse Response Function ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Error Variance ◽

Long Run ◽

Forecast Error Variance

This research analyzed the effect of international trade openness to income inequality in Indonesia using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The data used is the secondary data, which are the export-import value, gross domestic product (GDP), GDP per capita, open unemployment rate, and Gini index. The results of this study indicate that in the short term the trade openness has negative impact significantly on the income inequality. However, in the long-run, it does not show any significant effect in decreasing the income inequality rate. The impulse response function (IRF) concluded that income inequality gives a positive response, except on the third year. Based on the forecast error variance decomposition (FEDV), the trade openness does not provide any significant contribution in effecting the income inequality in Indonesia, but economic growth does. Nevertheless, in long-term, the economic growth makes the income inequality getting worse than in the short-term.DOI: 10.15408/sjie.v7i1.5527

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Liquidity and The Profitability of Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria

Applied Finance and Accounting ◽

10.11114/afa.v5i2.4477 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 68

Author(s):

Gideon Tayo AKINLEYE ◽

Joseph Segun OGUNLEYE

Keyword(s):

Manufacturing Industry ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Random Effect ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Manufacturing Firms ◽

Annual Reports ◽

Coefficient Estimate ◽

Current Ratio ◽

Long Run ◽

Financial Liquidity

This study examined the relationship between liquidity and profitability of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study specifically analyzed the effect of cash ratio, current ratio and quick ratio on profit after tax of the manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Secondary data were collected from annual reports of sampled firms over a period of ten years (2007-2016) and were analyzed using panel data estimators such as pooled OLS estimator, fixed effect estimator, random effect estimator, Hausman test, panel co-integration and pooled granger causality tests. The findings revealed that financial liquidity proxy in terms of quick ratio (QR) had a negative and insignificant impact on profit after tax with coefficient estimate of -0.094121 (p=0.2247 > 0.05). Financial liquidity measured in terms of Cash ratio (CR) exert positive and significant impact on profit after tax with coefficient estimate of 0.379774 (p=0.0121< 0.05). Result also showed that financial liquidity measured in terms of Current ratio (CNR) exert insignificant negative impact on profit after tax with coefficient estimate of -0.024989 (p=0.1163 > 0.05). Meanwhile the study revealed that quick ratio (QR), cash ratio (CR) and current ratio (CNR) has 0.581533 (58.1%) variation in profit after tax (PAT). Result further revealed that that there is no long-run relationship between liquidity and profitability of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study concluded that financial liquidity has helped to improve financial performance selected manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Also, that cash ratio has positive and significant effect on the profitability of manufacturing Firms in Nigeria. Thus, firms in the manufacturing industry should objectively try to reduce their bill receivable, so as to guide against waiting longer to collect from customers, for the purpose of increasing their profitability.

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Role of Capital Formation and Saving in Promoting Economic Growth in Nepal: An ARDL Bound Testing Approach

Archives of Current Research International ◽

10.9734/acri/2021/v21i130220 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Arjun Kumar Dahal ◽

Ananta Jiban Luitel

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Capital Formation ◽

Fiscal Year ◽

Data Processing Software ◽

Normality Test ◽

Long Run ◽

Testing Error ◽

Data Points

This study examines the relation and impact of gross capital formation and gross national saving on Nepal's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is based on the secondary data taken from various economics survey of Nepal and other published sources covering 33 data points from the fiscal year 1987/88 to 2019/20. Descriptive and empirical research designs examine the relation between GDP, gross capital formation, and gross national saving. The EViews 10 data processing software is used. Some econometrics tools like mean, dispersion, ARDL bound testing, error correction model, heteroskedasticity, serial correlation test, normality test, CUSUM test, and CUSUM square test are used. There is a long-run positive relationship between GDP and gross capital formation and gross national saving. The gross capital formation and gross national saving are individually and jointly significant to explain GDP in the long run, but there is a negative impact on regressors' GDP. Capital formation and saving positively impact GDP. Still, the effectiveness is not found satisfactory because a one percent increase in capital formation only increases GDP by 0.267 per cent. So, the saving amount must be utilized in the productive sector. The author of the research is not affected by the other researchers' findings, tools, and methods.

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THE APPLICATION OF PREVIEW, READ, WRITE, AND RECITE (PRWR) METHOD TO IMPROVE STUDENT’S ACHIEVEMENT IN READING RECOUNT TEXT

10.24114/reg.v3i2.1128 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Rahmat Nasution And Rahmah

Keyword(s):

Secondary Data ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Primary Data ◽

Average Score ◽

First Year ◽

Generic Structure ◽

The Subject ◽

Minimum Criteria ◽

Main Ideas ◽

Orientation Test

The objective of this research is to find out whether the application Preview, Read,Write, and Recite (PRWR) method improve student’s achievement in readingrecount text. This research applied classroom action research model. This studywas done in six meetings. The subject of this study was first year of SMAN 1Delitua. Primary data were collected by giving 20 questions of multiple-choicetest, the aspects contained in the tests focused on generic structure, main ideas,factual information, and Secondary data were collected by (interview, observationsheet, and questionnaire sheet. Based on analysis data, it was found that thestudent’s achievement improved. It could be seen from the comparison of result inthe orientation test and the cycle test I and II. There were only 9 students who hadpassed minimum criteria KKM in orientation test (75). The improvement showedthat in cycle I and II, based on the total average score it was 16 (42,4%) up to 26(78,7%) in cycle II, The secondary data gathered from interview, observationsheet, and questionnaire sheet, showed that students’ expression and enthusiasticalso improved. Thus, it was found that the applications of Preview, Read, Write,and Recite (PRWR) method in process of teaching improved students’achievement in reading recount text. It is suggested that English teachers applyPRWR method in teaching reading recount text.

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Status of Food Security in Banten Province, Indonesia

10.31227/osf.io/fcvpm ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Weksi Budiaji

Keyword(s):

Population Dynamics ◽

Food Security ◽

Arable Land ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Disaster Risk ◽

Soil Types ◽

Indicator Variables ◽

Cereal Production ◽

The Status ◽

Vast Area

This paper discusses the status of food security in Banten Province, Indonesia based on regional and city characteristics. Secondary data is used and is analyzed descriptively covering population dynamics, the population living in poverty, cereal production, disaster risk and soil types. Tangerang Region is found to have the largest population with the greatest number of people living in poverty among the regions and cities in Banten Province. Cereal production is dominated by the regions rather than the cities due to their vast area. Regarding arable land, flooding is the most threatening disaster in the major rice producing areas. In order to identify the distributions of regions and cities regarding food security, three indicator variables of food security dimensions are plotted, namely, cereal normative consumption, proportion of the population living in poverty, and proportion of malnourished babies. The three regions of Pandeglang Region, Lebak Region and Serang Region are grouped together in a less secure group.

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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socio-economic and sustainability

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-021-14986-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xueli Wei ◽

Lijing Li ◽

Fan Zhang

Keyword(s):

World Economy ◽

Social Economy ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Well Being ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Social ◽

The World ◽

The Status ◽

Sectional Analysis ◽

The Impact

Pumping elephantThe COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the lives of people around the world in millions of ways . Due to this severe epidemic, all countries in the world have been affected by all aspects, mainly economic. It is widely discussed that the COVID-19 outbreak has affected the world economy. When considering this dimension, this study aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world economy, socio-economics, and sustainability. In addition, the research focuses on multiple aspects of social well-being during the pandemic, such as employment, poverty, the status of women, food security, and global trade. To this end, the study used time series and cross-sectional analysis of the data. The second-hand data used in this study comes from the websites of major international organizations. From the analysis of secondary data, the conclusion of this article is that the impact of the pandemic is huge. The main finding of the thesis is that the social economy is affected by the pandemic, causing huge losses in terms of economic well-being and social capital.

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A Comeback of Wind Power in Shipping: An Economic and Operational Review on the Wind-Assisted Ship Propulsion Technology

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13041880 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1880

Author(s):

Todd Chou ◽

Vasileios Kosmas ◽

Michele Acciaro ◽

Katharina Renken

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Key Factors ◽

Ship Propulsion ◽

Fuel Savings ◽

Technological Growth ◽

The Status ◽

Promising Solution

Wind-assisted ship propulsion (WASP) technology seems to be a promising solution toward accelerating the shipping industry’s decarbonization efforts as it uses wind to replace part of the propulsive power generated from fossil fuels. This article discusses the status quo of the WASP technological growth within the maritime transport sector by means of a secondary data review analysis, presents the potential fuel-saving implications, and identifies key factors that shape the operational efficiency of the technology. The analysis reveals three key considerations. Firstly, despite the existing limited number of WASP installations, there is a promising trend of diffusion of the technology within the industry. Secondly, companies can achieve fuel savings, which vary depending on the technology installed. Thirdly, these bunker savings are influenced by environmental, on-board, and commercial factors, which presents both opportunities and challenges to decision makers.

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Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) medical students – an examination of their journey and experiences as medical students in limbo

BMC Medical Education ◽

10.1186/s12909-021-02787-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Christina Gillezeau ◽

Wil Lieberman-Cribbin ◽

Kristin Bevilacqua ◽

Julio Ramos ◽

Naomi Alpert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Medical School ◽

First Year ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Student Sample ◽

Medical Specialties ◽

Residency Programs ◽

Deferred Action ◽

The Status ◽

Depth Interviews

Abstract Background Although the value of DACA medical students has been hypothesized, no data are available on their contribution to US healthcare. While the exact number of DACA recipients in medical school is unknown, DACA medical students are projected to represent an increasing proportion of physicians in the future. The current literature on DACA students has not analyzed the experiences of these students. Methods A mixed-methods study on the career intentions and experiences of DACA medical students was performed utilizing survey data and in-depth interviews. The academic performance of a convenience sample of DACA medical students was compared to that of matriculated medical students from corresponding medical schools, national averages, and first-year residents according to specialty. Results Thirty-three DACA medical students completed the survey and five participated in a qualitative interview. The average undergraduate GPA (SD) of the DACA medical student sample was 3.7 (0.3), the same as the national GPA of 2017–2018 matriculated medical students. The most common intended residency programs were Internal Medicine (27.2%), Emergency Medicine (15.2%), and Family Medicine (9.1%). In interviews, DACA students discussed their motivation for pursuing medicine, barriers and facilitators that they faced in attending medical school, their experiences as medical students, and their future plans. Conclusions The intent of this sample to pursue medical specialties in which there is a growing need further exemplifies the unique value of these students. It is vital to protect the status of DACA recipients and realize the contributions that DACA physicians provide to US healthcare.

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Regional trade and food security challenges: The case of SAARC countries

Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) ◽

10.17221/3/2020-agricecon ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (No. 7) ◽

pp. 335-344

Author(s):

Muhammad Waqas Khalid ◽

Ashar Sultan Kayani ◽

Jamal Mohammed Alotaibi ◽

Muhammad Muddassir ◽

Bader Alhafi Alotaibi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Regional Cooperation ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Regional Trade ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Long Run ◽

Security Challenges ◽

Trading Partners ◽

Trade Partners

Higher consumption and increased import requirements for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region can be catered through neighboring trade partners if resources are optimally utilized. The purpose of this research is to analyze the connection between regional trade of SAARC countries and the food security challenges faced by the region. The study uses data from 1990–2018 for Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh to econometrically analyze the determinants of the volume of food trade. The results show that the gross domestic product of importing or exporting countries and foreign direct investment (FDI) have positive impact on regional trade. The bilateral exchange rate between trading partners has a negative impact on the trade volume. The results also showed the absence of a long-run relationship between volume of trade and food security using Johansen’s cointegration test. Our analysis suggests that policy makers should focus on the means for creating favorable environment in Pakistan and India to not only meet the increasing global demands for food but also increasing their competitiveness for high-quality and low-quality priced products in major exports markets.

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